Help Of XRD Research Articles

Reactivation of dissolved polysulfides with nitrogen doped graphene decorated carbon cloth as an effective interlayer for magnesium-sulfur battery

The theoretically high energy densities and wide availability of active materials have led to great interest in the development of magnesium‑sulfur (MgS) batteries. However, poor electronic conductivity of sulfur, active material dissolution, polysulfide shuttling, and poor cycling stability are major challenges that need to be tackled. Herein we observed the pristine MgS cell faces significant overcharging issues and cell failure is common within 30 cycles with significant capacity decay. With the help of XRD and elemental mapping realized that the dissolved liquid polysulfides are metastable in nature. Due to the high sulfophilic nature of the separator, polysulfide absorption leads to slow crystal growth inside the separator. This active material trapping might be the reason for quick capacity decay. We attempted to revive the dissolved polysulfides by introducing conductive nitrogen-doped graphene (N-gpn)@Carbon cloth(CC) interlayer between the electrodes and separator. This interlayer has a high polysulfide absorption nature, which allows the battery to demonstrate an initial capacity of 1075 mAh g−1 and increased cycling stability to 100 cycles. However, this stability was further enhanced to 300 cycles by protecting the anode. Theoretical considerations suggest that among all polysulfides, MgS8, has the strongest interaction with N-gpn and can be trapped most favorably in a defective N-gpn. This leads to enhanced utilization of the active material and improved cycling stability.

Solvothermal synthesis of Ni/Co-based metal-organic framework with nanosheets-like structure for high-performance supercapacitor

In the present investigation, we have successfully synthesized Ni/Co-based metal-organic framework thin films on stainless steel substrates via facile and low-cost solvothermal method using 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid as an organic linker. X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and electrochemical studies have been used to characterize the Ni/Co-MOF electrode materials. The purity and crystallinity of Ni/Co-MOF thin films were studied with the help of XRD. FESEM images showed that Ni/Co-MOF thin films have a nanosheets-like morphology which is suitable for supercapacitor applications. The functional groups present in the sample were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of Ni/Co-MOF coated stainless steel was studied in 1 M KOH electrolyte at various scan rates and current densities. The NiCo2-MOF material provides a specific capacitance of 1070 Fg−1 at the current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. Additionally, the NiCo2-MOF electrode exhibits an excellent energy density of 30.96 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 3.2 kW kg−1 and outstanding cyclic stability with 85 % retention after 5000 charge/discharge cycles. The results suggest that NiCo2-MOF offers excellent electrochemical performance and may be a potential candidate for supercapacitor application.

The impact of the phase composition of bacterial cellulose on the low-temperature mobility of its molecules

We describe the properties of the bacterial cellulose of various origins obtained with the help of XRD, FTIR, and dielectric spectroscopy methods. The samples were produced by Gluconacetobacter bacteria (with Іα phase content of 36%) and a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts present in Kombucha fermented drink (with Іα phase content of 62%). An increase in the Іα phase concentration results in a decrease in the intensity of the low-temperature dielectric relaxation and its shift toward higher temperatures. We demonstrate that this dielectric relaxation occurs primarily due to the reorientation of the methylol groups on the surfaces of the cellulose crystallites. We also report that the concentration of the activated relaxers in Іβ cellulose allomorph exceeds that of the Іα allomorph.

Novel crosslinked gum tragacanth electrolyte with enhanced thermal, mechanical and water resistive properties

Although electrolytes prepared from natural substances have taken up research towards a greener future, practical difficulties in their mechanical and water resistive properties are yet to be addressed by many. In this current paper, a natural gum tragacanth is graft copolymerized with tertiary butyl acrylate utilising glutaraldehyde as the crosslinker and ascorbic acid and potassium persulfate as the initiators. From the TGA analysis, enhanced thermal stability is observed in the crosslinked membrane. The DSC analysis reveals that the crosslinked gum exhibits a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 66 °C and a melting temperature (Tm) of 86 °C. The water uptake of the crosslinked membrane was found to be lower than the pure non-crosslinked membrane. The stress-strain curves of the crosslinked electrolyte showed a tensile strength of 3.58Mpa and a percent elongation of 302%. The effect of the crosslinker glutaraldehyde and the ionic salt lithium nitrate is studied with the help of XRD and FTIR. The electrolyte is characterised to be a good ionic conductive membrane as its conductivity value is found to be 4.72 ×10−4 Scm−1 through EIS measurements. The Arrhenius behaviour of temperature-dependent conductivity was studied and the activation energy values for all the films were calculated.

