Height In Inches Research Articles

Preoperative comorbidities as a predictor of EBWL after bariatric surgery: a retrospective cohort study.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of preoperative comorbidities, including depression, anxiety, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, hypothyroidism, and the type of surgery on %EBWL (percent estimated body weight loss) in patients 1year after bariatric surgery. Patients who choose to undergo bariatric surgery often have other comorbidities that can affect both the outcomes of their procedures and the postoperative period. We predict that patients who have depression, anxiety, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, or hypothyroidism will have a smaller change in %EBWL when compared to patients without any of these comorbidities. Data points were retrospectively collected from the charts of 440 patients from March 2012-December 2019 who underwent a sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass surgery. Data collected included patient demographics, select comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, hypothyroidism, depression, and anxiety, and body weight at baseline and 1year postoperatively. Ideal body weight was calculated using the formula 50 + (2.3 × height in inches over 5 feet) for males and 45.5 + (2.3 × height in inches over 5 feet) for females. Excess body weight was then calculated by subtracting ideal body weight from actual weight at the above forementioned time points. Finally, %EBWL was calculated using the formula (change in weight over 1year/excess weight) × 100. Patients who had a higher baseline BMI (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.026), hypothyroidism (p = 0.046), and who had a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy rather than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (p < 0.001) had a smaller %EBWL in the first year after bariatric surgery as compared to patients without these comorbidities at the time of surgery. Controversially, patients with anxiety or depression (p = 0.73) or obstructive sleep apnea (p = 0.075) did not have a statistically significant difference in %EBWL. A higher baseline BMI, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy may lead to lower %EBWL in the postoperative period after bariatric surgery. At the same time, patients' mental health status and sleep apnea status were not related to %EBWL. This study provides new insight into which comorbidities may need tighter control in order to optimize weight loss outcomes after bariatric surgery.

Revised Harris-Benedict Equation: New Human Resting Metabolic Rate Equation.

This paper contains a revision of the Harris-Benedict equations through the development and validation of new equations for the estimation of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in normal, overweight, and obese adult subjects, taking into account the same anthropometric parameters. A total of 722 adult Caucasian subjects were enrolled in this analysis. After taking a detailed medical history, the study enrolled non-hospitalized subjects with medically and nutritionally controlled diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and thyroid disease, excluding subjects with active infections and pregnant or lactating women. Measurement of somatometric characteristics and indirect calorimetry were performed. The values obtained from RMR measurement were compared with the values of the new equations and the Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-St Jeor, FAO/WHO/UNU, and Owen equations. New predictive RMR equations were developed using age, body weight, height, and sex parameters. RMR males: (9.65 × weight in kg) + (573 × height in m) - (5.08 × age in years) + 260; RMR females: (7.38 × weight in kg) + (607 × height in m) - (2.31 × age in years) + 43; RMR males: (4.38 × weight in pounds) + (14.55 × height in inches) - (5.08 × age in years) + 260; RMR females: (3.35 × weight in pounds) + (15.42 × height in inches) - (2.31 × age in years) + 43. The accuracy of the new equations was tested in the test group in both groups, in accordance with the resting metabolic rate measurements. The new equations showed more accurate results than the other equations, with the equation for men (R-squared: 0.95) showing better prediction than the equation for women (R-squared: 0.86). The new equations showed good accuracy at both group and individual levels, and better reliability compared to other equations using the same anthropometric variables as predictors of RMR. The new equations were created under modern obesogenic conditions, and do not exclude individuals with regulated (dietary or pharmacological) Westernized diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and thyroid disease).

To study the effects of knee osteoarthritis on hip flexibility among elders.

