Heavy Metal Pollution Index Values Research Articles

Assessment of Ambient Water Quality Deterioration in Proximity to Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites in Urban Areas of Chattogram, Bangladesh

This study aims to assess the impact of waste dumping on groundwater quality within the Chattogram City Corporation area. Monitoring eight groundwater sampling points over four years, various physical and chemical parameters were analyzed, utilizing the APHA method. Parameters assessed include pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Turbidity, Total Hardness, Ca-Hardness, Alkalinity, TSS, Chloride, Phosphate, Sulphate, Nitrite, Nitrate, Fluoride, Iron, Arsenic, Zinc, Copper, and Chromium. The findings were compared to the Department of Environment's (DoE) recommended values, as well as the Bangladesh standard and World Health Organization (WHO) values. During sample collection, deep tube wells near the dumping site points were prioritized. According to the investigation CNB, Ananda Bazar Halishahar and Arefin Nagar, deep pump water carries too many irons in their groundwater. Iron levels exceed both WHO and Bangladesh standards across all samples. Specifically, Arefin Nagar and Ananda Bazar Halishahar area sampling points S6, S7, and S8 surpass standards in TDS, Total Hardness, Turbidity, TSS, Chloride, and Iron. Water Quality Index (WQI) calculations suggest unsuitability for drinking purposes in all sampled water, with S5 and S8 demonstrating particularly high values, indicating their unsuitability for human consumption. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) calculations reveal a decrease at CNB sampling points S1 and S2, where waste dumping ceased in 2017. However, HPI values at other points show an increasing trend, indicating the leaching of heavy metals from solid waste into groundwater. S5 and S8 exhibit notably high HPI values (Average 464.99 and 319.59), suggesting an accumulation of heavy metals in the groundwater. Carcinogenic Risk Analysis of Arsenic highlights the failure of most sampled water to meet Carcinogenic Risk (CR) standards, signalling a potential cancer risk with prolonged use of this water.

Analysing the factors influencing groundwater quality with different pollution indices and PLS-SEM approach in the vicinity of an open dumping yard in Saduperi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Open dumping is the prevailing municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal technique in India. Unsanitary landfill releases leachate that contaminates valuable groundwater. Hence, the present study was carried out in the vicinity of the Saduperi open dumpsite, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, to explore the key factors that influences groundwater contamination. A total of 216 groundwater samples were collected between May 2021 and April 2022. These samples were categorised into four different seasons such as summer, southwest monsoon (SWM), northeast monsoon (NEM), and winter. Pollution indices such as the Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) and the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) were used to evaluate the contamination potential. The calculated LPI > 35 in all seasons indicates the prevailing poor environmental condition. It was observed that about 56% of the sampling site was affected by heavy metal concentrations such as Cd, Cr, and Ni. The HPI value was found to be more than the critical value of 100 in the 10 sampling wells for all seasons. Partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) has also been carried out in this study to create a link between latent variables such as 'IOT Parameters', 'Leachate Parameters', 'Heavy Metal', and 'Groundwater Quality' which were quantified by the yield of R2 value. The R2 value of the sampling well ahead of the dumpsite and along the direction of the groundwater flow values ranges from 24.7 to 86.5% in comparison to the wells located behind the dumpsite, which are prone to more contamination due to migration of leachate. Hence, this present study shows various influencing factors that affect the groundwater quality.

Investigating the influence of thermal evaporation method on the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) of groundwater