Dissolution studies during the mechanical alloying of Inconel-718 superalloy based elemental powders

Inconel-718 superalloy with a nominal composition of Ni-19.47Fe-18Cr-0.5Al-1Ti-5 Nb-3Mo-0.02Co-0.003B was synthesized by mechanical alloying of elemental powders. Mechanical alloying was carried out in a high energy Simoloyer attritor ball mill. A sufficient quantity of powder was removed at milling intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 h for characterization by XRD, SEM, and TEM. The dissolution time of different alloying elements have been discussed in view of their atomic scattering factors and Hume-Rothery principle with the help of XRD and TEM (SAED) analysis. Complete dissolution of Fe took place at 6 h of milling, Nb at 10 h, Cr at 18 h while Mo took 22 h. A complete single-phase solid solution of γ(FCC) matrix was obtained at 22 h of milling. Crystallite size was found to decrease while the lattice parameter increased with milling time. Lattice-strain and dislocation density increased initially and later decreased due to the dynamic recrystallization process taking place within the powder particles during milling. SEM analysis indicated flattening of powder particles during the initial (0 h–4 h) stages of milling followed by heavy cold-welding at the intermediate stages (6 h–12 h). In the final stages of milling (18 h–22 h), an equilibrium between cold welding and fracturing was reached.

Valorization of waste wood fly ash in environmentally friendly lime-based plasters with enhanced strengths for renovation purposes

Waste wood fly ash (WWFA) generated during wood chips combustion in a power plant does not have any application nowadays and is commonly disposed of or landfilled. Nevertheless, considering its composition and reactivity in the presence of calcium hydroxide, it is one of the promising materials that could be used as an active admixture for modification and partial replacement of lime in lime plasters. This solution seems to be a suitable step to both improve the properties of the traditional lime plaster and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, this comprehensive study describes a wide range of properties of lime plaster with WWFA (up to 50 wt% lime replacement) as an active admixture. Compositions of studied plasters were firstly analyzed with the help of XRD, DSC, and SEM, and then the effect of WWFA on the physical, mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties was investigated. The obtained results showed that the application of WWFA led to lower total porosity, highly improved mechanical properties, higher thermal conductivity, and lower water transport capability, which could be attributed to its pozzolanic activity. The performed experiments fundamentally broadened the existing insufficient knowledge about the utilization of WWFA for lime-based plasters improvement. All tested lime-based plasters (with 10, 20, 30 and 50% lime replacement by WWFA) have a high potential for common use in practice, especially in the historical buildings renovation. The originality of this paper lies, among others, in using a specific type of fly ash (originating from waste wood, not coal) and in testing a wider range of characteristics and properties of designed lime-based plasters with WWFA with respect to their changes over time, which enables prediction of plasters' durability.

Structural, Electrical Studies of K0.47Na0.47Li0.06NbO3+(x) Bi0.5Na0.5ZrO3 Composites

Through a typical solid-state reaction followed by planetary ball milling, ABO3 structured perovskite Bi0.5Na0.5ZrO3 (BNZ) was employed as an additive to create the lead-free piezoceramic composite having compositional formula K0.47Na0.47Li0.06NbO3+(x)Bi0.5Na0.5ZrO3 where x = 0.0 wt% to 0.5 wt%. The prepared composites were characterized with the help of XRD, SEM, and FTIR. The XRD results indicated manifestation of morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), i.e. orthorhombic-tetragonal (O-T) phase boundary, for 0.4 wt% and 0.5 wt%. The SEM pictures revealed the microstructural properties of grain-grain size distribution and the average grain size of the composites. The elemental composition examination using EDAX revealed no foreign element contamination. The FTIR examination verified the development of perovskite, indicating that the BNZ has correctly fused into the KNLN matrix. The DC resistivity (ρdc) behavior was determined from IV and IR curves measured at room temperature together with varied temperature line up from 30 °C to 150 °C and a high dc resistivity ρdc of order ≈ 109 Ω cm was obtained for all the ceramics. The results have been analyzed and the mechanism pertaining to the results has been discussed in the paper. Thus the main idea was to develop a lead-free piezoceramic composite by incorporating Bi0.5Na0.5ZrO3 as an additive and investigating its effect on the above mentioned properties of the composite material.