Objectives: To determine the effect of knee osteoarthritis on hip flexibility by using Modified Thomas Test. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Department of Physiotherapy and Orthopedic, Shalamar Hospital, Lahore. Period: 1 July 2021 to 31 December 2021. Material &amp; Methods: This study recruited 40 participants of either sex, age between 30- 70 years. Results: The response of study was 100%. Frequency of females with osteoarthritis was 82.5 males was 17.5%. Among the patients 33 were females and 7 were males. T-Test was performed for parameters of age in years, height in inches, weights in kgs for females and males. The mean age was 51.79±9.303 years for female and 55.43±8.404 years for male. Weight in kgs for female was 76.03±9.133 and for male was 94.57±20.911. In T test the height in inches for female was 61.45±2.399 and for male was 65.57±3.735. The co-relation between hip flexibility and knee osteoarthritis was moderately significant and flexibility was reduced because of osteoarthritis. Conclusion: It was concluded that hip flexibility is reduced with osteoarthritis of knee joint and due to reduced mobility of hip joint routine daily activities of patient was hampered.

Data Management for Quality Improvement: How to Collect and Manage Data.

Data Management for Quality Improvement: How to Collect and Manage Data.

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Failed Induction of Labor Using a Contemporary Definition.

To estimate the incidence of failed induction of labor and the associated patient risk factors. We performed a case-control study from a cohort of nulliparous women who delivered between 39 and 41 weeks of gestation after an induction of labor in one of seven hospitals. Cases of failed induction were defined using the Obstetric Care Consensus criteria (ie, cesarean delivery performed in early labor [less than 6 cm dilatation] after at least 12 hours of oxytocin administration from membrane rupture). For each case of failed induction, the next four women who did not meet the criteria for failed induction of labor were selected for the control group, matched by hospital. We identified characteristics associated with failed induction of labor using a multivariable conditional logistic regression that was constructed with backward stepwise method for variable selection. Across the hospitals, 4,123 of 10,175 nulliparous women were induced (40.5%), of whom 82 had a failed induction of labor (2.0%). A total of 328 women were selected for the matched control group. Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Compared with women in the control group, women with a failed induction were more likely to have a delivery body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher (28.0 vs 8.2%, P<.001), shorter height (mean 63.9 vs 64.8 inches, P=.01), and closed cervix on admission (41.5 vs 24.1%, P=.002). Factors significantly associated with induction failure in the multivariable model included: 1) delivery BMI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 7.93, 95% CI 3.48-18.09, for BMI 40 or higher relative to BMI lower than 30, 2) height in inches (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98), and 3) number of centimeters dilated on admission 2 or more (aOR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.65). Failed induction of labor occurs infrequently. Risk factors include shorter height, BMI 40 or higher, and cervical dilatation of less than 2 cm on admission. Even so, most women with these risk factors will not experience failed labor induction.

Comparing the outcome of progenitor (CD34+) Cell dose calculated using ideal body weight to actual body weight on engraftment of neutrophils and platelets after PBSC transplant

Background & Aim One of the most significant factors affecting the engraftment of a PBSC transplant is the cell dose of progenitor cells. Though it is commonly expressed in terms of CD34+ cells per kg actual recipient body weight(ABW), there are studies suggesting a cell dose calculated using ideal body weight(IBW) leads to faster engraftment of neutrophils and possibly platelets as well. A single centre, retrospective, observational study was carried out which compared the results for engraftment post allogeneic as well as autologous HSCT, using both these weight criteria. Methods, Results & Conclusion Material and Methods The study evaluated the data from 103 patients (autologous-76, allogenic- 27) who had undergone PBSC transplant for various disease conditions at our centre from Jan 2016 to Dec 2019 and had engrafted successfully. PBSC harvest was performed using COM.TEC (Fresenius Kabi AG, Germany) cell separator and CD 34+ enumeration was carried out as per ISHAGE guidelines using BD FACS Calibur (BD Biosciences, USA). IBW was calculated using the formula 50 + [2.3 X (Height in inches - 60)] for males and 45 + [2.3X (Height in inches - 60)] for females. The minimum required CD34+ cells/kg ABW was 2 × 106/kg. Time to neutrophil engraftment was defined as the number of days required to first achieve a neutrophil count ≥ 0.5 × 109/L after PBSC infusion and for platelet engraftment first of three continuous days with platelet count ≥ 20 × 109/L, without platelet transfusion. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software(version 24, IBM). Results and Conclusion The median CD34+ (viable) cell count was 4.12 × 106/kg ABW and 4.86 × 106/kg IBW. The median time to neutrophil engraftment was 11 days while that for platelet was 13 days. The data was further analysed using non-parametric Mann Whitney U test and Spearman's Rank Correlation, on the entire group of patients as wells as subsets of autologous and allogeneic transplants. The dose of progenitor cells calculated using both IBW as well as ABW correlated with the time to engraftment. The Spearman's Rho(ρ) for neutrophil engraftment with IBW was 0.37 and with ABW was 0.33, which was statistically significant(p

