Plant Height Research Articles

A MYB transcription factor underlying plant height in sorghum qHT7.1 and maize Brachytic 1 loci.

Manipulating plant height is an essential component of crop improvement. Plant height was generally reduced through breeding in wheat, rice, and sorghum to resist lodging and increase grain yield but kept high for bioenergy crops. Here, we positionally cloned a plant height quantitative trait locus (QTL) qHT7.1 as a MYB transcription factor controlling internode elongation, cell proliferation, and cell morphology in sorghum. A 740 bp transposable element insertion in the intronic region caused a partial mis-splicing event, generating a novel transcript that included an additional exon and a premature stop codon, leading to short plant height. The dominant allele had an overall higher expression than the recessive allele across development and internode position, while both alleles' expressions peaked at 46 days after planting and progressively decreased from the top to lower internodes. The orthologue of qHT7.1 was identified to underlie the brachytic1 (br1) locus in maize. A large insertion in exon 3 and a 160 bp insertion at the promoter region were identified in the br1 mutant, while an 18 bp promoter insertion was found to be associated with reduced plant height in a natural recessive allele. CRISPR/Cas9-induced gene knockout of br1 in two maize inbred lines showed significant plant height reduction. These findings revealed functional connections across natural, mutant, and edited alleles of this MYB transcription factor in sorghum and maize. This enriched our understanding of plant height regulation and enhanced our toolbox for fine-tuning plant height for crop improvement.

ЭНДОФИТНЫЕ ШТАММЫ БАКТЕРИЙ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ КУКУРУЗЫ НА ЗЕРНО

The study of the effect of endophytic bacterial strains on the formation of the general habitus of the corn plant during the growing season, as well as the effect on grain yield, was carried out in the conditions of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2022-2023. The soil of the experimental site was represented by a subtype of gray forest, the variety was heavy loamy. Endophytic bacterial strains were used in corn crops in the form of leaf dressing with a rate of 1.0 l/ha during the growing season in the 7-8 leaf phase. The technology of cultivation of corn for grain was generally accepted for the Republic of Tatarstan. A two-factor experiment was laid: hybrids (factor A) - early maturing Nur and ROSS-195, mid-early ‒ Krasnodarskiy-230; preparations of endophytic bacterial strains (factor B) - without application (control), KS-25, KS-31, KS-38, KS-54, Consortium and PS-17 (standard). The years of research were characterized as moderately arid in terms of climatic conditions. The preparations had a positive effect on the height of plants, above-ground mass and leaf area, which were determined in the phases of paniculation, cob formation and milk ripeness. The Nur hybrid responded positively to the treatment of crops with preparations KS-25, KS-38 and KS-54, the ROSS-195 hybrid - Consortium, KS-31 and KS-38, Krasnodarskiy-230 - KS-31 and KS-54. The highest aboveground mass in the experiment in the milk ripeness phase of the Nur hybrid was noted in the variant with KS-38 (48.25 t/ha), in the ROSS-195 and Krasnodarskiy-230 hybrids ‒ with KS-54 (67.38 and 58.25 t/ha, respectively). The largest leaf area was observed in the cob formation phase of the Nur hybrid when used in the KS-31 variants, in the ROSS-195 and Krasnodarskiy-230 hybrids when treated with the Consortium preparation. The grain yield of the Nur hybrid in variants with the PS-17, KS-38 and KS-25 preparations increased by 9.6…27.6%, the ROSS-195 hybrid when sprayed with KS-38 and KS ‒ by 15.3…19.7%, the Krasnodarskiy-230 hybrid when using KS-25, KS-54 and PS-17 ‒ by 9.0…28.1%. Preparations with endophytic bacterial strains increased the protein content in the hybrid grain by 0.15…0.73%.