Optical and antibacterial activity analysis of pure, Fe-doped, and glucose-capped transparent semiconducting nanoparticles of cadmium and zinc oxides

CdO (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are known for their high surface area and quantum confinement. In this paper, there is a discussion on the synthesis of pure, Fe-doped, and glucose-capped CdO (ZnO) NPs by the precipitation method. Their structural and optical properties were studied with the help of XRD, SEM, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectrometry. A single phase with hexagonal (cubic) structures was obtained from their XRD patterns. The pure, Fe-doped, and glucose-capped CdO (ZnO) had crystallite sizes of 15.89, 15.33, and 11.19 nm (1.66, 1.01, and 1.78 nm) obtained from XRD. Their FTIR data agreed well with their XRD data. The particles were spherical. The energy bandgap of CdO (ZnO) was 3.78, 3.65, and 3.63 eV (3.82, 3.80, and 3.63 eV) for pure, Fe-doped, and capped samples, respectively, obtained with the help of photoluminescence. The inhibition zones are found to be 11, 7, and 13 (12, 10, and 7), respectively.

Application of titanium gypsum as raw materials in cement-based self-leveling mortars

There are studies on titanium gypsum (TG) as a cement retarder, cementing material, or the production of lightweight wall materials and roadbed materials, but the application of TG is still limited, the utilization of TG is in the stage of exploration. This work studied the possibility of recycling TG as raw materials for the preparation of cement-based (Sulphate Aluminate Cement and Ordinary Portland Cement) self-leveling mortars. The effects of TG on mechanical strength, fluidity, shrinkage, and wear resistance were carried out. With the help of XRD, TG-DTG, and SEM, the microstructural characteristics were investigated to determine the mechanism of TG. It was concluded that the 1 d compressive and flexural strength reached 9.6 MPa and 3.5 MPa, respectively, and the 28 d compressive and flexural strength reached 4.3 MPa and 17.9 MPa, respectively, when the mass ratio of Sulphate Aluminate Cement (SAC) and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was 7:3, the TG content was 45 %. TG could significantly improve the shrinkage of the mortars to 0.10 %, which was far better than the standard requirements of 0.15 %, but reduce the wear resistance to some extent. The primary component of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) in TG can further react with the aluminum phase in cement to grow more ettringite, which can make the microstructure denser, thereby improving the strength and the deformation of the cement-based self-leveling mortars.

Visible light activated Mg, Co co-doped hematite for effective removal of reactive red 35 from textile wastewater

The exceptional hike in industrialization has led to water pollution mainly due to the organic wastes from textile, printing and leather industries. Photocatalysis has emerged as one of the best methods to decompose organic waste from wastewater. In this regard, Mg and Co co-doped, Mg0.5Co0.5FeO3 nanoparticles have been synthesized using a modified hydrothermal method followed by annealing at different temperatures (300, 400, 500 and 600°C). The structural properties were investigated with the help of XRD and FTIR. FE-SEM depicted that the synthesized particles have a spherical morphology and the average particle size lies in the nano region (8-20 nm). The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized catalysts was tested under visible light for the degradation of 20 ppm reactive red 35 (RR-35) dye. Thethe enhanced photocatalytic efficiency of F400 can be attributed to its optimum band positions which was confirmed using scavenger tests for the presence of various active species. Further, a combination of sonocatalysis, H2O2, and photocatalysis was employed and this synergistic approach resulted in an impressive enhancement in the degradation efficiency of F400 catalyst.

