Help Of Microwaves Research Articles

Novel Benzothiazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, Density Function Theory (DFT) Study, and ADMET Prediction

Benzothiazole is an amazing small molecule involved in many applications in industrial and pharmaceutical industries to prepare many candidate compounds as effective drugs. In this study, we presented some derivatives of this compound that were prepared easily and quickly with the help of microwaves to minimize time, energy, and finances. The compounds’ cytotoxicity against the two cell lines SK-GT-4 and AMGM5 was examined. The cytotoxic effect of each compound at different concentrations was measured using the MTT assay. Compounds exhibited no potent cytotoxic effects toward the SK-GT-4 cell line. Compounds B1 and B2 had a high IC50 value and good growth inhibition activity against the AMGM5 cell line. According to in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion analysis (ADME) prediction studies, the compounds B1, B2, and B3 met Lipinski and were drug-like in most physicochemical parameters. Despite some violations, generally favorable pharmacokinetic properties. It is also assumed that it can potentially become a drug candidate in the future. Various electronic parameters were examined using DFT/WB97XD/6-31++G(d,p), and studies were conducted to support the experimental findings. To estimate the binding modes of compounds B1 and B5, we also performed in silico molecular docking studies.

Optimization of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) Extraction Using Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation Method

Red ginger is a spice plant that has high economic and social value. One of the uses of red ginger is to process it into a product, namely essential oil. This study aims to determine the optimization of the extraction process conditions on solvent volume, time, and extraction power that can produce optimum yield and residual content of red ginger essential oil solvent. The extraction was carried out with the help of microwaves. The research method is experimental design and optimization process with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) type Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The results showed that the optimum yield was at 700 mL solvent volume, 1 min extraction time, and 10% power (69.9 watts) with the equation Y = 0.2076 + 0.0262A – 0.0300B – 0.0013C and the concentration conditions the optimum remaining solvent with the equation Y = 4.98 – 1.0000A + 4.56B + 5.44C. The optimal yield of red ginger essential oil was 0.205%, with a residual solvent content of 3.8%, specific gravity 0.885, acid number 1.399, refractive index 1.485. The results of the optimum residual solvent content of -6.023%. Based on the results obtained, the yield value with the help of microwaves is higher than that without the help of microwaves. Keywords: Essential oil, Microwave, Residual solvent content, Response surface methodology (RSM), Yield.

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Microwave Assistance and Its Application as Photocatalyst in Degrading Methylene Blue

The research has been carried out on synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with the help of microwaves. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in the microwave at 100°C with heating times of 50, 90, 130, 170, and 210 minutes. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results were analyzed for their ability as a photocatalyst against methylene blue (MB) solution using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results revealed that the synthesized product was a combination of ZnO and Zn(OH) 2, as supported by XRD ICSD data no. 31052. However, the analysis results with EDS showed that the synthesized product only contained Zn and O elements, indicating that the product had ZnO. ZnO nanoparticles synthesized for 170 minutes of heating showed the highest ability to degrade MB of 85.8247% with a contact time of 150 minutes, while heating times of 50, 90, 130, and 210 minutes had percentage of MB degradation of 84.6065%, 81.0130%, 82.0866%, and 82.9275%, respectively.

The Effect of Microwave Oven Power Variations on Co-Pyrolysis Process of Oil Palm Shells and Polystyrene

Indonesia has a very large area of ​​oil palm plantations, one of which is the island of Sumatra. However, in processing and handling palm oil product waste in the form of palm shells, it has not been maximized. Therefore, the chemical decomposition process can play an important role in supporting waste management and sustainable energy use in Indonesia which is not yet optimal. In this research, the proper use of power will be tested with the help of microwaves as a reactor for the co-pyrolysis process of oil palm shells and polystyrene plastic. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate power to produce maximum co-pyrolysis products and to investigate the physical characteristics of the oil-pyrolytic products. The test uses a microwave oven which has a power variation of 300 W, 450 W, 600 W, and 800 W with the addition of a catalyst. The ratio of the composition of oil palm shells to polystyrene plastic is 1:1 with a total mass of 105 gr and using coconut shell charcoal as an activated carbon absorber. The pyrolysis temperature is 500 ℃, the nitrogen gas flow rate is 1.5 LPM, and the pyrolysis time is 60 minutes. Furthermore, testing the physical properties of the pyrolysis oil product in the form of density, acidity, and viscosity testing. The results showed that the optimal power to obtain oil-pyrolytic was 600 W with a product oil of 17.6%, and from the physical properties it had a low viscosity value of 2.55 mPa.s with a pH level of 6.6.