Reconnoitering the association between body mass index and oral health among elementary school children in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and oral health status among elementary school children in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. This cross-sectional study was conducted among elementary school children selected from government, private-aided and private-unaided schools in Hyderabad. A stratified cluster random sampling technique was used to select study participants. All parents were requested to be personally present on the day of examination. All eligible children were assembled in a hall and their height in inches and weight in kilograms were recorded by two calibrated investigators. The oral health status of children was assessed using a predesigned oral health assessment proforma. Plaque status was assessed using Sillness and Loe plaque Index and caries using decayed and filled teeth (dft) by a trained and calibrated investigator. One hundred and seventy-one children (89 males and 82 females) were included in the present study. Mean plaque score was 1.4 ± 0.6 with no significant difference in the mean plaque score between children in three different categories of nutritional status (P = 0.07). Mean dft among primary teeth was 1.1 ± 1.1 with a significantly higher score among children who were malnourished (2.4 ± 0.9) compared to children who were overweight (0.9 ± 0.9) and normal (0.4 ± 0.6) (P < 0.001). BMI was negatively associated with caries experience in primary dentition with no association with plaque scores. Overweight children with malnutrition had significantly higher caries experience compared to children with normal BMI.

Estimation of the height by using hand-span; a clinical forensic study

Introduction For identification of the dead, the assessment of height is important. There is a folk knowledge among sculptors that the height is eight times the hand-span. This research was conducted to assess whether there is a relationship between hand-span and heightin adults. Methodology A cross-sectional study was performed on consented adults attending a provincial hospital. From the hand-span (X) a hypothesis was made. Height= Head (1X)+Trunk (3X)+ Thigh (2X)+ Leg (2X)= 8X. Data were collected from 340 participantsand were analyzed using SPSS-19. Results Of the participants 82% (n=279) were females. Ages ranged from 18–74 years (mean 28.8 +/- SD 10.099). Heights ranged from 51-72 inches (mean 62.27 +/-SD3.007). The hand-span ranged from 6-9 inches (mean 7.490 +/-SD 0.587). There is a positive high correlation between hand-span and height (r=0.651) for males whilst a positive moderate correlation (r=0.461) for females (p=0.000). In Regression Analysis, though age was not statistically significant for both males (p=0.539) and females(p=0.477), the F value was significant (p=0.000) and hand-span showed a positive effect on the determination of the height of both males and females even controlling for age. According to Independent Sample T-test, the relationship between means of ‘hand-span x 8’ with gender had a highly statistically significant association (t = 5.325, df = 325 and p=0.000) and the mean values for males was 62.78 with SE +/- 0.51 inches and for the females, the mean was 59.31 with SE +/- 0.28 inches. Conclusions The study formulated the following formula. Person’s height=hand-span x 8 +/- SE inches.Further, according to this study, the probable height of a male in inches = hand-span x 8 +/- 0.51 inches. For the females, the probable height in inches = hand-span x 8 +/- 0.28 inches. Finally, a national scale research is recommended.

