Height Of Articular Eminence Research Articles

Condylar Size and Position, Comparison among Different Sagittal Skeletal Relationships: A CBCT Study.

To compare the size and spatial position of mandibular condyles among different sagittal skeletal patterns using CBCT imaging. A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from 20th March 2021 to 4th January 2022. CBCT scans of 66 subjects (33 males, 33 females) were divided into three equal groups on basis of sagittal skeletal relationships (Class I, Class II, and Class III). Condylar size and position were determined using the method described by Hilgers et al. and Ricketts et al. respectively. Independent samples t-test was applied to compare condylar size and position variables between the right and left condyles and between male and female subjects. All study groups were compared using ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey's test. In males, the condylar size was larger and condyles were slightly more anteriorly positioned. Condylar width and height were smallest in skeletal Class II relation and largest in skeletal Class III relation. Regarding the condylar position, the anterior distance was investigated to be the smallest in Class II. The posterior distance was lesser in skeletal Class I subjects whereas the superior distance was lesser in Class III subjects. Angle of articular eminence was greater in class I, intermediate in class II, and lower in class III. Height of articular eminence was the lowest in Class III subjects. Statistically significant differences existed for the size and position of mandibular condyles among different sagittal skeletal relationships. Temporomandibular joint, Condylar position, Condylar size, Sagittal skeletal relationships, CBCT.

Mandibular condylar displacement and the associated factors following intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy

ObjectiveIn intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO), the proximal and distal bony segments are not fixed rigidly and thus mandibular condyles are easily displaced. Since there have been only a few reports which examined any factors relating to the condylar displacement and mobility, we aimed to analyze the change in position over time through IVRO and elucidate the associated clinical factors. MethodsA retrospective study included 100 condyles in 50 patients. The Schüller's radiographs and posteroanterior cephalograms collected at the determined 6 time points were analyzed. The condylar head position was defined using X-Y coordinates. The amount of condylar displacement, the height of articular eminence and the ramus angulation were measured. The clinical information such as patient’s age, sex, operation time, setback quantity, TMJ noise or pain and surgical methods (1 or 2 jaw surgeries) was collected. Statistical analyses concerning the postoperative condylar displacement was performed. ResultsThe most of condyles showed the significant anterior and inferior shift immediately after surgeries which displacement had been restored over time and mostly resolved in one-year after surgery. We found some positive correlations of the amount of operative condylar displacement with setback quantity, the ramus angulation changes and the height of the articular eminence. The significant differences were found in the items of TMJ noise and surgical method. The recovery amount of condyles was significantly different in the surgical methods. ConclusionOur study provides the detail radiographic data of condyles and some associated factors to which attention should be paid when performing IVRO.

Articular Eminence Morphology of American Historic and Contemporary Populations.

ObjectivesThis study was performed to determine the values of the articular eminence inclination (AEI), the articular eminence height (AEH), and the length of the articular eminence curved line (AEL) among American prehistoric and contemporary populations.Materials and methodsThe study was carried out on 120 human dry skulls divided into 4 groups: Illinois group (IP), Kentucky group (KP), African Americans group (AAP) and American Caucasians group (ACP). Each group comprised 30 human dry skulls. Measurements of AEI (by two methods), AEH and AEL were performed using computer software on 5 sagittal sections through silicone molds of the articular eminence. The obtained results were statistically analyzed at significance level of p < 0.05.ResultsNo statistically significant differences of AEI, AEH and AEL values were obtained among American populations (IP, KP, AAP, ACP) neither by body side, sex and age (p > 0.05). The mean AEI M1 values ranged from 31.56° to 38.72°, the mean AEI M2 values ranged from 44.14° to 58.37°, the mean AEH ranged from 5.82 to 6.86 mm, and the mean AEL values ranged from 11.57 to 12.73 mm.ConclusionsAEI, AEH, AEL values are variables, but they did not differ significantly among American populations. Left-right differences as the result of natural body asymmetry were not statistically significant. Sex and age did not significantly affect the articular eminence morphology.

