Help Of Probe Research Articles

AN APPLICATION FOR THE CALIBRATION OF THE TWO-PRESSURE HUMIDITY GENERATOR

Two-pressure humidity generator (2-PHG) has capability to produce environments of known humidity with the “two pressure” method that is proven by NIST. The 2-PHG is supplied with known humidity values, the values can be used for instrument calibration, verification and such as other processes. The set point values can be entered from the device’s front panel by an operator. 2-PHG calculates the relative humidity from the pressure and temperature measurements with the formula. The computer controls the ratios on the formula to generate a known humidity value. 2-PHG has to have traceability for using on calibration processes of other devices; 2-PHG must be calibrated. This study represents an application of the 2-PHG calibration by using the guides and articles in the literature about the device. Calibration of the 2-PHG contains examination of the each parameter of the formula that was given for humidity calculation. Four temperature and two pressure probes that are saturation temperature probe, pre-saturation temperature probe, expansion valve temperature probe, chamber temperature probe, low pressure probe, high pressure probe help 2-PHG to calculate the formula. Calibration of the 2-PHG, also, contains the calibration of the temperature probes and the pressure probes. This study expresses an application of the calibration of a 2-PHG which is located in Turkish Standard Institution Gebze Calibration Laboratories and the uncertainty calculation of this application can be seen on this paper. Each uncertainty parameter of the formula and uncertainty parameters of the probes that are affected to the total uncertainty were calculated. For different temperatures and different relative humidities, the measurement uncertainty of this application was given on this paper. This study can be used as a supplementary document in the calibrations of the 2-PGH and in the new studies.

A new techniques for soil moisture sensor

Irrigation management strategies based on soil moisture monitoring give a significant benefit for the application of the proper amount of water in the fields. The design and development of a soil moisture sensor as well as a response monitoring device are presented in this paper. Soil moisture sensor detects the moisture present in the soil by figuring the variable water content (VWC) with the help of probes. The probes in this sensor are constructed of nickel, which is a corrosion-resistant and durable material ideal for agricultural applications. The soil moisture is measured by the response monitoring system, compared to the threshold values provided by the user, and an alert is generated if the soil moisture falls below the predefined value or rises above the predefined value. It aids in the solution of problems relating to the growing of crops that require irrigation at irregular intervals. It's also useful for keeping track of soil moisture in golf courses. There is a potential of more research and improvement in this field in future and it can be further improved by using Bluetooth to provide direct wireless distribution of output data to the farmer. The moisture retention capacity of the soil can be calculated using data from a computer database.

Experimental study of local void fraction distribution in bubble flow in rod assembly

In this work an experimental study of local void fraction distribution in square arrangement rod bundle channel 3 * 3 under bubble flow regime was carried out. Measurements were performed with conductivity probe help, which was introduced into the flow through an angular or side rod at an angle of 15° to the flow. This method made it possible to determine the local void fraction close to the walls of the rods and in the narrow gap between them. Measurements have shown that a dome-shaped profile of local void fraction is realized in the gap between the side rode and the central one, while a saddle-shaped distribution of the void fraction is observed on the line connecting the central and angular rods. Also the effect of the spacer grid on the distribution of the gas phase in the channel was shown.

Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Viruses with AFM.

Microscopes are used to characterize small objects with the help of probes that interact with the specimen, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM) the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a micro cantilever which palpates the specimen under study as a blind person manages a walking stick. In this way AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables not only the manipulation of single protein cages, but also the characterization of every physicochemical property able of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. In this chapter we start revising some recipes for adsorbing protein shells on surfaces. Then we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, ranging from imaging to spectroscopic methodologies devoted for extracting physical information, such as mechanical and electrostatic properties. We also explain how a convenient combination of AFM and fluorescence methodologies entails monitoring genome release from individual viral shells during mechanical unpacking.

A Technique for Thermal Desorption Analyses Suitable for Thermally-Labile, Volatile Compounds.