Dosing Factor in Pediatric and Adult Hemophilia Patients Using Ideal Body Weight Versus actual Body Weight

Background:Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency) are X-linked inherited bleeding disorders which cause recurrent bleeding into the joints leading to significant morbidity. The cornerstone of management is treatment of bleeding with infusions of factor concentrate.(Barnes et al 2013) Adoption of prophylactic treatment with regular factor infusions has dramatically improved life expectancy and quality of life in patients with hemophilia. (Manco-Johnson et al 2007)Dosing of factor replacement therapy is currently based on actual body weight (AW). However, given the obesity epidemic in the United States and the high cost of factor replacement, should patients be dosed based on AW or is there a role for dosing factor based on ideal body weight (IBW). Nearly half of the patients in a demographic study of the United States hemophilia population were considered either overweight or obese based on their body mass index (BMI). (Curtis et al 2015) The average cost of patients receiving prophylaxis over a three-month period ranged from $50,000 to $150,000. Estimation of dosing based on IBW could cut these expenses by almost 50 percent, an annual savings of approximately $136,000.(Graham et al 2014)Methods:We began a retrospective review of patient recovery studies of factor VIII and factor IX at our center to determine the effect of factor dosing based on AW versus that based on IBW. Hemophilia patients with and without inhibitors and a minimum height of 60 inches were included in this analysis. Information collected included: height, weight, dose of factor infused and the 1 hour recovery. IBW was calculated using the formula of: 50kg + (2.3kg (Actual height in inches - 60 inches)) and BMI was calculated by: (weight in kg)/(height in meter)2.Recovery was calculated by comparing the incremental increase in the pre-infusion factor activity and the 1 hour post infusion activity. Data were analyzed to determine DOSE DISCREPANCY, which is the difference between the factor dose given based on AW and calculated factor dose based on IBW and FACTOR DISCREPANCY, which is the difference between rise in factor activity based on AW and predicted rise in factor activity based on IBW. Statistical evaluation using a student's t-test and regression analysis was applied to determine if there were any differences between Dose Discrepancy and Factor Discrepancy.Results:We examined our database of patients with bleeding disorders (n=314). Of these, only patients who were 60 inches or taller with hemophilia were included (n=40) so that IBW could be accurately calculated. This included 38 males and 2 females, age range of 13 to 70 years, and BMIs ranging between 16.9 and 42.1. Patients were then stratified by BMI comparing BMIs below 25 (normal, n =23) versus greater than 25 (overweight or obese, n=17).Patients with a BMI below 25 had a high correlation between the Factor Discrepancy or Dose Discrepancy. Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.789 (p<0.05). However, in patients with BMIs above 25 there was no correlation between Dose Discrepancy and Factor Discrepancy. Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.240 (p=0.322). (see figure)ANOVAb AnalysisNon Obese Population Obese PopulationConclusions:These data suggest that IBW is an effective way to dose patients who are at a normal BMI of 25 or less but in patients who are overweight or obese (BMI >25) IBW does not provide a reliable method to predict post-infusion factor activities. The number of patients in our study with a BMI >25 was small and the range in BMI was quite large with BMIs up to 42.1. Studies of more patients who are overweight and obese will need to be studied and differences between overweight, obese and morbidly obese will need to be evaluated. Further, prospective studies are needed to determine factor dosing regimens for hemophilia patients who have a BMI over 25. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] DisclosuresSimpson:Biogen: Consultancy, Research Funding; OctaPharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; CSL: Consultancy, Research Funding. Boggio:Selexys: Research Funding; OPKO: Research Funding; OctaPharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Research Funding; Baxter: Consultancy, Research Funding; CSL Behring: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy, Research Funding.

Morbid Obesity is Not a Risk Factor for the Development of Clinically Significant Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Morbid obesity represents a significant health problem to a large and growing segment of the industrialized world. The cardiovascular complications are numerous and include systemic and pulmonary hypertension, obesity cardiomyopathy, heart failure, left ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Morbidly obese (MO) individuals who die suddenly and unexpectedly may not have significant coronary artery atherosclerosis or acutely lethal natural diseases at autopsy. In this way, forensic pathologists may be challenged to understand the mechanism of sudden death when the major anatomic finding is often limited to cardiomegaly with or without chamber dilatation and wall thickening. The death investigation files for a large metropolitan medical examiner department were the source of data in this case-control retrospective study. A total of 3863 cases met inclusion criteria. The following data were obtained: sex, age, cause of death, manner of death, weight in pounds, height in inches, body mass index, heart weight in grams, and coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) severity. A population of MO decedents (N = 1290) was identified, and sex- and age-matched case controls of non-obese decedents (N = 2573) were selected. The degree of CAA was recorded for all major vascular territories in both MO decedents and control cases, and there was no statistically significant difference in CAA between decedents in the MO group and the control group. These data illustrate that obesity is not a significant independent risk factor for CAA.