Partially Substituting Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density with Far-red Photons Differentially Alters Biomass Accumulation and Photochemical Efficiency of Greenhouse Lettuce

Adding far-red (FR) photons to a constant photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) alters photosynthesis, leaf morphology, and biomass accumulation of horticultural plants. However, the influences of partially substituting PPFD with FR photons under the same extended PPFD (ePPFD) on the growth of greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is still unknown. In this study, loose-leaf lettuce (‘Dasusheng’) grown in a greenhouse in the fall was implemented using six supplementary light treatments including white plus red (WR) LEDs with substitutive FR photon flux density at 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 µmol·m−2·s−1 under the same ePPFD (WR139, WR129+FR10, WR109+FR30, WR89+FR50, WR69+FR70, and WR49+FR90, respectively). Lettuce grown with natural light only was designated as NL. The results indicated that supplementary light led to lower plant height, thicker leaves, higher biomass accumulation, higher vitamin C content, higher starch content, and higher total soluble sugar content in lettuce compared with those of lettuce grown under NL. Lettuce grown under WR139 resulted in a 40.0% decrease in plant height, 66.8% increase in leaf thickness, and 34.1% increase in shoot fresh weight compared with those of lettuce grown under NL. No significant differences were observed in leaf width, specific leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, soil plant analysis development value, apparent quantum yield, soluble protein content, and light use efficiency of lettuce among the WR139, WR129+FR10, and WR109+FR30 treatments. Furthermore, decreased trends were observed in the biomass accumulation and maximum net photosynthetic rate of lettuce with the increased substituted FR photon flux density. However, an opposite trend was found in the maximum photochemical quantum yield. In conclusion, partially substituting PPFD with FR photons at 10 to 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 had similar effects on the biomass accumulation and nutritional quality of greenhouse lettuce. The FR photons should be applied with the consideration of photon flux density because the results also demonstrated negative effects of excess substituted FR photons for PPFD.

Copper sulfate-induced stress in Spinach: Metabolic pathway disruption and plant response

Copper sulfate (CuSO4) stress profoundly affects plant growth by interfering with key metabolic pathways. This disruption leads to significant alterations in various physiological parameters, ultimately impacting the overall health and productivity of the plant. This study assessed the impact of CuSO4 stress on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) through a pot experiment using CuSO4 concentrations of 0, 75, 125, and 175 ppm. We noticed that at 75 ppm, CuSO4 improved plant height and the concentration of soluble sugar and ascorbic acid compared to the control. Additionally, amino acid, phenol, proline, fresh weight, and moisture content peaked at 175 ppm. Conversely, at 125 and 175 ppm, plant height, dry weight, leaf area, and concentrations of ascorbic acid and sugar significantly decreased. Moreover, at 175 ppm, there were substantial decreases in chlorophyll a (14.8%), chlorophyll b (73.6%), carotenoids (15%), and photosynthetic rates compared to the control. However, the chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio increased by 29.53% at 175 ppm. In addition, protein and phenol contents diminished at 75 and 125 ppm. Elevated CuSO4 levels increased non-protein thiol levels while reducing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. Stress hormones such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene increased with CuSO4 stress, whereas growth hormones indol-acetic acid and gibberellic acid declined. This study demonstrates that spinach shows improved growth and metabolic function at 75 ppm CuSO4, indicating tolerance to mild stress. However, higher CuSO4 concentrations (125 and 175 ppm) significantly reduce growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and enzyme activities, highlighting the need for careful CuSO4 management in agriculture to avoid adverse effects on plant health and productivity.

Magnesium-Doped Carbon Quantum Dot Nanomaterials Alleviate Salt Stress in Rice by Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species to Increase Photosynthesis.