Groundwater plays a substantial role in satisfying freshwater demand for different purposes worldwide. The degradation of groundwater by various industrial and anthropogenic activities has become a significant problem in recent times. Specifically, the intrusion of heavy metal substances into the groundwater aquifers through industrial effluents is a critical concern. Therefore, the evaluation of groundwater quality has become the need of the hour in order to guarantee the sustainable and secure utilization of freshwater for farming, commercial, and, most importantly, domestic applications. In this study, the groundwater quality and the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) of an industrial area in Tamil Nadu, India, called ‘Thoothukudi’, have been evaluated in order to determine the influence of industrial activities on the groundwater quality. In total, ten groundwater samples were accessed from the borewells located near the major industrial areas. The parameters, namely pH, total hardness (TH), electrical conductivity (EC), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) levels of the groundwater samples were evaluated. Further, the samples were treated using solar thermal-based evaporative (STBE) arrangements. The HPI values of the raw samples demonstrated that the groundwater in the studied areas was affected by heavy metal contamination. The distillation of the groundwater samples exhibited that the STBE method is an effective and energy-efficient tool to eradicate the heavy metal contamination of the groundwater. Specifically, the average day-wise yield of the STBE arrangement was reported as 2838 ml/day in the lab-scale experiments.

Evaluation of some heavy metals and selenium pollution in Karataş Lake (Burdur/Türkiye) using various pollution indices and statistical analysis

Wetland face environmental problems due to some reasons such as drought, rapid population and rapid developments in technology. Karataş Lake is located within the Lakes Region in Türkiye and has also of great economically, ecologically and ornithologically importance. Unfortunately, it completely dried out in 2021 due to sufficient rainfall, groundwater withdrawal and global climate change. In 2022, the lake started to hold water again. This study is important because it is one of the last studies before the lake dries up and first study to evaluate some heavy metals and selenium pollution using some indices. In this study, which was carried out between October 2019–July 2020, some heavy metals and selenium concentrations were determined in water of Karataş Lake seasonally and evaluated pollution degree of lake water using some indices and statistical analysis. Water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen levels were measured in situ using YSI 556 MPS. For heavy metal analysis, water samples were taken, acidified to a pH of <2, stored at 4 °C and analyzed directly using ICP-OES (Agilent 5110). Pb and Se in all seasons were below detection limit. The analyzed metals sorted as; Cd < Mo < Cr < Cu < Mn < Zn < Ni < Fe. Generally, heavy metals were increased in autumn and decreased in spring. According to some water quality standards for drinking water, Fe levels were higher than the permissible levels for drinking water in all seasons (TSE, 2005; EPA, 2018; EU, 2020), Mn in autumn (TSE, 2005; EPA, 2018; EU, 2020), Ni in autumn and summer (TSE, 2005; EU, 2020). Water Quality Index (WQI), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) values were calculated in Karataş Lake to determine pollution degree. Depend on WQI results, lake water was in good category in autumn, winter and spring while poor category in summer. The lake water samples based on HPI and HEI values are in the low contamination category. The lake is still struggling with environmental problems. If necessary precautions are not taken for the future of the lake, the lake may dry out again. The results of this study will help the authorities in terms of preventing re-drying, sustainability of the lake and management of the region. This study will be also a reference for future studies.

Assessment of untreated wastewater pollution and heavy metal contamination in the Euphrates river

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of untreated wastewater on a section of the Euphrates River in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq. The unregulated discharge of sewage and industrial effluents has caused severe pollution in this area. The research measures electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, biological oxygen demand and heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Pb, Co, Cd, Cu, Fe) using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Approximately 40 water sampling stations were selected for analysis and the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) was used to assess water quality. The study employed Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) tool, to predict HPI values and their spatial distribution. The accuracy of prediction maps was evaluated using regression analysis by comparing observed values with predicted values from the maps. The study emphasizes the excessive pollution levels in the Euphrates River, specifically exceeding Iraqi standard thresholds for Ni, Fe, and Cd concentrations.

Water Quality Indices for Assessing Heavy Metal Pollution in Winongo River and Gajahwong River Yogyakarta-Indonesia

Abstract Winongo and Gajahwong Rivers traverse three regions: Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta City, and Bantul Regency. Both rivers' water quality was assessed using two water quality indices specified for detecting only the heavy metal presence, namely Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Pollution Index (PI). Details on river water quality were a series of monitoring data from 2017 until 2020 that comprised eleven parameters: pH, BOD, COD, NH3N, TSS, Total Coli, oil and grease, Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb. The results indicate that the heavy metal contents of Winongo and Gajahwong Rivers meet the class II water quality standard. Non-metal parameters, namely COD and TSS, are present in small amounts and below the upper thresholds. The HPI values of Winongo and Gajahwong Rivers were 3.15 and 2.29, respectively, or categorized as ‘excellent’. Similarly, based on the PI values (0.78 and 0.72, respectively), both rivers' water quality fell into the category of ‘good’.