The Comorbidity of Sleep Apnea and Mood, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders among Obese Military Veterans within the Veterans Health Administration

To determine the relations between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis, the likelihood of being diagnosed with a psychological condition, among obese veterans, after accounting for severity of obesity and the correlated nature of patients within facility. We hypothesized that (1) individuals with a diagnosis of OSA would be more likely to receive a diagnosis of a (a) mood disorder and (b) anxiety disorder, but not (c) substance use disorder. Cross-sectional retrospective database review of outpatient medical records between October 2009 and September 2010, conducted across all 140 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities. The entire VA Health Care System. Population-based sample of veterans with obesity (N = 2,485,658). Physician- or psychologist-determined diagnosis of psychological conditions including mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Using generalized linear mixed modeling, after accounting for the correlated nature of patients within facility and the severity of obesity, individuals with a diagnosis of sleep apnea had increased odds of receiving a mood disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.85; CI = 1.71-1.72; p < 0.001), anxiety disorder diagnosis (OR = 1.82; CI = 1.77-1.84; p < 0.001), but not a diagnosis of substance use disorder. Among obese veterans within VA, OSA is associated with increased risk for having a mood and anxiety disorder, but not substance use disorder, with the strongest associations observed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition, this relation remained after accounting for severity of BMI.

Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cancer

The interaction of genomic variation with the microand macro-environment is believed to result in the phenotype, including disease manifestation. It is ironic that the genomic variation that has evolutionarily sustained populations exposed to long periods of famine and has been selected for is now interacting with ‘modern’ environments and may no longer result in a survival advantage. Au contraire, this genomic variation likely predisposes to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and over recent years has been shown to take on a new bedfellow: cancer. In adults, obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) O30. A recent study demonstrated that the widely applied BMI formula (BMIZweight in pounds/(height in inches)!703; BMIZweight in kilograms/(height in meters)), which was developed by Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet (1796–1874), underestimates the prevalence of obesity, especially when compared to a direct measurement of percentage body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry! (Shah & Braverman 2012). An adjusted, more appropriate definition for obesity of BMI O24 in females and O28 in males was, therefore, proposed (Shah & Braverman 2012). Worldwide, w475 million people are obese. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which tracks the prevalence of obesity in the United States over time, shows a significant increase in obesity with prevalence rates currently exceeding 30% in a majority of states in most sex and age groups (Finucane et al. 2011, Ogden et al. 2012).

Measuring Me: Using Nutrition Education Curriculum Activities to Teach Elementary Mathematics