Synergistic effect of polyhedral iron-cobalt alloys and graphite nanosheets with excellent microwave absorption performance

Fast development of industry and technology has led to electromagnetic harm in the civil and military field, which has been obtained much attention and can be effectively weakened with the help of microwave absorbing materials. Hence, based on the route that multiple materials can optimize the impedance matching to further improve the microwave absorption performance, the polyhedral iron-cobalt alloy (FeCo)/graphite nanosheets (p-FCG) binary composites were prepared by the speedy and facile liquid reduction method. SEM results show polyhedral FeCo alloys with the size of 100–200 nm are located on the surface of graphite nanosheets (GNS), forming the stable three-dimensional structure. When the filled ratio is 40 wt% in the epoxy resin, the maximum reflection loss reaches −53.96 dB and the efficient bandwidth is 4.3 GHz with a thin thickness of 1.3 mm. More importantly, the effective bandwidth of p-FCG is able to cover the entire C, X and Ku bands with the matching thicknesses in the range from 1.3 mm to 4.2 mm. The microwave absorption performance of p-FCG is remarkable, which is superior to the single GNS and FeCo on account of synergistic effect and moderate impedance matching. Thus, the binary composites p-FCG may be expected as an engineering microwave absorber with the strong absorption, thin thickness, and wide frequency.

Biodiesel Production through Catalytic Microwave In-situ Transesterification of Micro-algae <em> (Chlorella sp.)</em>

Aim of this research are to study and develop research related to the potential of Chlorella sp. into biodiesel with the help of microwaves in-situ transesterification by characterizing parameters such as microwave power (300; 450; 600 W) and reaction time (10; 30; 50 minutes) with catalyst concentration of KOH and molar ratio of microalga : methanol are 2% and 1:12 respectively and optimized by response surface methodology with Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD). The study was carried out by dissolving the catalyst into methanol according to the variable which was then put into a reactor containing microalgae powder in the microwave and turned on according to the predetermined variable. After the reaction process is complete, the mixture is filtered and resuspended with methanol for 10 minutes to remove the remaining FAME and then the obtained filtrate is cooled. Water is added to the filtrate solution to facilitate the separation of hydrophilic components before being separated and pushed apart until 3 layers are formed. Amount of FAMEs in the first layer formed were extracted with n-hexane solution and washed with water and the FAME product obtained was then distilled to remove the remaining n hexane and then weighed. The results indicated that yield increased with increasing reaction time and microwave power with the best conditions of 50 minutes each and 440.53 watts with the highest yield reaching 35.72% (dry basis) through using of KOH catalysts with low concentrations, 2%.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

Use of Nanohybrid Material for Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Containing the Low Solubility Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

In oral absorption of a drug, the drug first dissolves and then is absorbed by diffusion through gastrointestinal membranes. The gastrointestinal environment is aqueous in nature and it is well-known that one-third of the drug population is water insoluble. Hence, there is a need for enhancement of the solubility and dissolution of such drugs. In this work, enhancement of the solubility and dissolution of the practically insoluble drug Rosuvastatin Calcium was achieved by formation of nanohybrids using microwave-induced diffusion (MIND), which ultimately leads to bioavailability enhancement. nanohybrids were formed by using natural carriers such as acacia,guar gum and PVP k-30 with the help of microwaves. Selection of carriers was based on their surfactant and wetting properties. Solubility studies were carried out to establish the solubility-enhancing property of the nanohybrids. To support solubility analysis results, dissolution studies (i.e. powder dissolution and in-vitro dissolution) were carried out. The nanohybrids were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that as the concentration of polymer in the composite increased the solubility and dissolution of rosuvastatin calcium were enhanced. The optimised ratio (drug : polymer) for all the composites was found to be 1:4. The novelty of this work is the green and cost-effective way of forming drug nanocomposites with the help of microwave, which can be scaled up to an industrial level. The method gives an immaculate means of solubilisation by generating drug dispersion at the micro and nanoscale level in natural biodegradable stabilising media. Hence, this study demonstrates the use of nanohybrids in solubility and dissolution enhancement.
 Keywords- BCS Class II, Nanohybrids, Solubilization, Enhancement of solubility, Optimized drug dissolution and drug release.