Determination of Water Quality Indices and Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Drinking Water Sources in Thimphu

Introduction: The well-being of public health is associated with the availability of safe and clean drinking water. Heavy metals, known for their toxicity and potential health risks, are a particular focus of water quality assessments. This study investigates the heavy metal concentrations in five primary drinking water sources of Thimphu city: Motithang, Jungshina, Taba, Dechencholing and Chamgang. Methods: The ten heavy metals, known for their toxicity (Aluminum (Al), Boron (B), Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn)), were assessed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for precise analysis. The study employed the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) to evaluate water quality. Results: The test results revealed low heavy metals concentration in the water sources. The HPI and HEI values were also calculated to be low (&lt;15 and &lt;1.24 respectively). Conclusions: The study provides valuable insights into Thimphu’s drinking water quality, indicating a positive status with low heavy metal concentrations

Appraisal of heavy metal contents, spatial-temporal variation, toxic metal pollution, and health risk in water and sediment of Uluabat Lake (Ramsar Site, Turkey).

Uluabat Lake holds a significant status as one of our country's essential Ramsar areas. Nevertheless, the lake faces considerable pressure from environmental pollutants. This study employed GIS-based index methods to examine the heavy metal pollution and water quality in Uluabat Lake. To achieve this, sediment and water samples were collected from 19 different locations during various seasons. The concentrations of As, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Al, Fe, and Mn in these samples were analyzed. The average contents of the investigated heavy metals in the lake waters were found to be in the following order: Al > Fe > Mn > As > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cr > Hg > Cd. The As content in the lake waters exceeded the limit value of 10 μg/L, as defined by TS-266 (2005) and WHO (2017) guidelines. Consequently, the lake waters were deemed unsuitable for drinking. The health risk assessments revealed that consuming the lake waters could lead to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health problems. However, all other metal concentrations were measured below the specified limit values. Based on index calculations, the heavy metal pollution index value indicated that the lake water samples were suitable for drinking water use. Additionally, all samples fell into the "low pollution" category according to the heavy metal evaluation index, and degree of contamination values. However, geoaccumulation index values indicated that As was moderately contaminated. Moreover, enrichment factors of As, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd exhibited significant enrichment in lake sediments, with pollution load index values of all sediment samples indicating the impact of anthropogenic pollutants and a decline in sediment quality. Considering all the obtained results together, it can be concluded that environmental pollutants, especially heavy metal pollution, primarily enter the lake water through stream transports, leading to pollution in Uluabat Lake.

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface water of Bangladesh

Industrial discharge of heavy metals severely deteriorates surface water quality in many parts of the world, particularly in lower-middle-income countries like Bangladesh. This study collected published data from 30 different surface water bodies in Bangladesh, including rivers, lakes, freshwater wetlands (Haors), and river estuaries, on mean concentrations of 12 heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni, Al, Fe, Mn, As, and Co) in surface water bodies from 2010 to 2022. The study aimed to explore the pollution source and levels of heavy metals in the surface water of Bangladesh. The water quality status and correlations between variables were assessed using the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis results showed that the average heavy metal concentrations in the surface water of Bangladesh were in the order of Fe>Al>Mn>Cr>Zn>Cu>As>Ni>Pb>Co>Cd>Hg in the range of 3.98 ppm to 0.004 ppm. It also showed that Dhaka, Chittagong, Mymensingh divisions, and Bogra city of Rajshahi division are the most polluted areas of Bangladesh in terms of heavy metal concentration, whereas Khulna and Sylhet divisions are moderately polluted. The results showed that about 83.3 % of water bodies have HPI values greater than 100, which is considered unsafe for consumption. However, the HEI analysis revealed that about 46.7 % of water bodies were in the high pollution category (HEI > 20). The correlation matrix of heavy metals illustrated strong positive linear relationships between Cr and Co, Cu and As, Cu and Cd, and As and Cd. The principal component analysis suggested that the most contributing sources of pollution in the studied area are related to different anthropogenic activities, such as municipal waste and industrial effluent discharge, including tanneries, textile and dyeing industries, shipbreaking yards, and gas production plants, as well as agricultural runoff.