Investigating photoluminescence in Gd3+ activated pyrochlore-type fluoro-aluminates

ABSTRACT Fluoro-aluminates with pyrochlore-type structures such as Cs2KAl3F12 & Cs2NaAl3F12 could have very useful industrial applications but despite of having much significance, very less exploration on these kinds of compounds has been accomplished. Although some experiments related to luminescence studies on Ce3+ activated phosphors have been achieved on these fluorides long ago, since then very less considerable work on investigating such compounds was done so far. Therefore further work has been carried out by adding rare-earth gadolinium (Gd) as an activator in these complexes. Gadolinium in its trivalent form showed encouraging luminescence results. Additionally, the effect of dopant concentration on photoluminescence intensities has been studied. Decay characteristics showed long lifetimes (in ms) that vary with Gd3+ concentrations. Also, respective values for quantum efficiency (Ø)% and non-radiative rates (A nR) have been evaluated. Phase-purity was confirmed with the help of XRD and Rietveld analysis.

Co+2, Ni+2 and Cu+2 incorporated Bi2O3 nano photocatalysts: Synthesis, DFT analysis of band gap modification, adsorption and photodegradation analysis of rhodamine B and Triclopyr

This study deals with the fabrication of metal ion (M = Co+2, Ni+2, and Cu+2) doped- Bi2O3 photocatalysts by solution combustion method. All the synthesized materials were characterized and analysed with the help of XRD, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, UVDRS, Zeta potential, PL, and LCMS techniques for the structural, morphological, surface charge, optical and degradation pathways characteristics. Synthesized compounds were used for the decontamination (adsorption and degradation) of two organic pollutants namely Rhodamine B and Triclopyr. Adsorption aspects of the pollutants were studied in terms of different isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic models. Adsorption phenomenon was best fitted with the Freundlich (R2 = 0.992) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.999) models along with pseudo second order model of kinetics for RhB and TC, respectively. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters indicated exothermic and endothermic adsorption (ΔH ° (−7.19 kJ/mol) for RhB) and (ΔH ° (52.335 kJ/mol) for TC), respectively. Evaluated negative values of ΔG ° indicated spontaneous adsorption with most favourable at 298 K and 318 K for both the pollutants (RhB and TC) respectively. Modification with metal ions significantly improved the removal efficiency of pure Bi2O3 photocatalyst and followed the trend Co+2/Bi2O3 > Ni+2/Bi2O3 > Cu+2/Bi2O3 > Bi2O3. DFT calculations demonstrate that amongst the doped materials, only Co+2/Bi2O3 is characterized by an indirect band gap; which exhibited efficacious photocatalytic activity. Besides, the highest degradation efficiency was obtained in the case of Co+2/Bi2O3 (2 mol %); being 99.80% for RhB in 30 min and 98.50% for TC in 60 min, respectively. The doped nanostructures lead to higher absorption of visible light and more separation of light-induced charged carriers. Effect of pH of the reaction medium and role of reactive oxygen species was also examined. Finally, a probable mechanism of charge transfer and degradation of the pollutants was also presented.

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Bi2CuO4 nanoflakes: An excellent electrode material for symmetric supercapacitors

To address the energy needs of the modern world, there is an increasing demand for low-cost energy storage systems with high energy and high power densities. Due to their extraordinary ability to store energy, nanocomposite electrodes have a significant role in supercapacitor applications. The current work describes a simple, one-step hydrothermal synthesis of crystalline BCO nanoflakes (NFs) that is inexpensive and effective for use as a supercapacitor electrode material. The crystal structure and phase formation of BCO material were identified with the help of XRD and FTIR analysis, respectively. FE-SEM analysis is used to confirm that the hierarchical BCO nanoflakes are made of bismuth wrapped around copper. Using a half-cell arrangement and a 6 M KOH electrolyte, the as-fabricated Bi2CuO4 (BCO) nanoflakes-based symmetric supercapacitor displays a specific capacity of 1842 C/g at 3 A/g current density. The trasatti method demonstrates the synergetic charge storage redox behavior of 92.9 % and capacitive behavior of 7.1 %, respectively. The cyclic stability shows an outstanding 88 % capacitance retention over 10,000 cycles in a two-electrode system. The symmetric cell with BCO material exhibits a high specific capacity of 652 C/g at 1 A/g current density with 41 Wh kg−1 energy and power density of 899 W kg−1, respectively.