Many plant and insect interactions are governed by odors released by the plants or insects and there exists a continual need for new or improved methods to collect and identify these odors. Our group has for some time studied below-ground, plant-produced volatile signals affecting nematode and insect behavior. The research requires repeated sampling of volatiles of intact plant/soil systems in the laboratory as well as the field with the help of probes to minimize unwanted effects on the systems we are studying. After evaluating solid adsorbent filters with solvent extraction or solid phase micro extraction fiber sample collection, we found dynamic sampling of small air volumes on Tenax TA filters followed by thermal desorption sample introduction to be the most suitable analytical technique for our applications. Here we present the development and evaluation of a low-cost and relatively simple thermal desorption technique where a cold trap cooled with liquid carbon dioxide is added as an integral part of a splitless injector. Temperature gradient-based focusing and low thermal mass minimizes aerosol formation and eliminates the need for flash heating, resulting in low sample degradation comparable to solvent-based on-column injections. Additionally, since the presence of the cold trap does not affect normal splitless injections, on-the-fly switching between splitless and thermal desorption modes can be used for external standard quantification.

Atomic force microscopy of virus shells.

Microscopes are used to characterize small objects with the help of probes that interact with the specimen, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM), the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a microcantilever which palpates the specimen under study just as a blind person manages a walking stick. In this way, AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in a liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables not only the manipulation of single protein cages, but also the characterization of every physicochemical property capable of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. In the present revision, we start revising some recipes for adsorbing protein shells on surfaces. Then, we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, ranging from imaging to spectroscopic methodologies devoted to extracting physical information, such as mechanical and electrostatic properties. We also explain how a convenient combination of AFM and fluorescence methodologies entails monitoring genome release from individual viral shells during mechanical unpacking.

Molecularly imprinted polymer-based core-shells (solid vs hollow) @ pencil graphite electrode for electrochemical sensing of certain anti-HIV drugs

The present work describes a new, simple, and easy method for the fabrication of molecularly imprinted polymer-based core-shells (solid and hollow) @ pencil graphite electrode for sensing anti-HIV drugs, lamivudine and zidovudine, in real samples. For this, an imprinted polymer was developed on the surface of vinylated silica nanospheres to obtain modified solid as well as hollow core-shells. In this work, respective electrodics in terms of analyte diffusion for binding and electrode kinetics of both modified solid and hollow core-shells were compared using a ferricyanide probe with cyclic voltammetric and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric methods of transduction. Whereas modified solid core-shells evolved unilateral diffusion of probe/analyte molecules, the corresponding hollow core-shells were found to be relatively better owing to their bilateral diffusions into molecular cavities. Indirect detections of electroinactive targets chosen were feasible with the help of probe using imprinted hollow core shells modified electrode with limits of detection as low as 2.23 and 1.26 (aqueous sample), 2.45 and 1.88 (blood serum), and 2.52 and 1.77ngmL−1 (pharmaceutics) for lamivudine and zidovudine, respectively.

Perceptions, concerns, and experiences of dental interns after accident and emergency posting: A qualitative study

Introduction: Most dentists will, at some point in their career, be faced with an in-office emergency. Dental staff must undergo training in the management of emergencies to a level based on their clinical responsibilities. Aim: To explore the perceptions, concerns, and experiences of interns after their accident and emergency posting. Materials and Methods: Focus group discussions were conducted among interns in English language in a dental college in Bangalore. Participants individually answered the facilitator's questions and measures were taken not to miss out any question with the help of probes. Both focus groups were audiotaped and lasted approximately 90 min. Audio recordings and focus group notes from the sessions were transcribed, analyzed using qualitative data analysis miner software. Results: Two focus groups were conducted by the authors among interns. After verbatim, the transcript was coded into one hundred and thirty different codes which were broadly classified under eight different categories and these categories were grouped into four different themes. Interns had good and bad experiences during their posting. They said that this experience was once in a lifetime and exposure like this will help them in future to manage emergency cases in the dental clinic. Conclusions: Dental interns were aware about their shallow knowledge of medical emergencies, and they felt there is room for improvement regarding self-estimation of competence in emergency management. Hence, they suggested that emergency postings should be introduced early in their curriculum.

The Development of PCB Enterprise Sewage Monitoring and Management and Controlling Systems

With the development of science and technology, more and more cities are confronted with the water pollution of various degrees. The article is devoted to the introduction of a secondary sewage monitoring and management system which can automatically check the content of different components in the sewage discharged by enterprises and supply data reports with the help of probes, SBCs, PCs, etc. The article includes five parts. The first part introduces the research background, main research work and innovations of this system. The second part introduces the system architecture and system process. The third presents the fundamental working principles of SBCs and the relevant algorithms of PCs. The fourth expounds the problems and deficiencies which may exist in the algorithms. And the last part consists of summary and prospect, providing the possible solution to the deficiencies and looking forward to the future direction of research.