Seasonal variation in non-point source heavy metal pollution in Satpara Lake and its toxicity in trout fish.

Heavy metal contamination in surface water is widespread throughout the world as a result of numerous anthropogenic activities and geo-genic mechanisms. This contamination is also affecting aquatic life, as fish have the potential to acquire heavy metals in their tissues making them vulnerable. Worldwide lakes are an important source of water for the inhabitants of the area. So, in the present study, we have focused on the Satpara Lake to check the extent of heavy metal pollution and their accumulation in fish to provide baseline data for metal pollution management. Samples were collected from three locations (inflow, center, and outflow sites) during two seasons (summer and winter). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was applied to analyze heavy metals concentration. Among the metals, Cd, Pb, As, and Fe revealed relatively higher concentrations. The highest concentration of heavy metal found in water and fish was of Cd, i.e., 8.87mg L-1 and 18.19mg L-1 in summer season, respectively. Arsenic concentration was also higher than the permissible limits in both water (0.76) and fish (1.17mg L-1). The water quality assessment showed that in the summer season, the HPI (heavy metal pollution index) value 253.01 was more than 100, indicating the bad quality of water for drinking purposes. However, the HPI value 35.72 was less than 100 in winter. Toxicity hazard calculation of fish in summer seasons gives Hi values greater than 10.0, indicating the acute effect on human health as compared to winter.

Spatio-temporal variability and potential health risks assessment of heavy metals in the surface water of Awash basin, Ethiopia

Increasing urbanization and industrialization are impacting on water quality globally. In the Awash River basin, Ethiopia, these drivers are impacting on water quality with further impacts created due to changes in water management releasing geogenic contaminants. The resulting water quality has potential to cause significant ecological and human health impacts. The physicochemical and heavy metals saptio-temporal variability and their associated risks to human health and ecology were assessed across twenty sampling stations in the Awash River basin. Over twenty-two physicochemical and ten heavy metals parameters were analyzed using different instruments including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Elevated levels of heavy metals (As, V, Mo, Mn, and Fe) were detected in the surface water, surpassing the drinking water quality standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Seasonal variation was evident with peak concentration of As, Ni, Hg, and Cr were recorded in the dry season. A water quality index, hazard quotient, hazard index, heavy metal pollution index and heavy metal evaluation index were formulated to assess the potential risks to both human health and the environment. The highest values of heavy metal pollution index (HPI) above the threshold (>100) were observed in stations at Lake Beseka with HPI values ranged from 105 to 177. Similarly, the highest values of the heavy metals evaluation index (HEI) were observed in stations situated at cluster 3. The evaluation of health risk that is not related to cancer through hazard quotient demonstrated that in the case of both dermal and ingestion contact, cluster C3 > C1 > C4 > C2 and C3 > C4 > C2 > C1 were observed in children and adults, respectively. Overall, measures to reduce potential pollution risks must be taken in accordance with the standards in the river basin. Nevertheless, further research on the toxicity of heavy metals that pose risks to human health is also necessary.