Salt stress has strongly impacted the long-term growth of eco-friendly farming worldwide. By targeting the oxidative stress induced by salt, the utilization of biomass-derived carbon dots (CDs) that possess high-efficiency antioxidant properties, are nontoxic, and have excellent biocompatibility represents a viable and effective approach for enhancing the salt tolerance of plants. In this study, we blended magnesium oxide nanoparticles with carbon sources derived from durian shells to construct Mg-doped carbon dots (Mg-CDs) through a hydrothermal reaction. We demonstrated that the foliar application of 150 μg/mL Mg-CDs to rice plants after treatment with 100 mM salt effectively increased the plant height (9.52%), fresh weight (22.41%), dry weight (33.33%), K+ content (21.46%), chlorophyll content (36.21%), and carotenoid content (16.21%); decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) (9.43%), Na+ (25.75%), H2O2 (17.50%), and O2•- contents (37.99%); and promoted the photosynthetic system and antioxidant activity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Mg-CD pretreatment triggered transcriptional reprogramming in rice seedlings. The enrichment analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways based on trend groups of gene expression patterns of Profile 8 and Profile 15 indicated that priming with Mg-CDs activated stress signaling- and defense-related pathways, such as metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and photosynthesis pathways. These activations subsequently prompted the expression of genes related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, hormone signal transduction, the oxidative stress response, and the photosynthetic system. This study demonstrated that the use of Mg-CDs represents a potential strategy to increase plant salt tolerance, creating the possibility for the regulation of crop salinity stress and offering valuable advancements in sustainable agriculture.

GPCR-like Protein ZmCOLD1 Regulate Plant Height in an ABA Manner

GPCR-like Protein ZmCOLD1 Regulate Plant Height in an ABA Manner

Estimating Summer Maize Biomass by Integrating UAV Multispectral Imagery with Crop Physiological Parameters

The aboveground biomass (AGB) of summer maize is an important indicator for assessing crop growth status and predicting yield, playing a significant role in agricultural management and decision-making. Traditional on-site measurements of AGB are limited, due to low efficiency and a lack of spatial information. The development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology in agriculture offers a rapid and cost-effective method for obtaining crop growth information, but currently, the prediction accuracy of summer maize AGB based on UAVs is limited. This study focuses on the entire growth period of summer maize. Multispectral images of six key growth stages of maize were captured using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro, and color indices and elevation data (DEM) were extracted from these growth stage images. Combining measured data such as summer maize AGB and plant height, which were collected on the ground, and based on the three machine learning algorithms of partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF), and long short-term memory (LSTM), an input feature analysis of PH was carried out, and a prediction model of summer maize AGB was constructed. The results show that: (1) using unmanned aerial vehicle spectral data (CIS) alone to predict the biomass of summer maize has relatively poor prediction accuracy. Among the three models, the LSTM (CIS) model has the best simulation effect, with a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.516 to 0.649. The R2 of the RF (CIS) model is 0.446–0.537. The R2 of the PLSR (CIS) model is 0.323–0.401. (2) After adding plant height (PH) data, the accuracy and stability of model prediction significantly improved. R2 increased by about 25%, and both RMSE and NRSME decreased by about 20%. Among the three prediction models, the LSTM (PH + CIS) model had the best performance, with R2 = 0.744, root mean square error (RSME) = 4.833 g, and normalized root mean square error (NRSME) = 0.107. Compared to using only color indices (CIS) as the model input, adding plant height (PH) significantly enhances the prediction effect of AGB (aboveground biomass) prediction in key growth periods of summer maize. This method can serve as a reference for the precise monitoring of crop biomass status through remote sensing with unmanned aerial vehicles.

Improving Peanut (Arachis hyphogaea L.) Productivity by Optimizing Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization

Due to their high nutritious, peanuts (Arachis hyphogaea L.) are a popular kind among consumers. For growth and productivity, peanut plants need vital nutrients including N, P, K, Ca, Mg and K. P is especially necessary for the development of blooms, pods, and seeds. A 2 × 4 factorial design was employed in the study, and it was repeated three times. Factor II consists of P fertilizers (SP36: 36 % P2O5), specifically 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg P2O5/ha. Factor I sources of N are NO3- (potassium nitrate) and NH4+ (ammonium sulfate). The criteria that were observed were the amount of chlorophyll in the fifth leaf from the tip of the plant, NR activity, yield of the peanut pod, height of the peanut plant, and biomass of the peanut. The nitrogen source treatment has a major impact on ANR levels, yield, plant height, and chlorophyll. There is a greater interaction when using nitrate as a N fertilizer. Higher P2O5 NR yields, P up to 150 kg, Chlorophyll, height of peanut plants, peanut biomass, and yield of peanut pods are observed. Similarly, increased application of N fertilizer (ammonium, P up to 150 kg P2O5) results in higher NR yields. Height of the peanut plants, biomass, yield of the peanut pods, and chlorophyll.