Understanding basic functions of mathematics can greatly improve individuals’ future health risk.1 Numeracy skills help people understand medication prescriptions, nutrition plans, and which treatment option is best for them.2 However, one of the largest obstacles health professionals face is patient compliance to interventions; one reason being, lack of mathematical proficiency among the population.1,2,3, Teachers in K-12 learning environments have the greatest opportunity to lay core foundations in mathematics.5 A mastery of mathematics skills such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, proportions, and fractions is important for children to learn early to assist them in addressing health issues later in life.2, 6 School-based health promotion interventions focusing on nutrition and physical activity can also aid children in making connections between mathematics learned in the classroom and healthy living.7 Therefore, the authors developed an introductory activity called Measuring Me for the Food Math and Science Teacher Enhancement Resource (FoodMASTER) Initiative (Figure 1) to be used while collecting pre-study anthropometric data for the FoodMASTER study. The educational and developmentally appropriate interactive activity allows students to apply mathematics while becoming familiar with simple anthropometric measurements in the classroom. Figure 1 Measuring Me activity sheets. Program Description FoodMASTER Intermediate is a 3rd–5th grade curriculum that uses food as a tool to integrate nutrition concepts into the standard course of study for math and science.6 There are 10 units that make-up the FoodMASTER curriculum, each containing two or three activities (24 activities total). It meets national school standards for mathematics and science education and is also easily adaptable to each state’s standards. During the 2009–2010 school year, self-selected teachers in North Carolina (N=18) implemented the Measuring Me activity in their 4th grade classrooms as an introduction to FoodMASTER. Researchers from the program visited each classroom in the fall of 2009 to collect pretest data including students’ heights, weights, waist circumference, and food frequency. Other pretest data included nutrition, science, and mathematics knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy. Led by program researchers, Measuring Me was piloted in classrooms to allow children to become familiar with body measurements and connect abstract numbers to concrete applications such as health. Measurement plays an especially crucial role in helping children to identify relationships among objects.5 In using their own height measurement, students are able to identify items that are shorter, taller or the same height as them and make comparisons.5 Independent comparisons about other anthropometric measures, such as weight, can also be applied by students. Connecting comparisons students make about length and mass with nutrition and health concepts can be beneficial to improving students’ long term health literacy as adults.2 In intermediate grades, three core competencies children must learn are standard units of metric and customary measurement; collect, organize, analyze, and report data; and perform standard computations, all of which are included as components of Measuring Me.5 The Lesson Like other FoodMASTER activities, Measuring Me took one class period (30–45 minutes) to complete and is straightforward enough for teachers to pick-up quickly and implement in their classrooms. Eighteen classrooms and 298 students participated in the activity. Measuring Me followed a similar format as other FoodMASTER hands-on lessons. First, elementary student volunteers read a short passage about why health professionals measure height and weight. Next, each student completed the threereading comprehension questions independently and then answers were reviewed as a class. Subsequently, students participated in Height Math, the hands-on component of Measuring Me. A demonstration in how to measure height with yardsticks was shown to the class. The class was then divided into teams of 3–4 students to measure each others’ height using two yard sticks. The first student removed his/her shoes and stood straight. Limited wall space was available in most classrooms, so students estimated using free-standing heights. A second student held the yard sticks, one on top of the other, and the third student read the height in inches. Students switched roles until everyone in the group had been measured. Heights were recorded after each measurement. Students used individual results within teams to order heights from least to greatest; to calculate the sum, difference between the minimum and maximum height, mean, and median; and to perform several measurement conversions. Anonymous class results were used to make conclusions about students’ heights and to determine the class mode for height. The math concepts covered provided teachers with an opportunity to either review topics or introduce the topic for the first time depending on the teacher’s curriculum schedule. It also gives teachers an opportunity to discuss the nutrition concept of energy balance and how it relates to anthropometric measures.

Qualidade da carne do músculo longissimus dorsi de novilhos superjovens Aberdeen Angus de biótipo pequeno e médio abatidos com o mesmo estágio de acabamento na carcaça

The objective of this work was to assess the influence of small and medium frame scores in the meat composition of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of Abredeen Angus steers. We used LD sections from eight small-framed steers and ten medium-framed steers, confined for 158 days, with mean slaughter age of 457 days and 429 kg live weight. The feed was composed of sorghum silage and concentrate in a 60:40 ratio for the first 63 days, and 50:50 thereafter until slaughter. Frame was calculated using the formula: F=-11.548 + (0.4878 x h) - (0.0289 x ID) + (0.0000146 x (ID)²) + (0.0000759 x h x ID); h = height in inches and ID = age in days. The meat from LD showed medium marbling (10.11 points; p = 0.7034), red color (4.33 points; p = 0.3724), texture with a tendency to very thin (4.61 points; p = 0.3075) and the shear force of 2.72 kg cm-² (p = 0.4004). The meat showed 72.27% (p = 0.4355) for moisture, 19.34% (p = 0.4150) crude protein, 3.96% (p = 0.9071) lipids, 4.43% (p = 0.9842) minerals, and 0.25 mg of cholesterol 100 g-1 of meat (p = 0.2375). Frame size did not influence the concentrations of palmitic acid (p = 0.079), stearic acid (p = 0.2455), oleic acid (p = 0.3046), linoleic acid (p = 0.9456), but with change in the participation of myristic acid (ŷ = 1.85 + 0.12F; p = 0.043). The study of frame score in the composition of meat is important to identify the best nutraceutical features.