Investigation and Indexing of Eco-Toxic Metals in the Groundwater Around the Kodungaiyur Dumpsite

Objectives: To determine the eco-toxic metal pollution in the groundwaters of the residential area around the Kodungaiyur dumping ground in Chennai, India, using the indexing approach. Methods: The concentration of five heavy metals such as Lead, Copper, Cadmium, Iron and Nickel, were analyzed for 12 sites within a buffer of 2km range from the dumpsite during the post-monsoon season using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. These results are analysed to determine the Heavy metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Metal Index (MI). Findings: The average ion concentration of heavy metals in the dumpsite follows the order: Fe>Pb>Cu Cd>Ni in the range of 0.0580.102, 0.020.00, 0.0170.003, 0.0150.00 and 0.0110.001 mg/L respectively. An upper value of 100 is crucial for HPI, and two borewells out of the 12 sites have an index above 100. The index ranging from 51-75 is categorized as poor, 66.67% of bore wells borne poor quality of drinking vulnerable to the residents for heavy metal exposure. On the other facet of analysis using the metal index, the average concentration of metal index was 2.99, and all groundwater samples fall under the moderately affected category (metal index values 2- 4). The results show that 2 household units are consuming unsuitable water having high metal exposure, 8 households are exposed to very poor-quality water and 2 sites possess a good quality of water based on HPI values while all the 12 household units are exposed to groundwater moderately affected by heavy metals by MI indexing. Novelty: The present study reveals the vulnerability of the public to heavy metal exposure; It brings out two pollution indices HPI and MI which have not been reported in the study area. Keywords: Kodungaiyur; dump yard; heavy metal; heavy metal pollution index; metal index

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Korba Coalfield Region, India: An Integrated Approach of GIS and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) Model

The goal of this study was to examine the water quality for drinking and domestic purposes in the Korba coalfield region of Chhattisgarh, India. The Korba Coalfield region has seen the collection of fifteen groundwater samples from different places. The content of eight metals was determined using ICP-MS instruments: aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Spatial distribution maps were produced using GIS software to make it simple to understand the groundwater’s quality. The groundwater samples were collected during the pre-monsoon season and the amount of Al, Ba, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Zn exceeded the ideal drinking water standards in a few sites. The elevated metal concentrations in the study region’s groundwater could be hazardous to the quality of water. The HPI value based on mean concentration was calculated to be 21.64, which is significantly lower than the reference pollutant index score of 100. The HPI calculation revealed that 73.33% of groundwater samples had low HPI values, 6.67% had medium HPI values, and the remaining 20% had high HPI values. The correlation between heavy metals and HPI was calculated; HPI is positively correlated with Fe (r &gt; 0.9471), Pb (r &gt; 0.9666), and Zn (r &gt; 0.9634), indicating that these elements contribute significantly more to heavy metal concentration in the various samples examined than the other selected elements. The box plot seems to be a graphical representation of the outcomes of the different parameter concentrations which show the mean, maximum, and minimum metal values. The cluster analysis was performed and it was classified into two clusters. Cluster-1 comprises 14 members (93.33%) of the water samples examined and is distinguished by relatively low Ba (&lt;700 μg.L-1), pH, TDS, Al, Fe, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations. Cluster-II is made up of 1 member (6.67%), which is primarily made up of groundwater samples (GW-10) taken in the KCF region, India. High values of HPI are found in the eastern portion of Chhattisgarh’s KCF region, reflecting the spatial distribution of metals. Heavy metal leaching from open-pit mining and transit routes was observed to have contaminated groundwater in the eastern section of the research region.

Ecological and health risk assessment and quantitative source apportionment of dissolved metals in ponds used for drinking and irrigation purposes.