Temporomandibular joint in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: magnetic resonance imaging measurements and their correlation with imaging findings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the TMJ components in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to compare them with a control group based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements. This study comprised an assessment of MRI measurements of 96 temporomandibular joints (TMJ) following classification criteria set by the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR). Three measurements were considered for study: condyle excursion angle (CEA), height of articular eminence (HAE) and inclination of articular eminence (IAE). All TMJs were assessed by linear measurements made by using the OnDemand 3D software. The comparison between the groups was performed by using Mann-Whitney's test. Lower measurement values were found for IAE, HAE and CEA in JIA patients (P-values < 0.001, 0.005 and < 0.001, respectively). The study showed the differences in MRI measurements between JIA patients and controls, with the former with the lowest indices.

Three-dimensional evaluation of condylar morphology after closed treatment of unilateral intracapsular condylar fracture in children and adolescents

PurposeTo investigate the condylar morphology after closed treatment of unilateral intracapsular condylar fracture in children and adolescents through three-dimensional evaluation and to explore the influence of age, types of fracture, follow-up period, treatment methods, and concomitant fractures on the treatment effectiveness. Materials and methodsThe medical records of patients who underwent closed treatment for condylar fractures from January 2006 to December 2018 were reviewed. The fractured sides were included in the study group and the opposite healthy joints were included in the control group. The height of articular eminence, depth of glenoid fossa, length & width & thickness of condylar process, length & width of the ramus, and deviation of pogonion were measured three-dimensionally. Results31 participants were included in the study. The length of condylar process was 2.10 ± 3.77 mm (P = 0.004) shorter, the depth of glenoid fossa was 1.09 ± 2.13 mm (P = 0.040) shallower, and the length of ramus was 1.55 ± 2.49 mm (P = 0.002) longer in fractured side than the ones in healthy side after closed treatment. The pogonion deviated 0.48 ± 1.7 mm to the fractured side, but no statistical significance was found (P = 0.129). ConclusionsChildren had great growth potential to compensate the shortening of condylar process after intracapsular condylar fracture, so closed treatment could be an effective therapy for young children and adolescents.

Mandibular and temporomandibular morphologic characteristics of patients with suspected unilateral condylar hyperplasia: a CT study.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Facial asymmetry associated with unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) is a complicated clinical condition. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe morphological characteristics of the mandible and the temporomandibular joint in patients with facial asymmetry, using computed tomography and 3D reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed with patients displaying facial asymmetry evaluated by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT analysis, for suspected UCH, between 2015 and 2018. The following variables were compared between the affected side (producing the asymmetry) and the contralateral side (side to where the jaw is deflected): condylar length, condylar medial and lateral pole length, mandibular ramus length, intra-articular spaces, articular eminence height and position of the posterior wall of the glenoid fossa. Results: Forty-three patients (21 women, mean age: 20.7 ± 7.25 years) with facial asymmetry were included, 19 patients presented right side deviation and 24 patients had left side deviation. Condylar length, lateral pole length, the sum of maximum values and articular eminence height were greater in the affected side (p< 0.05). A positive correlation was found between the position of the posterior wall of the glenoid fossa and the articular eminence height in the affected side (r = 0.442). Conclusions: In patients with suspected UCH, evaluated through CT, craniofacial measurements showed significantly larger condylar length and the condylar sum of maximum values in the affected side. A positive correlation was found between the increased dimensions of the articular eminence and the more posterior position of the glenoid fossa in the affected side.

Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Anatomical Changes of Temporomandibular Joint Use of Pre-post Dentures: A Time-control Study

The growth of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) gets affected by multiple factors like aging, occlusion state, and by the movement of the jaw while masticating and swallowing. Radiographic imaging is often utilized as a vital diagnostic adjunct in the evaluation of certain examinations of the TMJ. In this in vivo study, 30 male participants with mean age 55 years, having edentulous maxillary and mandibular arches from the Outpatient Department of Prosthodontics, were randomly selected. Group I (n = 30) patients who were edentulous for the last 4-5 years but without wearing dentures. Whereas group II (n = 30) patients who were edentulous for the last 4-5 years but were wearing dentures for this period. Maxillary and mandibular dentures were fabricated and delivered to subjects. Subjects were subjected to the TMJ analysis with the help of CBCT. Radiological images of dentomaxillofacial structures were analyzed by a specialist with a dual monitor inside a darkened silent room. On the monitor, three times measurements were recorded followed by calculation of mean value. The recordings were taken on both sides and thus, 210 sites were analyzed altogether, followed by the statistical analysis using SPSS software version 15.0. The mean ages of group I and II were 59.00 ± 6.74 and 58.27 ± 6.75 years, respectively. The intra- and intergroup comparisons were done using a one-sample t-test. Differences in mean intercondylar width in groups I and II were not found to be statistically significant. The difference in mean length of glenoid fossa was not statistically significant at any of the above observation periods. A continuous decline in mean length of glenoid fossa was observed with time in both groups. The range of change in articular eminence length was found to be statistically significant for both the groups (p < 0.05). This study shows that the articular eminence flattening is correlated with age; on the other hand, the rate of deformation was found significantly more in total edentulous subjects as compared to subjects having normally maintained occlusion. The anatomical changes inside the TMJ have been much greater expressed within the completely edentulous subjects in whom the angle of sagittal condyle path declines and so does the articular eminence height. It is essential to provide the edentulous patient with early prosthetic and occlusal rehabilitation after extractions to prevent the anatomical changes in TMJ.