Effect of Integrating Plant Growth Regulators and Micronutrients on Growth, Phenology and Seed Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

An experiment was conducted during Rabi 2019-20 at College of Agriculture, Indore (Madhya Pradesh) to investigate the effects of Plant Growth Regulator (PGRs) and Micro-nutrient Application on Growth, Quality, and Seed yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). The nine treatments consisted of different levels of PGRs i.e. GA3 and NAA with micro-nutrient (Mixol) which contain zinc, iron, manganese copper, boron and molybdenum including control (No use of PGRs and micro-nutrients) viz. T1 = 50 ppm GA3 seed treatment + Mixol 1.0%, T2 = 100 ppm GA3 seed treatment + Mixol 1.0%, T3 = 50 ppm GA3 foliar spray + Mixol 1.0%, T4 = 100 ppm GA3 foliar spray + Mixol 1.0%, T5 = 25 ppm NAA seed treatment + Mixol 1.0%, T6 = 50 ppm NAA seed treatment + Mixol 1.0%, T7=25 ppm foliar spray + Mixol 1.0%, T8 = 50 ppm NAA foliar spray + Mixol 1.0% and T9 = Control. Data were collected on different growth characters (Plant height and number of branches), Phonological attributes (Days to first flowering, days taken to 50% flowering and days to taken seed maturity) and yield characters (Seed yield per plant (g), seed yield t/ha, number of pods per plant, length of pod (cm), number of seeds per pod) of fenugreek. Based on results of one year experimentation, foliar spray of GA3 at 100 ppm + mixol 1.0% was found the best treatment compared with respect to plant growth and seed yield of fenugreek.

Assessment of Genetic Variability in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The present study was carried out with thirty advanced breeding lines of groundnut for estimation of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the studied characters indicating that there is substantial variability among the genotypes for these traits. High estimates of GCV and PCV was observed for pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant, dry haulm yield per plant and number of mature pods per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for number of mature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant, dry haulm yield per plant, number of immature pods per plant, plant height, harvest index and hundred kernel weight indicating the preponderance of additive gene action in expression of these traits and hence simple phenotypic selection would be effective for improvement of these characters.

Effect of High Nighttime Temperatures on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Two Wheat Cultivars During the Whole Growth Period

It is a consensus that Earth’s climate has been warming. The impact of global warming is asymmetric, that is, there is more substantial warming in the daily minimum surface air temperature and lower warming in the maximum surface air temperature. Previous studies have reported diurnal temperature differences greatly affecting winter wheat yield. However, only a few studies have investigated the impact of global warming on the growth and yield of winter wheat, yet the influence of night warming on quality has not been deeply evaluated. In this study, two wheat cultivars were used as materials: Jimai 44 (JM44) with strong gluten and Jimai 22 (JM22) with medium gluten, to explore the effects of high nighttime temperatures (HNTs) on the growth, yield, and quality of wheat. The results show that HNTs significantly shortened seedling emergence and anthesis periods in both cultivars compared with ambient temperatures (ATs). In addition, HNTs increased the respiration rate at anthesis and grain-filling stages, impeding wheat pollination and grain maturity. HNTs also accelerated leaf senescence and increased the number of sterile spikelets and plant height, but decreased the effective tiller number, the number of spikes per unit area, and grains per spike. As a result, the grain yield of JM22 and JM44 was decreased by 24.6% and 21.2%, respectively. Moreover, HNTs negatively influenced the flour quality of the two wheat cultivars. The current findings provide new insights into the effects of HNTs on the growth, development, yield, and quality of different wheat genotypes during the whole growth period.