Flame retardant sisal rope: combustion properties and characterization

A new mechano-chemical formulation is developed for making flame resistant sisal fibre rope with low chemical loading. Sisal yarn is treated with a different formulation of ammonium sulfamate (AS) (50 g/L and 100 g/L) by following dip-dry approach at room temperature. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) measures the minimum amount of oxygen required in the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen for burning of the sample. Treated sisal showed LOI values of 28–32 and self-extinguishment in vertical flammability test whereas control sisal yarn showed LOI value of 21 and burnt easily within a minute. Forced combustion results revealed that AS treated sisal yarn exhibited 50% lower peak heat release rate (PHRR) than the control sisal yarn. Sisal yarn based rope was prepared by following braiding technique with three single yarns, using different combinations of untreated and treated sisal yarn. Fire retardant sheath yarn is used to cover the untreated sisal yarn present in the core by twisting or braiding. Rope made from sisal yarn has shown LOI value 30–40. Besides, a new method of simultaneous dyeing and flame retardant finishing of sisal rope is also proposed. The physical properties of the ropes were measured and it was found that the extent of strength loss is statistically insignificant at 95% confidence level. The thermal stability of the AS-treated sisal yarn is measured by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Charring behaviour of the control and AS treated sisal fibre was examined using microscopic images and scanning electron microscopy. Besides, in detail mechanism behind flame retardancy is revealed in the context with the help of XRD and FTIR analysis techniques.

Synthesis, characterisation and optical studies of CdO-NiO NCs for comparative dye degradation study between two hazardous dyes Congo red and Rose Bengal

In this study, CdO-NiO nano composites (NCs), CdO NPs, NiO NPs were synthesized by the help of chemical co precipitation method and investigated by XRD, SEM, UV–vis, PL and FTIR. Face centered cubic structure having Fm3m space group were observed by the help of XRD for both metal oxides CdO and NiO, their corresponding crystallite size obtained from WH plot are 73 nm and 16 nm presents in CdO-NiO NCs. Similarly we have observed FCC cubic structure for CdO and NiO which are synthesized separately. EDX reveals the elements present with their atomic percentage. Band gap for the NCs was calculated using tauc plot which is around 2.89 eV, 2.74 eV and 4 eV for CdO-NiO NCs, CdO NPs and NiO NPs respectively confirming their semi conducting nature. The presence of bonds Cd-O and Ni-O were confirmed using FTIR. An enhanced comparative photo catalytic activity in the presence of UV light for 140 min was also done for the two hazardous dyes Congo red with 90.18 % degradation [K = 0.0155 min−1, T50 = 45 min] and Rose bengal with 83.53 % degradation [K = 0.0126 min−1, T50 = 55 min] for CdO-NiO NCs. By similar observation for separately synthesized CdO NPs and NiO NPs, the corresponding values obtained are Congo red with 88.86 % degradation [K = 0.0165 min−1, T50 = 42 min], Rose bengal with 79.71 % degradation [K = 0.0117 min−1, T50 = 59.23 min] and Congo red with 87.81 % degradation [K = 0.0164 min−1, T50 = 42.25 min], Rose bengal with 82.68 % degradation [K = 0.0131 min−1, T50 = 52.90 min] respectively.

Structural, morphological and optical attributes of ZnO thin films deposited via spray pyrolysis process: Impact of molarity variation

Undoped thin films of ZnO were prepared over glass substrates using a simple chemical spray pyrolysis process. The solution of aqueous ‘Zinc acetate dehydrate’ was used as precursor and sprayed over preheated glass substrate at 400 °C. The concentration of solution changed from 0.2M to 1 M with the step of 0.2 and its impact on structural, morphological and optical properties has been studied with the help of XRD, SEM, UV-Vis Spectroscopy and four-probe technique. The films are polycrystallines, have a hexagonal wurtzite structures, and have a preferred orientation in the (002) plane. SEM analysis indicates the dependency of film morphology on precursor concentration. Optical Transmittance decreases with increasing precursor concentration. Maximum optical transmittance reaches up to 51% with film obtained from 0.2M concentration. Decreasing band gap values from 3.18 eV to 3.04 eV are noted as carrier concentration increases with precursor concentration.

Room and High Temperature Tensile Responses of Tib2-Graphene Al 7075 Hybrid Composite Processed through Squeeze Casting.