Effect of Mandibular Orthopedic Repositioning Devices on Human Performance Factors

Initial investigation of the potential effects of mandibular orthopedic repositioning appliances (MORAs) on musculoskeletal strength occurred in the 1960s. Recently, MORAs have increased in popularity with race car drivers and other sport participants as they purportedly increase concentration, coordination, and muscle strength. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of treatment condition (Control or MORA) on postural stability, local muscular strength, and vertical jump of physically active college-aged individuals. METHODS: Twenty-seven physically active male subjects (age = 21.33 ± 2.22 yr; ht = 177.0 ± 7.26 cm; wt = 85.85 kg) were group matched on age, height and weight then placed into a prospective randomized, doubly multivariate, crossover design over a period of 4 weeks. The stability task consisted of 3 separate 20 second barefoot bilateral stance trials on the Biodex Balance System SD (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, NY) with the subject's eyes open to yield Overall Stability Index (OSI), Anterior/Posterior Stability Index (APSI), and the Medial/Lateral Stability Index (MLSI) measures. Foot position coordinates were recorded for consistency between trials and the stability level set at 4. A 0-100 kilogram Smedley double-pointer design hand grip dynamometer (Stoelting Co., Chicago, IL) was used to measure local muscular strength in both the dominant and non-dominant hand over three separate trials. A Just Jump (Probotics, Inc., Huntsville, AL) data acquisition system was to measure jump hang time in seconds and jump height in inches over three trials. Treatment comparisons were made using a single group MANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the MORA or Control group for OSI, APSI, and MLSI stability measures, p = .829, p = .982 and p = .799 respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the MORA or Control group for dominant and non-dominant hand grip strength, p = .386 and p = .154 respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the MORA or Control group for vertical jump hang time and height, p = .217 and p = .174 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a MORA device does not increase performance on postural stability, grip strength, or vertical jump tasks.

Peripartum estimated blood loss: Effects of perineal laceration

IRENE STAFFORD, GARY DILDY, STEVEN CLARK, MICHAEL BELFORT, Louisiana State University Medical Center at New Orleans, Obstetrics & Gynecology, New Orleans, Louisiana, St Mark’s Hospital, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study is to examine trends in blood loss according to degree of perineal laceration, comparing visual estimated blood loss (vEBL) with calculated estimated blood loss (cEBL) in vaginal deliveries. STUDY DESIGN: Between January 1 and September 2 of 2005, there were 876 deliveries on the LSU obstetrical service at University Hospital. After excluding those with blood transfusions, 677 who had height/weight and preand post-delivery hematocrit (HCT) data were analyzed. Of the 446 women who underwent vaginal delivery, 290 had no lacerations (L0), 72 had first degree lacerations (L1), 78 had second degree lacerations (L2) and 6 had either a third or fourth degree lacerations (L3-4). vEBL was recorded in mL by the physician present at delivery. cEBL was derived by multiplying the calculated pregnancy blood volume (0.75 ! {[Maternal height in inches ! 50]+ [Maternal weight in pounds ! 25]}) by percent of blood volume lost ({pre-delivery HCT – post-delivery HCT}/pre-delivery HCT). Statistitical analysis was accomplished using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Kruskal-Wallis test with a P-value of less than .05 considered significant RESULTS: The median vEBL for L0, L1, L2, L3-4 was 200, 250, 300 and 350 mL respectively. The median cEBL for these groups was 519, 604, 764 and 932 mL respectively. Box plots in the figure illustrate 10, 25, 50, 75, and 90th percentile for each group. The median difference between vEBL and cEBL for L0, L1, L2, L3-4 was 259, 343, 460 and 582 mL respectively.