A facile route for the synthesis of nickel foam modified WSe2:CdS nanohybrid as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)

Nickel foam was synthesized via a easy and time consuming method with the help of microwave, the nickel foam was then modified with very impressive rod shaped nanoparticle WSe2-CdS. The pores of the nickel foam are very clear and uniform in size with the nanoparticle attached in the surface of the foam. The prepared nanohybrid foam (Nifoam@WSe2-CdS) shows good performance towards hydrogen evolution reaction with small onset potential of -0.30 V and very low tafel slope that is 44 mV/dec. The electrocatalyst was prepared with earth abundant material with low cost of synthesis. Prepared electrocatlyst shows high durability over acidic medium for several time periods with unchanged electrochemical behavior.

Comparison of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with variations of power and infusion extraction method on antibacterial activity of rosella calyx extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

This study aims to determine the effect of Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) extraction and infusion on total phenolic and antibacterial activity of rosella calyx. Extraction using Infusion and Micro Assisted Extraction methods with variations in power of 10, 30 and 50. Followed by measurement of total phenolic content and its ability to inhibit test bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results of the evaluation revealed that the percentage of yield of roselle calyx extract produced from the MEA method was 10, 30 and 50, respectively at 24.6%, 30.5% and 35.6% compared to the infusion method which was only 19, 5% The phenolic content of rosella calyx extract from infusion method was 2.39%, while for MAE 10, 30 and 50 respectively were 2.72%, 2.53% and 2.18%. The results of extraction using infusion had inhibition zone diameters of 11.09 ± 0.96 mm against E. coli bacteria and 6.87 ± 0.05 mm against S. aureus which had the smallest resistance of all tests. While the results of extraction with the help of microwaves obtained the highest antibacterial activity at 30 power against S. Aureus at 12.23 ± 1.85 mm compared with all extract tests from the MAE method.

Design and synthesis of novel sugar‐based nitrogen‐containing heterocycles as potential anticancer agents under microwave in water

A series of novel glycosyl nitrogen‐containing heterocycles derivatives were designed and synthesized. With the help of microwave, the reaction was carried out in water rapidly and afforded the target compounds in good yields. The acid catalysts that were essential for this kind of reaction under traditional heating method were avoided through this strategy. Preliminary biological evaluation showed that most of the compounds could inhibit the growth of A549 cells, but the inhibition of HepG‐2 cells was relatively poor. Notably, compound 2i displayed the best potency with an IC50 value of 3.42 μM against A549 cell lines, which is comparable with the common anticarcinogen paclitaxel (5.12 μM). Molecular modeling studies suggested that 2i may bind to the ATP‐binding site of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), indicating a rational design strategy. These results provide a starting point for designing glycosyl nitrogen‐containing heterocycles as the potential drugs in lung cancer therapy.

Processing-structure-property correlations of crystalline antibacterial magnesium phosphate (newberyite) coatings and their in vitro effect

This paper describes our recent findings of our on-going research on newberyite (NB, MgHPO4.3H2O), an important bio-ceramic in the MgO-P2O5 binary system. It reports the “Processing-Structure-Property” correlation results of novel multi-functional NB coatings on benchmark Ti6Al4V. The motivation behind this study is to seek newer and multi-functional uses of magnesium phosphates (MgPs) in orthopedics. Therefore, as opposed to extensively explored calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings, one of the prime novelties of this work lies in the development and evaluation of NB coatings to improve osseointegration as an alternative material. The fabrication aspect involves a microwave irradiation technique to synthesize the coatings within a short time. Furthermore, given the havoc created by surgical site infections (SSIs) in orthopedics, efforts have been made for the first time to synthesize single-phasic, antibacterial NB coatings. This is achieved by doping silver (Ag) into NB (Ag-NB) with the help of microwaves. Physical property evaluations such as X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the successful formation of crystalline, single-phase Ag-NB coatings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of about 50 μm thick coatings comprising of dense, compact, intricate crystals with orthorhombic and tabular-hexagonal shape. Most importantly, in vitro antibacterial assays indicated satisfactory bacteriostatic and bactericidal functionalities of the Ag-NB coatings against both gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus within 5 h of incubation. This highlights their high efficiency in inhibiting SSIs. Cytocompatibility assays showed no signs of cytotoxicity in the coatings with healthy MC3T3 pre-osteoblast proliferation. Finally, high levels of osteocalcin (OCN) asserted the coatings' high biomineralization capability. Overall, this study proves that multi-functional Ag-NB coatings synthesized with microwaves can be potential alternatives to conventional CaP based coatings.