Cone Beam CT Evaluations of Condyle Shape and Age-Related Associations of Articular Eminence Morphology in Female TMD Patients

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess condyle shape and the relationship between age-related associations and articular eminence (AE) inclination in a group of female patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Methods: CBCT images of 64 temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of 32 female TMD patients (18-45-year-old) were evaluated sagittally and coronally. Condyle shape was assessed visually and the inclination of AE was analyzed using with best-fit and top-roof methods. AE heights were also measured. The patients were grouped into two age groups: 18 to 30- and 31 to 45-year-old. Data were statistically analyzed with SPSS software using Mann-Whitney-U test. Results: The most frequently observed condyle shape was flattened (39,1 %) in sagittal plane and triangular (43,8 %) in coronal plane. Triangular condyle shape was seen in 31.3% of condyles on coronal sections. No statistically significant differences were seen in two different age groups comparing AE inclination and height. Conclusion: Triangular and flattened condyles were the most frequent condyle shape in female TMD patients. Although AE inclination was highest between the ages of 18-30, there was no statistical significance.

Assesment of morphological changes of articular eminence and condyle using CBCT

Objectives: To measure the inclination 1. Height of articular eminence using CBCT; 2. To measure the length and width of condyles using CBCT. 3. To evaluate and compare above changes in pain and non painful joints. Aim: The aim of the present study is to assess the morphological changes of articular eminence and condyle in temporomandibular joint disorder patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 50 patients (i.e.100 joints), in which 23 are males and the rest 27 are females. These 50 patients are divided into two groups, in which, patients with painful joints are considered as study group and non painful joints were kept as control group. Statistical Analysis and Results: Independent sample t-test was used to determine the differences in height and inclination of articular eminence and condylar length and width. Pearson correlation coefficient used to find the relation between two quantitative variables of articular eminence height and inclination with condylar width and length. There exists no difference in pain and non painful joints in TMJ patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: In the present study there were no significant changes in morphology of articular eminence and condyle in pain and non painful joints. Keywords: Articular eminence, Condyle, CBCT, TMDs, TMJ, Imaging.

The relationship of articular eminence and mandibular fossa morphology to facial profile and gender determined by cone beam computed tomography

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the morphology of the articular eminence and mandibular fossa to facial profile and sex by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. CBCT examinations of 76 patients were conducted, and the patients were classified according to facial profile as dolichocephalic, mesocephalic, or brachycephalic. The inclination and height of the articular eminence and the inclination of the mandibular fossa of 152 temporomandibular joints were measured. Comparisons between these measurements and facial profile and gender were performed by 2-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Significance was established at α = 0.05. Males with brachycephaly presented significantly greater values of eminence inclination compared with those with other facial types and greater values than patients with dolichocephaly for the measurements of eminence height and inclination of the fossa posterior wall (P ≤ .05). Females with brachycephaly presented significantly greater eminence height values compared with those with other facial profiles (P ≤ .05). No significant differences were observed between males and females. The morphology of the articular eminence and the mandibular fossa is associated with facial profile, with males with brachycephaly showing greater inclination of the eminence and mandibular fossa. Articular eminence height in brachycephaly was greater in both sexes.