Tables for the selection of correct blood pressure cuff size based on self-reported height and weight and estimating equations for mid-arm circumference: data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The purpose of this study was to develop practical prediction equations for estimating adult mid-arm circumference (AC) using self-reported height and weight data from NHANES III 1988-1994 and NHANES 1999-2000. Both surveys used a complex sample design to obtain nationally representative data for the US civilian noninstitutionalized population. The analytic sample consisted of 4801 men and 4854 women in NHANES III and 1960 men and 2180 women from NHANES 1999-2000. Self-reported weight, height, and age data from NHANES III were used for model building, and similar data from NHANES 1999-2000 were used for validation. An all-possible regressions procedure by gender was used to derive the mid-AC prediction equations. The final prediction equations for adult mid-AC are (for self-reported weight in pounds and height in inches) for men: AC (cm) = 32.52145 + 0.10975 x (wt)-0.26057 x (ht)-0.03028 x (age), R2 = 0.76; and for women: AC (cm) = 30.22126 + 0.13534 x (wt)-0.34121 x (ht) + 0.09014 x (age)-0.00082565 x (age2), R2 = 0.81. Based on these equations, tables were created to predict mid-AC using self-reported height and weight. Clinicians can refer to our prediction equations and reference tables to determine mid-AC and proper BP cuff sizes.

Age and body mass index may increase the chance of failure in sentinel lymph node biopsy for women with breast cancer.

Age and body mass index (BMI) have been shown to correlate with an increased incidence of failure in identifying a sentinel lymph node (SLN). Mapping senior, overweight adults is common; therefore, the relationship of patient age and BMI on SLN biopsy success is essential. This study examines the mapping failures as they relate to age and BMI. From April 1994 to May 1999, patients underwent an injection of radiocolloid (450 mci) and blue dye (5 cc) prior to SLN biopsy. SLN biopsy failure was defined as lymph nodes being unidentifiable by blue dye or having an in vivo node radiocolloid count of less than 3:1 over background count. BMI was measured as (weight in pounds)(703)/(height in inches)(2); 1,356 patients were attempted for SLN mapping, and 54 failed (3.98%). The radioactive node count was inversely proportional to age ( p < 0.0001). The radioactive node count decreased by a mean of 34 counts per node with each additional year ( p < 0.001). The estimated odds ratios for success were 0.945 for age and 0.946 for BMI. Therefore, every increase of 1 year of age or one unit of BMI decreased the odds of success by approximately 5%. The mean BMI was 29.54 in failed patients and was 26.42 in successful mapping patients ( p = 0.042). Surgeons should be aware that node counts will decrease with increasing age and that increased age and BMI are potential risk factors for SLN mapping failure. However, increased age and/or BMI alone do not appear to be contraindications for SLN biopsy in older or overweight patients.

Suppose We Measured Height With Rating Scales Instead of Rulers

Staff members of the Psychology Department at the University of Oregon rated each other's height on five rating scales representative of those found in social psychology. When the ratings were aver aged, a very good estimate of true physical height was obtained. Further, factor scores based on all five scales proved to be even better estimates of true height; the correlation between such scores and height in inches was .98.

Roughness Criteria and the Relationships between Surface Roughness and Flow Noise

Roughness criteria are usually given for the surfaces of structures to prevent premature structural failure, added drag, and added flow noise. Structural roughness criteria usually deal only with long-wavelength roughness, or waviness, which is specified in terms of clearance under a batten of a particular length. Drag-roughness criteria usually deal only with the short-wavelength roughness as measured by a profilometer. Flow-noise roughness criteria, however, must include both the long- and short-wavelength components of the roughness and, in the case of water, separate criteria are needed for boundary-layer turbulence and cavitation-induced noise. A more unified description of roughness and roughness criteria is given in terms of its wavelength spectrum. Hydraulically smooth surfaces are believed to have no roughness related component of drag or turbulence induced flow noise. In water, the surface is considered to be hydraulically smooth if the roughness height in inches is less than about 0.01 divided by the free-stream velocity in knots. The expected increase in turbulence induced flow noise in water as a function of roughness and flow speed are then determined from available data on local skin friction.