Integration of Microwave and Optical/Infrared Derived Datasets for a Drought Hazard Inventory in a Sub-Tropical Region of India

Drought is an intricate phenomenon assessed by analyzing several hydro-meteorological factors such as rainfall, soil moisture, temperature, evapotranspiration, vegetation cover, etc. For effective drought hazard management and preparedness, the monitoring of drought requires the evaluation of influencing factors via the Drought Hazard Inventory (DHI). The main objective of this study is to compare spatial occurrences of drought hazard with the help of microwave and Optical/Infrared datasets obtained from multiple satellites. The long-term climatology of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Rainfall, Climate Change Initiative soil moisture (CCI-SM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived Land Surface Temperature (LST), Evapotranspiration (ET) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used in this study for drought hazard assessment. This study was carried out in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, considered as one of the most frequent and dominant drought-prone areas of India. The current study includes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique based on Multi-Criteria Decision Making Analysis (MCDM) for weighting assignment and decision making, while the geospatial platform was used for data layer standardization, integration, and drought assessment. The results indicate that a large percentage of area (38.05% and 27.54%, respectively) lying in the central part of Bundelkhand region is under high to extreme drought conditions, where precautionary measures are needed. To demonstrate the robustness of our results, we compare them with the long-term in-situ ground water depletion as a proxy. Finally, based on the findings of this study, we recommend the methodology for drought assessment at a larger scale, as well as in the remote areas where ground based measurements are limited.

Protection from icing of contact networks railway and tram transport with the help of microwaves

Protection from icing of contact networks railway and tram transport with the help of microwaves

Ionic-liquid-impregnated resin for the microwave-assisted solid-liquid extraction of triazine herbicides in honey.

Microwave-assisted ionic-liquid-impregnated resin solid-liquid extraction was developed for the extraction of triazine herbicides, including cyanazine, metribuzin, desmetryn, secbumeton, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, dimethametryn, and dipropetryn in honey samples. The ionic-liquid-impregnated resin was prepared by immobilizing 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in the microspores of resin. The resin was used as the extraction adsorbent. The extraction and enrichment of analytes were performed in a single step. The extraction time can be shortened greatly with the help of microwave. The effects of experimental parameters including type of resin, type of ionic liquid, mass ratio of resin to ionic liquid, extraction time, amount of the impregnated resin, extraction temperature, salt concentration, and desorption conditions on the extraction efficiency, were investigated. A Box-Behnken design was applied to the selection of the experimental parameters. The recoveries were in the range of 80.1 to 103.4% and the relative standard deviations were lower than 6.8%. The present method was applied to the analysis of honey samples.

Fabrication of microinductor using Nanocrystalline NiCuZn ferrites

The nanocrystalline Ni0.53Cu0.12Zn0.35Fe2O4 was prepared using microwave hydrothermal (M-H) method at a low temperature of 160 °C/30 min. As synthesized powders were characterized using XRD and TEM. The powders were sintered using microwave sintering methods at different sintering temperatures i.e. 750 °C/30 min, 800 °C/30 min, 850 °C/30 min 900 °C/30 min and 950 °C/30 min respectively. The sintered samples were characterized using XRD and SEM. The complex permittivity (e*) and permeability (μ*) have been measured in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 1.8 GHz. The micro inductors were fabricated with the help of microwave sintered sample by using screen-printing method and co-firing. The electrical properties such as inductance and Quality factor of the prepared inductors were measured over a wide frequency range.

Sterilization of Biotic Pests by Microwave Radiation

Some of the issues connected to timber structures are caused by wood-destroying insects. The sterilization of timber elements affected by wood-destroying insects with the help of microwaves removes the deficiencies of other available methodologies. Hence the given paper deals with the experimental sterilization of wood-destroying insect by the application of microwave radiation. It explains the principles behind heating with microwaves and also describes the biological effects of microwave radiation in a simplified manner. The following chapter introduces the equipment required for microwave sterilization to take place and the actual experimental sterilization process. In the final part of the paper are the results of the experimental activity. Throughout the experiments it was found out that microwave radiation seems to be an effective methodology to sterilize wood-destroying beetles. Within the conclusion the intensity of microwave radiation needed for a successful and effective sterilization process is recommended together with the time along which the timber element must have a constant temperature achieved by heating in the primary phase.