In this study, dissolved metal levels of 10 different ponds used as irrigation and drinking water sources in the north of Saros Bay (Türkiye) were evaluated using multivariate statistical methods, contamination and ecological risk indices, and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR). The mean levels of metals in the ponds ranged from 0.045µg/L (Cd) to 127µg/L (Mn). Pond 7 used for drinking water source had the lowest total metal level. Only Mn levels in two ponds (P1 and P2) slightly exceeded the critical value set by EU Drinking Water Directive. However, the levels of all metals in all ponds were lower than the critical values set for irrigation water and aquatic life. According to the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), five ponds showed low metal pollution in terms of drinking water quality, four ponds showed moderate metal pollution, and one pond (P1) showed moderate to heavy pollution. According to the Nemerow pollution index (NPI) values (0.26-1.82), ponds P1 and P2 showed slight metal pollution, while other ponds showed insignificant metal pollution. Contamination degree (CD) values of ponds varied between 0.95 and 3.33, indicating that all ponds showed low pollution. In terms of irrigation water quality, all ponds showed low or insignificant metal pollution according to the HPI, NPI, and CD values. According to the ecological risk index (ERI) values, metals in all ponds posed low ecological risks for both drinking and irrigation purposes. Factor analysis identified two potential sources: mixed sources and natural sources. The APCS-MLR model results revealed that mixed sources and natural sources contributed 78.99% and 21.01% to dissolved metals in the ponds, respectively. Health risk assessment results indicated that both individual and combined metals in the ponds would not cause non-carcinogenic risks to both adults and children. Similarly, it was found that Cr and As would not cause carcinogenic risks to the residents of the region.

Application of water pollution and heavy metal pollution indices to evaluate the water quality in St. Sebastian Canal, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Anthropogenic pollution plays an important role in deteriorating the water quality of canals worldwide, especially in developing countries like Sri Lanka. The St. Sebastian Canal is one of the main canals in Sri Lanka, which runs through Colombo city that collects massive quantities of domestic, municipal, and industrial waste products. The aim of the present study is to develop water pollution and heavy metal pollution indices to assess the water pollution status of the St. Sebastian canal, Colombo by comparing water quality parameters with ambient water quality standards for aquatic life in Sri Lanka. Water samples were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters and heavy metals. Ultimately, Water Pollution Index (WPI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) were developed for several sites along the canal. WPI ranged from 0.64 to 1.93 with a mean value of 1.12, indicating water of St. Sebastian canal is highly polluted. The mean value of HPI was found to be 50, which is higher than the critical HPI value of 30, thus indicating that water of the canal is critically polluted with heavy metals. Further, sites 1, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 and sites 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were found to be highly polluted as per the WPI and HPI, respectively. This shows the importance of having both WPI and HPI to assess the level of water pollution as site 4 is being categorized as a highly polluted site by HPI and as a good water quality site by WPI. Therefore, the site-specific assessment of water pollution by WPI and HPI will help the relevant authorities to implement remediation methods with respective to the critical pollutants in a particular location, to identify the polluters and to take measures to prevent the discharges to the water body from different sources.

Statistical and spatial analysis for soil heavy metals over the Murray-Darling river basin in Australia

Heavy metals (HMs) are a vital elements for investigating the pollutant level of sediments and water bodies. The Murray-Darling river basin area located in Australia is experiencing severe damage to increased crop productivity, loss of soil fertility, and pollution levels within the vicinity of the river system. This basin is the most effective primary production area in Australia where agricultural productivity is increased the gross domastic product in the entire mainland. In this study, HMs contaminations are examined for eight study sites selected for the Murray-Darling river basin where the inverse Distance Weighting interpolation method is used to identify the distribution of HMs. To pursue this, four different pollution indices namely the Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Contamination factor (CF), Pollution load index (PLI), single-factor pollution index (SPLI), and the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) are computed. Following this, the Pearson correlation matrix is used to identify the relationships among the two HM parameters. The results indicate that the conductivity and N (%) are relatively high in respect to using Igeo and PLI indexes for study sites 4, 6, and 7 with 2.93, 3.20, and 1.38, respectively. The average HPI is 216.9071 that also indicates higher level pollution in the Murray-Darling river basin and the highest HPI value is noted in sample site 1 (353.5817). The study also shows that the levels of Co, P, Conductivity, Al, and Mn are mostly affected by HMs and that these indices indicate the maximum HM pollution level in the Murray-Darling river basin. Finally, the results show that the high HM contamination level appears to influence human health and local environmental conditions.