Optimizing Irrigation and Nitrogen Application to Enhance Millet Yield, Improve Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Reduce Inorganic Nitrogen Accumulation in Northeast China

Enhancing irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application has become a vital strategy for ensuring food security in the face of population growth and resource scarcity. A 2-year experiment was conducted to determine to investigate the effects of different irrigation lower limits and nitrogen fertilizer application amounts on millet growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), N utilization, and inorganic nitrogen accumulation in the soil in 2021 and 2022. The experiment was designed with four irrigation lower limits, corresponding to 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of the field capacity (FC), referred to as I50, I60, I70, and I80. Four nitrogen fertilizer application were also included: 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg·hm−2 (designated as F00, F50, F100, and F150), resulting in a total of 16 treatments. Binary quadratic regression equations were established to optimize the irrigation and nitrogen application. The results demonstrated that the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, aboveground biomass, yield, spike diameter, spike length, spike weight, WUE, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency for millet initially increased before subsequently decreasing as the irrigation lower limit and nitrogen fertilizer application increased. Their maximum values were observed in the I70F100. However, the nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN) exhibited a gradual decline with increasing nitrogen application, reaching its peak at F50. Additionally, PFPN displayed a pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease with rising irrigation lower limits. The accumulation of NO3−-N and NH4+-N in the 0~60 cm soil layer increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application in both years, while they tended to decrease as the irrigation lower limit increased. An optimal irrigation lower limit of 64% FC to 74% FC and nitrogen fertilizer application of 80 to 100 kg ha−1 was recommended for millet based on the regression equation. The findings of this study offer a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for developing a drip irrigation and fertilizer application for millet cultivation in Northeast China.

Simulating the exploration of the optimal irrigation of spring wheat in drought areas based on SWAP model

AbstractWater scarcity and low irrigation efficiency are the main factors causing yield losses in spring wheat in arid areas. To propose optimised irrigation scheduling for spring wheat in the arid areas of Ningxia, China, we first calibrated the SWAP (soil–water–atmosphere–plant) model and then utilised the well‐tested SWAP model during three typical rainfall years to evaluate the 542 irrigation schemes. The results showed that the model performed well in simulating the plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and biomass of spring wheat under different water stress conditions. The R2 values of the above three crop growth indicators were all greater than 0.89, and the normalised root mean square error (NRMSE) was less than 18% in the validation period. Additionally, the model achieved a high degree of accuracy in simulating the soil water content, evapotranspiration and yield, with RMSEs of 2%, 31 mm, and 326 kg/ha, respectively. The total irrigation amounts of 290, 320 and 350 mm with five, six and six irrigation times in the wet, average, and dry years, respectively, could achieve relatively high yields as well as improved water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). The results can provide useful information for the efficient utilisation of irrigation water resources in arid areas.

Influence of Liquid Biofertilizers on Growth and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

A field experiment was conducted at S.V. Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati during summer, 2024 to study the influence of liquid bio fertilizers and different levels of fertilizers on growth and yield of sesame. Results revealed that the application of 100% RDF + seed treatment + soil application of liquid bio fertilizers (Azospirillum, PSB and KSB) reported higher plant height( 99 cm), leaf area index(1.72), dry matter accumulation (3341 kg ha-1), seed (945 kg ha-1) and stalk (1890 kg ha-1) yield as compared to other treatments. The grain yield of sesame with100% RDF + seed treatment + soil application of liquid bio fertilizers (Azospirillum, PSB and KSB) was enhanced by 26.5% and 24.3% when compared to the 100% RDF alone. The lowest seed yield (380 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (830 kg ha-1) was registered with absolute control.