Microwave-generated bionanocomposites for solubility and dissolution enhancement of poorly water-soluble drug glipizide: in-vitro and in-vivo studies

In oral absorption of a drug, the drug first dissolves and then is absorbed by diffusion through gastrointestinal membranes. The gastrointestinal environment is aqueous in nature and it is well-known that one-third of the drug population is water insoluble. Hence, there is a need for enhancement of the solubility and dissolution of such drugs. In this work, enhancement of the solubility and dissolution of the practically insoluble drug glipizide was achieved by formation of bionanocomposites (BNCs) using microwave-induced diffusion (MIND), which ultimately leads to bioavailability enhancement. BNCs were formed by using natural carriers such as gelatin, acacia, cassia and ghatti gum, with the help of microwaves. Selection of carriers was based on their surfactant and wetting properties. Solubility studies were carried out to establish the solubility-enhancing property of the BNCs. To support solubility analysis results, dissolution studies (i.e. powder dissolution and in-vitro dissolution) were carried out. The BNCs were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In-vivo performance of the optimised formulation was assessed by glucose-induced hyperglycaemia test in male albino Wistar rats. It was found that as the concentration of polymer in the composite increased the solubility and dissolution of glipizide were enhanced. The optimised ratio (drug : polymer) for all the composites was found to be 1:9. In the glucose-induced hyperglycemia test in rats, the optimized formulation demonstrated a significant reduction in hyperglycemia compared with a marketed formulation, Glynase. The novelty of this work is the green and cost-effective way of forming drug nanocomposites with the help of microwave, which can be scaled up to an industrial level. The method gives an immaculate means of solubilisation by generating drug dispersion at the micro and nanoscale level in natural biodegradable stabilising media. Hence, this study demonstrates the use of BNCs in solubility and dissolution enhancement.

Dynamic nuclear polarization in the solid state: a transition between the cross effect and the solid effect

Proton Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) experiments were conducted on a 3.4 T homebuilt hybrid pulsed-EPR-NMR spectrometer, on static samples containing 10 mM or 40 mM TEMPOL in frozen glassy solutions of DMSO/water. During DNP experiments proton-NMR signals are enhanced with the help of microwave (MW) irradiation on or close to the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectrum of the free radicals in the sample, transferring polarization from the free electrons to the nuclei. In the solid state a distinction is made between three DNP enhancement mechanisms: the Solid Effect (SE), the Cross Effect (CE) and Thermal Mixing (TM). In an effort to determine the dominant DNP mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of the nuclear signals, electron and nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates, enhancement buildup times and microwave (MW) swept DNP spectra were measured as a function of temperature and MW irradiation strength. We observed lineshape variations of the DNP spectra that indicated changes in the relative contributions of SE-DNP and CE-DNP with temperature and MW power. Using a theoretical model describing the SE-DNP and CE-DNP the DNP spectra could be analyzed without involving the TM-DNP mechanism and the relative SE-DNP and CE-DNP contributions to the nuclear enhancement could be determined. From this analysis it follows that lowering the temperature beyond 20 K increases the SE-DNP and decreases the CE-DNP contributions. Possible explanations for this behavior are suggested.

Microwave assisted extraction of mangiferin from Curcuma amada

Mangiferin present in Curcuma amada was extracted with the help of microwave assisted extraction (MAE). The extraction solvent used was ethanol, which is eco-friendly and reduced the risk of environmental hazard. The mangiferin content was found to increase until 500 W, but decreased as the microwave power was increased further. A similar threshold was also obtained for microwave irradiation time. Following a mathematical analysis, an optimal mangiferin yield of 41 μg/mL was obtained from an extraction time of 15.32 s for a microwave power of 500 W.

Phosphorescence Studies of 3ππ* Benzaldehyde, Acetophenone, and 1-Indanone in Benzoic Acid Host

Abstract We have made a vibrational analysis of the phosphorescence spectra of benzaldehyde, deuterated benzaldehydes, acetophenone, and 1-Indanone in benzoic acid host. The emissions coming from different sites of benzaldehyde were separated with the help of microwave induced delayed phosphorescence (MIDP) spectroscopy. From the phosphorescence excitation spectra the locations of the 3nπ* states were estimated to be about 2000 cm−1 above the 3ππ* states. Contrary to the previous assignment, it was found that the aldehyde H wag is active in the spectra of benzaldehyde as in the cases of other host. The spectra of acetophenone and 1-indanone are similar to those obtained in other hosts, although the 0-0 bands are relatively stronger. The C=O stretching mode is, however, not clearly observable in all the systems studied here, suggesting that this mode is not active in the spectra of nearly pure 3ππ* aromatic carbonyls. The main radiative mechanisms are discussed based on the present results and are compared with those of other aromatic carbonyls. Possible effects of hydrogen bonding on these properties are discussed.