The development of aluminium composite with the inclusion of advanced materials is a continuous research process due to the increasing industrial demand for advanced hybrid materials. To cater for this need, this research work focuses on the development of Al 7075 alloy reinforced with TiB2 and graphene and on the evaluation of its strengthening mechanism. Two different modes of improving the strength of the hybrid composite have been followed; one is by the inclusion of graphene at three levels of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%, and another by the processing route, squeeze casting technique by compression of the molten hybrid composite slurry before casting. The microstructure and characterisation of the composite material are examined and analysed with the help of XRD, SEM, EDAX and chemical spectroscopy. A microstructure evaluation is employed to justify the homogenous dispersal and the existence of reinforced particles. A tensile test is conducted at room temperature and high temperature environments to assess the tensile strength. The research outcome affirms that a significant improvement in tensile and hardness has been noted in comparison with base alloy. The fracture-morphology results affirm the change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile when the tensile testing environment changes from room temperature to high temperature. Finally, the dispersion strengthening mechanism is validated with an empirical approach.

Porous CoCe composite catalyst prepared by hydrothermal assisted soft template method for CH4/CO2 dry reforming

The CoCex composite catalysts prepared by hydrothermal assisted template agent CTAB, have superior catalytic performances for CH4/CO2 dry reforming (DRM). The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated in depth with the help of XRD, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, ICP, Quasi in-situ XPS and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The transition metal Co is the main active center in the DRM reaction, which can easily release the outer electrons in the reaction to activate the reactant molecules. The introduction of Ce species can promote the highly dispersed metal Co species and catalytic active centers to be formed, as well as the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules by the catalyst. Ce species can produce strong electronic effects with Co species, which can promote the electron-deficient CeO2-δ and electron-rich Coδ- species to be formed. The formation of CeO2-δ species facilitates the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules, and the active oxygen species on the CeO2-δ surface facilitates the oxidative activation for CH4 molecules. The CH4 and CO2 reactant molecules can be adsorbed and activated by the formed Coδ- species to form CH4-x (x = 0–4) and CO2δ- reactive species, which can promote the DRM reaction. The Co/Ce molar ratio has an important effect on the physicochemical properties and CO2 adsorption performance of CoCex catalysts. And the CoCe2 catalyst prepared at a 2.0 Co/Ce molar ratio exhibited superior catalytic performance and high stability for the DRM reaction. The CH4 and CO2 conversion of the CoCe2 catalyst reached 88.6%, and 52.1% at 700 °C, respectively. In addition, the CoCe2 catalyst can maintain high cycle stability for CH4/CO2 dry reforming.

Solvothermal DMSO-mediated synthesis of the S/AgI micro-/nano-structures and its application as photocatalytic and biological agents

S/AgI microstructures were produced by solvothermal DMSO-mediated synthesis using two methods of sulfur precipitation: at room temperature (method 1) and by water (method 2). The samples were obtained with different percentages of AgI: 10, 30 and 50 %. Microstructures were investigated with help of XRD, Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDS (elemental mapping). XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of sulfur and AgI. EDS elemental mapping revealed that samples were composed of large grains of sulfur covered by smaller grains of AgI. The obtained SEM micrographs revealed that the 1st method gave larger grains of sulfur in comparison with the 2nd method. Testing of the microstructures as photocatalysits showed the low activity; as the prepared samples were able to degrade no more than 7 % of the molecules of Orange II. Significant biological activity was detected only for S/AgI (2) 50 % sample, as it was able to suppress test strains of S. aureus ATCC ВАА-39, P.aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Erwinia amylovora at MBC/MFC 5000 µg/mL, and E. coli ATCC 8739 at 2500 µg/mL.

Swift heavy ions modification with polymer composites: A Review

In this review paper the focus is to summarize the study of variation in optical, electrical, structural and morphology properties of swift heavy ions of polymer composite. Polyaniline is mainly used in the electrical and electrochemical properties. The synthesis techniques such as chemical oxidative method, electrochemical method, sol-gel method, doping method and many other techniques were used to prepare polyaniline composites. The variation in optical properties can be analysed with the help of UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The structural and morphology can be analysed with the help of FTIR and SEM (scanning electron microscope). The crystal structure, lattice constant and d-spacing can be analysed with the help of XRD.