Evaluation of nematicidal potential of leaves extract of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus for management of Meliodogyne incognita in Tomato

The resistance of nematode pests to synthetic nematicides and its attendant hazards both to the crops and the ecosystem have caused growing interest. This study is aimed at investigating the nematicidal potential of the leaves extract of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus. Afrohybanthus enneaspermus is an evegreen shrub found in the tropical regions. The herbs have been used in ethonomedicine in the treatment of various ailments such as fever, diabetes, cough, skin infections and so on. According to standard methods in this study, in-vivo and In-vitro nematicidal screening of leaves extract was carried out against juvenile nematode pest (Meliodogyne incognita) while the pot experiment was carried out on tomato plants infected with root knot nematode. At the growth rate of the Tomato (Tropimech +), plant height was significantly lowered at 4 WAP (four weeks after planting) in tomato plants inoculated with 2,000 root-knot nematodes (RKN) applied with 20 g powered of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus compared with the rest of the treatments. With the application of 15% aqueous plant extracts and the inoculation of 2,000 RKN, plant height was significantly higher (32.8), followed by Plant alone and 20% aqueous plant extract. However, plant height was significantly lowered in plants applied with 20g powered of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus and nematode compared to the other treatments. At 6 weeks plant height is significantly higher in tomato plants inoculated with 5% aqueous plant extract with 2000RKN followed by others that are at the same range except 20g powered extract with 2000RKN that is significantly lowered . At 7 weeks plant height is significantly higher in tomato plants inoculated with 5% aqueous plant extract with 2000 RKN followed by others that are at the same range except 20g powdered extract with 2000 RKN that is significantly lowered. The research concluded that leaves extract of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus is effective in management of root Knot nematodes, however, in- vitro experiments, it is established that the powder form of the leave has higher effectiveness in management of nematode than its organic extract.

Development of scallion (Allium fistulosum L.) in substrate and homeopathic solutions of water hyacinth

Scallion (Allium fistulosum) is a widely appreciated condiment in the Brazilian population, with significant economic and nutritional importance. Organic cultivation alternatives for this crop have been sought. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the development of scallion in a substrate produced from the floating aquatic plant known as Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), combined with soil or without it, with the application of homeopathic solutions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five replicates and six treatments, namely: Pure Water Hyacinth Substrate (SAP); Water Hyacinth Substrate with Homeopathic solution (SA+HA); Soil and Water Hyacinth Substrate (S+SA); Soil and Water Hyacinth Substrate with Homeopathic solution (S+SA+HA); Pure Soil (SP), and Soil with Homeopathic solution (S+HA). The following parameters were evaluated 60 days after planting: plant height in centimeters (AP), shoot diameter in millimeters (DP), and the number of shoots (NP). Analysis of variance revealed that plant height (AP) did not exhibit significant differences between substrates with or without the homeopathic solution. In contrast, substrates containing Water Hyacinth exhibited greater shoot diameter and number of shoots. This study showed that the Water Hyacinth substrate and homeopathic solution had promising results in the production of scallion seedlings when combined with soil.

Evaluation of the performance of three barley varieties under the influence of nitrogen fertilizer

The study was conducted in the fields of the Department of Agricultural Research / Nineveh during the season. (2023 - 2024). Research included two factors: first: nitrogen fertilizer (fertilized, non-fertilized). Second factor: barley varieties (Rehan, Samir, Amal). The study utilized a completely randomized block design. The global experimental system with three replicates was conducted at the end of the season . The data was analyzed using the SAS program on a computer, with different averages marked with different alphabets, and the results were as follows: The nitrogen fertilizer treatment demonstrated a significant improvement over the non-fertilized. The treatment focuses on average traits. (plant height, spike length, number of spikes m-2, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield). The Samir barley variety was significantly superior to the rest of the varieties in terms of characteristics (plant height, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield). The interaction between nitrogen fertilizer treatment and the barley variety Samir demonstrated significant superiority in all studied traits. The aim of the research is to determine the response of the three best varieties to nitrogen fertilizer in terms of growth and productivity.