Facial symmetry after conservative treatment of unilateral condylar fracture in children: a three-dimensional study

Objective: To investigate the influence of condylar fractures on the growth of condylars after conservative treatments by three-dimensional measurement. Methods: Twenty three children with unilateral condylar fracture followed-up for at least 1 year in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital were included from June 2016 to March 2017. CT scans were performed for each patient. Three-dimensional virtual skulls were reconstructed and measuring points were defined with Simplant 11.04 software. The depth of glenoid fossa, height of articular eminence, width, height and depth of condylar, deviation of pogonion were measured. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess difference between the bifid group and the normal group. Results: No difference was observed in the vertical position of crest of the articular eminence between two groups (P=0.110). The vertical position of roof of the glenoid fossa in bifid side was significantly superior than the one in normal side (P=0.010). Bifid side had a shorter (P=0.002) and wider(P=0.002) condylar than normal side did. No difference was observed in the depth of condylar between two groups (P=0.071). The average deviation of pogonion was (0.69±1.75) mm (P=0.072) from sagittal plan. Conclusions: This short-termed study indicates that children's growth potential of condylar is under average after conservative treatments. Because the bone hyperosteogeny of glenoid fossa compensates the hypotrophy of condylar, no deviation of pogonion is detected.

Spatial analysis of mandibular condyles in patients with temporomandibular disorders and normal controls using cone beam computed tomography.

Objectives:The aim of the study is to investigate the condylar position and its relation to articular eminence and axial condylar angle in temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) patients and in normal controls using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods:CBCT temporomandibular joint (TMJ) images of 70 participants (38 males and 32 females, mean age 26.4 years) were analyzed. They were divided into control group (including 35 subjects) and study group (including 35 subjects). Linear measurements of joint space and condyle determined the condylar position of each TMJ. Articular eminence height and inclination were also measured with axial condylar angle to determine its relation to condylar position. Independent and paired sample t-test was applied to compare between the groups and TMJ sides of the same group at significance level of 0.05.Results:Statistical significant differences were found between males and females of both groups regarding superior joint space (SJS), lateral joint space, A-P, and M-L condyle distance (P < 0.05). SJS, medial joint space (MJS), and eminence angle were greater (P < 0.01) in male's joints with TMD with flatter axial condylar angle (P < 0.05), when compared with normal TMJ counterpart. Females TMJs showed significantly higher values of MJS of affected side when compared with normal counterpart with flatter axial condylar angle (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Superior and MJS parameters were the ones that showed significant differences between affected and nonaffected joints. The mean axial condylar angle was smaller in joints with abnormal TMJ. This indicates that the condyles of the affected joints may rotate inward.

Differences in skeletal components of temporomandibular joint of an early medieval and contemporary Croatian population obtained by different methods

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints in the human body. The anatomical configuration of the TMJ allows for a large range of mandibular movements as well as transmission of masticatory forces and loads to the skull base. The measurements of the TMJ's anatomical structures and their interpretations contribute to the understanding of how pathological changes, tooth loss, and the type of diet (changing throughout human history) can affect biomechanical conditions of the masticatory system and the TMJ. The human TMJ and its constituent parts are still the subject of extensive investigation and comparisons of measurement methods are being made in order to determine the most precise and suitable measurement methods. The aim of this study has been to examine the morphology of skeletal components of TMJ of an early medieval population (EMP) in Croatia and to compare measured values with TMJ values of the contemporary Croatian population (CP) using various methods of measurement.The study was performed on 30 EMP specimens – human dry skulls, aged from 18 to 55 years, and 30 CP human dry skulls, aged from 18 to 65 years. Only fully preserved specimens (in measured areas) were included. The articular eminence (AE) inclination was measured in relation to the Frankfurt horizontal using two methods. Also, the AE height (glenoid fossa depth) and the length of the curved line – highest to the lowest point of the AE were measured. Measurements were performed on lateral skull photographs, panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalograms using VistaMetrix software on skull images. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS statistical software.No statistically significant differences were obtained for AE parameters between the EMP and CP populations independent of age and gender. However, statistically significant (p<0.05) differences were revealed when comparing results of three different measuring methods. It could not be determined which of the used measurement methods is the most accurate due to the different results obtained as well as the presence of possible shortcomings and limitations of the various methods (measuring points are difficult to determine and/or they are not clearly observed in the investigated images to be precisely marked and measured; distortion and magnification of structures on radiographic images are present). Therefore, due to the limitations of this study, the obtained results could serve only as orienting information.