Heavy Metal Pollution in Chapra (Bihar)

River water at 7 sampling sites were examined to evaluate different concentrations of fourheavy metals and with using indices also Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI); Heavy MetalEvaluation Index (HEI) and Contamination index (Cd) determined in this study. The averageconcentrations in parts per billion in the increasing order were Cu (292.7)&gt; Fe (309.23) &gt; Mn(475.15) &gt;Zn (3643.9). Resultant average values of HPI 551.40, HEI 12.07 and Cd 8.07 basedon metal concentration were obtained.

Evaluation of sediment and water quality of Ismailia Canal for heavy metal contamination, Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt

Several environmental indicators were used to evaluate the water and sediment quality of Ismailia Canal for heavy metal contamination. The average concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediments (μg/L and μg/g) were Pb (1.36–31.78), Fe (0.95–5124), Ni (0.45–32.14), Cu (0.34–32.64), Zn (0.28–117.77), Co (0.078–29.40), and Mn (0.044–194.83), respectively. Based on heavy metal pollution index values, 75% of the sediment samples fell within low pollution, while water pollution index and water contamination degree revealed excellent and low contamination for all water samples, respectively. Single pollution indices of sediment indicated high contamination with Pb and considerable risk with Cd. The higher levels of metals in some samples might be originated mostly from anthropogenic sources related to industrial, agricultural, and urbanization activities along the investigated canal. However, Ismailia Canal sediments were unpolluted with metals, or no metal pollution and all average concentrations of the investigated heavy metals were less than the maximum admissible concentration of the world health organization.

Geospatial distribution and health risk assessment of groundwater contaminated within the industrial areas: an environmental sustainability perspective.

Groundwater is the second largest water source for daily consumption, only next to surface water resources. Groundwater has been extensively investigated for its pollution level in urban areas. The groundwater quality assessments in industrial areas associated with every urban landscape are still lacking. This study was carried out in two industrial areas including Okhla and Mohan cooperative in New Delhi, India. The six groundwater samples were obtained for water quality assessment for 2015 and 2018. The heavy metals investigated in water samples were Cu, As, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe, Cr, and Mn. The water quality was assessed in the heavy metals index (MI) and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). From indexing approach, it was observed that pollution levels have increased in year 2018 as compared to the year 2015. MI<1 for Cu in 2015 and 2018 in both industrial areas. In the case of remaining metals, MI ranged from 2.5 to 8.4. When the HPI indexing approach was adopted, water was unfit for drinking in both industrial areas in 2015 and 2018, with an HPI value>100. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment (HI) ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 in 2015, increasing from 17.41 to 217 in 2018, indicating high risk in both years. Carcinogenic risk (CR) was within the acceptable range for 48% of each heavy metal analysed sample. When the Carcinogenic risk index was considered (CRI), all samples were beyond the acceptable range, and every person was prone to carcinogenic risk in 2015.

Water Quality Index and Heavy Metal Pollution Index of Groundwater Quality: A case Study in Visakhapatnam District, AP.

The main objective of the present study was to assess the groundwater quality of selected Mandals in Visakhapatnam district Andhra Pradesh. Fifty samples were collected from hand pumps of various Mandals. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) along with Metal Quality Index (MQI) were determined. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured by various standard techniques. Calcium (Ca+2), Magnesium (Mg+2), Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3 -) and Sulfate (SO4 -2) were analyzed by 930 Compact Ion Chromatograph Flex. Heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn) and Cadmium (Cd) were analyzed by using 4200 Microwave Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES). Iron (Fe) was analyzed by Cary 60 UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the heavy metals lies between 0.99 to 0.98. The compliance of BIS 10500:2012 for the heavy metal concentration in drinking water was verified. From the current study, it was found that EC, TDS, TH and heavy metals such as Aluminum (Al) and Lead (Pb) exceeded the allowed limits as per BIS 10500:2012 revision. The highest values of HPI and WQI from the fifty groundwater samples are 407.97 and 189.79. The highest value of MQI is 3.36 respectively. An attempt has also been made to draw spatial distribution maps for heavy metals having higher concentrations in the study area.