The effect of organic manure on the production of jute (Corchorus olitorius)

Field experiments to investigate the effect of different sources of organic manure (Swine manure (SM), Poultry manure (PM), Cattle manure (CM), Rabbit urine manure (RUM)) on production of Jute (Corchorus olitorius) was carried out. The experimental site was cleared and cultivated (tilled and fertilized). Treatments were laid out before planting at once, there was no re-application of treatment. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters (Foliage, Plant height and Plant fresh weight). There was a significant difference in the foliage of Corchorus olitorius treated with SM, PM, CM, and RUM when compared with the control group. The foliage of Corchorus olitorius with PM treatment is significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with other organic manure treatment except for CM. Significant increase (P<0.05) in the height of Corchorus olitorius was obvious in all the treatment group when compared with control. There is no significant difference (P>0.05) in the height of jute across the organic manure treatment groups (SM, PM and RUM) but there is a significant increase in the plant height of PM when compared CM. SM, PM and RUM significantly increase the fresh weight of the plant when compared with the control and CM. There was a numerical increase in the plant fresh weight of PM when compared to other treatment groups. From this experimental study, PM consistently increased the number of leaves, the fresh plant weight and plant height significantly and it is recommended for Corchorus olitorius production.

The types of growing media and plant density on the growth and yield of kailan (Brassica oleracea L.) In a floating raft system hydroponic

This research aimed to know the effect of the type of growing media and population density on the growth and yield of kailan (Brassica oleracea L.) hydroponically. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the integrated agricultural system area at Curug Serang Banten Province. This research used a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) as factorial with two factors. The first factor was the type of growing media (J) which consisted of 3 levels, J1 (Rockwool), J2 (Zeolite), and J3 (Sponge). The second factor was population density (K), which consisted of 3 treatment levels, K1 (3 plants per tub), K2 (4 plants per tub), and K3 (5 plants per tub). The results showed that the type of growing media had a significant effect on plant height growth 7 Day After Plating (DAP) of (4.67cm), 14 DAP (11.58 cm), 21 DAP (17.09 cm), 28 DAP (22.29 cm), 35 DAP (37.57 cm), number of leaves 14 DAP (4.59), 28 HST (6.96), 35 DAP (8.59) and the root weight of your plants was 35 DAP (3.43gram). Population density treatment had a significant effect on plant height growth 28 DAP (22.26 cm), 35 DAP (37,37 cm) and there was an interaction between media type treatment and population density on plant height parameters 35 DAP.

Effect of Different Planting Dates and Spacing on Growth Parameters of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

Aim: To investigate the effect of various planting dates and spacing on cabbage growth. Study Design: The experimental design Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) was used. Place and Duration of Study: An experiment was conducted in the rabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Horticulture Research Farm, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow (U.P.) Methodology: There were twelve treatments with three replications. The variety selected for experiment was Pusa Mukta. Results: The combined data of two years showed that treatment P1 (30 November) had significantly higher plant survivability (95.28%), plant height (14.67 cm, 21.31 cm and 28.39 cm) at 30, 45 and 60 DAT, respectively, stem diameter (2.11 cm), no. of non-wrapper leaves (16.28), no. of wrapper leaves (27.19), plant spread E-W (49.40 cm) and plant spread N-S (52.63 cm). Among spacings. The findings showed that the S4 (60 cm x 60 cm) plant spacing achieved maximum plant survivability at 91.59%. It also led to the greatest plant height at 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) with measurements of 15.73 cm, 22.45 cm and 31.12 cm, respectively. Additionally, this spacing resulted in the largest stem diameter (2.31 cm), the highest no. of non-wrapper leaves (17.40), no. of wrapper leaves (28.30), greatest plant spread in both East-West (52.79 cm) and North-South (56.08 cm) directions. Conclusion: The results obtained from pooled data of two years showed that treatment P1 (30 November) and Spacing 60 cm x 60 cm had significantly higher growth parameters.