Automatic impedance matching network for ICRH-RF experiments on SST-1

Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) is a promising heating method for a fusion device due to its localized power deposition profile, a direct ion heating at high density, and established technology for high power RF generation and transmission low cost. For the same reason 1.5-Megawatt ICRH system is developed indigenously for steady state super-conducting tokamak (SST-1).Since plasma-loading impedance is generally small as compared to the characteristic impedance of the transmission system, a significant amount of power will be reflected from the antenna back towards the generator giving very high reflections to SWR which can damage the high power RF tube. Hence matching network is used to match the total transmission line system to the antenna impedance so that the RF generator sees a matched load and can operate at high efficiency. In the ICRH system, coarse matching network and the on-line automatic matching network designed for the impedance matching of the system to transfer maximum power to the tokamak plasma during 1000 seconds operation. The plasma impedance varies in time on milliseconds scale and hence on-line impedance matching has to match the impedance on a faster scale to avoid the reflections as well as to transfer maximum power to the plasma for heating.There are two transmission lines connected with Hybrid coupler sourced by RF Generator (RF Power) 45.6 MHz frequency. Automatic matching network is connected with each transmission line, which offers on-line fine matching along with coarse matching system connected with transmission line. The matching system includes stubs, phase shifters and the automatic matching system consists of motorized vacuum variable capacitors connected to 9" transmission line.The method includes the detection of reflected power in transmission line with the help of probes, give a right signal to VME based data acquisition and control system to do calculations and generate the signal to vary the capacitance of motorized vacuum variable capacitors within few milliseconds with the help of the controller of the motor of the variable capacitor.Initially automatic matching system was tested with individual transmission lines and then both the lines were matched simultaneously. In order to deliver power to both the lines from a single RF generator, hybrid coupler was used which also protects RF generator from reflections.Here we present the details of the on-line matching system and its testing results. The significant result is that we could match the variable load impedance with the generator impedance within 40-50 milliseconds with d1600 count of motor controller program.

A Privacy Preserving Authentication in WLAN using RADIUS

802.11 access point discovery protocol possesses a common privacy problem. The client needs to send continuous active probe for making a connection with its intended network. This active probe help ...

Pest Status of Stored Chickpea Beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus on Chickpea

To determine the pest status of Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus (CCL) (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) on chickpea, samples of chickpea were collected from different sources (the farmers, the villagers and general public homes). From each area/location three points were selected to collect the samples with the help of probe. From each collected sample 100 grains were examined. While collecting the samples, the temperature and humidity of the site from where the samples were collected were recorded with the help of portabl e thermohygrometer. Based on the samples collected, the percent infestation to the chickpea by this pest recorded was 12.18 with standard deviation of 05.42. Based upon the percent infestation, the insect was declared as major pest of chickpea, as it caused more than 10% damage to chickpea. Moreover, it was also concluded from the discussion that the damaged grains did not remain fit for human as well as anima l consumption due to the bad smell created by the attack of the pest.

Flaw sizing with distance, probe displacement, size (DDS) diagrams

Echo drop is one of the commonly used methods of flaw sizing in ultrasonic NDT. This method, which can measure flaw dimensions due to changes in echo amplitude observed during ultrasonic probe displacement, has some limitations with regard to defect geometry and dimensions. The results described show the relationships of probe displacement, measured with echo drops of 6, 10 and 20 dB, on ultrasonic probe-flaw distance and flaw size. The DDS diagrams provide information about the usefulness of echo-drop methods for sizing totally embedded and side-wall breaking defects with the help of probes generating divergent beams of longitudinal waves.

Estudo genético de bacia orgânica do Vale do Paraíba

Através de sondagens, fotointerpretação do relêvo e altimetria, foi estudada a formação duma bacia orgânica situada entre São José dos Campos e Caçapava. Esta bacia teve sua origem provável em um lento abatimento por acomodação de camadas no substrato terciário da planície aluvial. Êste fenômeno propiciou o acúmulo orgânico abaixo do nível atual do rio. A preservação da bacia, situada ao sul do rio, sem destruição pela oscilação meândrica, deve-se à tendência do leito em se deslocar para o norte, conforme comprovam os terraços. Estas condições devem prevalecer em outras áreas do mesmo rio e que possuam espêssas camadas orgânicas.