Heavy Industry Workers Research Articles

Creating noise contour maps utilizing the NIOSH Noise Mapper App (A pilot study)

High noise levels can lead to physical and psychological stress, reduced productivity, and permanent hearing loss in workers. Traditional noise monitoring techniques indicate that mine workers, for example, consistently have a higher level of noise exposure when compared to workers in other heavy industries. It is critical to conduct risk assessments, identify noise sources, and control them to prevent occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recently developed the smartphone-based NIOSH Noise Mapper Application, which generates a noise contour map to enable individuals, workers, and hearing conservation professionals to apply the hierarchy of controls for optimized prioritization and focused targeting of the most effective hearing conservation interventions. Preliminary testing of the Noise Mapper app has been carried out in a hemi-anechoic chamber at the NIOSH Mining Laboratory in Pittsburgh. The results demonstrate that the Noise Mapper app can quickly and cost-effectively generate adequate noise contour maps to identify noise hazards and relevant noise-generating machinery to prioritize and target the most effective interventions. However, additional testing is needed to evaluate the Noise Mapper app's performance in real-world environments and its ability to measure multiple sound sources. This new tool supplements, but does not, replace traditional methods of creating noise contour maps.

Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Serologic Response to Hepatitis B Virus Vaccination among Heavy Industry Workers.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination has decreased the overall incidence of HBV infection; however, approximately 5 to 10% of people are non-responders to the vaccination. This study investigated the factors associated with non-response to HBV vaccination, with an emphasis on vitamin D deficiency (VDD). This retrospective observational study focused on adult workers in a single heavy industry. Individuals with negative initial hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) levels prior to vaccination and who then received a two- or three-dose series of HBV vaccinations were enrolled. The study endpoint was failure to achieve a seroprotective antibody response, defined as an anti-HBs titer less than 10 mIU/mL. Propensity score matching (PSM) and binary logistic regression models were used to adjust the outcomes for other clinical characteristics. Among 760 workers, 566 (74.5%) exhibited VDD. The non-response rates to HBV vaccination were 13.4% (76/566) and 5.7% (11/194) among workers with and without VDD, respectively (p = 0.005). Even after adjustment using PSM, VDD was still associated with a higher rate of response failure (adjusted odds ratio 2.74; 95% confidence interval 1.40-5.38, p = 0.003). The binary logistic regression model showed that VDD, older age, omission of the third vaccine dose, lower initial anti-HBs titer, and current smoking were associated with response failure. Our study suggests that VDD may impair the serologic response following HBV vaccination. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in increasing the response to HBV vaccination.

EU Energy Policy: Difficulties in the Way of Implementation of Tasks

The article studies the problem of energy policy of the EU. Issues of creation of conditions necessary for realization of declared goals are considered. The features of implementation of the tasks are highlighted. It is concluded that the energy policy of the EU countries has both a number of advantages and a number of difficulties, which can become a significant obstacle to the implementation of all announced projects. The formation of European Union energy policy in recent years has been strongly influenced by external factors, such as: the emergence and development of new technologies, climate change, EU countries’ dependence on energy imports and new policy decisions. Considerable attention is being paid to renewable energy (RES) technologies, which, according to the official EU strategy, will be used for the construction of a closed energy system. Renewable energies include marine renewable energy, “green” public procurement, solar panels, alternative fuels. However, these projects pose a number of challenges for European countries, such as the need to build new infrastructure and reform the tax system. The fulfilment of all the objectives of the “European Green Deal” also involves certain risks, for example, the loss of a significant number of jobs by heavy industry workers and the loss of competitiveness of certain branches of the economy. European energy policy undoubtedly influences the policy of the Russian Federation. The global trend on renewable energy directly concerns Russia and the countries of the post-Soviet space, because this region has a high potential in this industry. This is particularly true for renewable energy sources such as wind power and hydropower. The development of renewable energy sources is undoubtedly a very important process for world politics, because energy is one of the most important resources that nations possess. It is very important to take this into account when considering the world’s political strategies.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ДЕСЕРТНИХ СТРАВ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ

The article describes the production technology, recipe composition of low-lactose ice cream. The expediency of using biologically active raw materials in the developed technology is substantiated. A set of data characterizing the quality of the developed dessert dish was obtained, and its high nutritional value was proven. On the basis of studies of the organoleptic indicators of the developed samples, a rational concentration of dietary supplements in the ice cream recipe was determined, which gives the developed food products improved taste properties and consistency compared to the control due to the use of biologically active raw materials. The developed technology of low-lactose ice cream has an increased content of dietary fibers, vitamins and minerals compared to traditional technology. The optimal ratio of components in the recipe of the developed dessert dish was experimentally confirmed. According to the organoleptic indicators, the obtained ice cream meets the established norms in terms of quality. The proposed method of dessert production makes it possible to obtain products of higher nutritional value compared to traditional technology. The quality of finished dessert products is characterized by organoleptic, physico-chemical, biochemical and microbiological indicators, and a comprehensive quality indicator was used to unambiguously assess the quality. The social effect of the introduction of the developed low-lactose dessert is to expand the range of meals for adults and children with an increased content of essential nutrients, improved consumer properties of the products, which will contribute to the preservation of the health of the population and the protection of the body from the negative effects of the environment. The developed culinary products can be recommended for the nutrition of people with partial or complete intolerance to lactose, in the daily diets of workers in heavy industry, living in ecologically polluted areas and all strata of the population.

Development of Shoulder Muscle-Assistive Wearable Device for Work in Unstructured Postures

The present study describes the development of a wearable device designed to assist those who work in an unstructured posture. In the manufacturing sector, industrial accidents have been steadily on the rise due to poor work environments and excessive workloads imposed on workers. Against this backdrop, the present study aimed to analyze various types of work, especially those performed in unstructured postures by heavy industry workers, who are frequently exposed to high workloads and poor work environments. Based on the analysis results, an attempt was made to develop a shoulder muscle-assistive wearable device capable of assisting a wearer who is working using their shoulder muscles. Various types of unstructured posture work are performed in heavy industries, including activities such as the welding and grinding of ship components and plant structures. They are typically conducted in narrow spaces with limited postures, causing many workers to suffer muscle fatigue. In the present study, as the first step of developing a shoulder muscle-assistive wearable device, different working scenarios were simulated, and the corresponding motion data and required torque values were estimated using motion capture devices. The obtained motion data and required torque values were reflected in the design of the wearable device. The main structural body of the shoulder muscle-assistive wearable device was made of a carbon fiber-reinforced composite to be lightweight. This shoulder muscle-assistive wearable device was designed to fully cover the range of motion for workers working in unstructured postures while generating the torque required for a given job, thereby enhancing the muscular endurance of the workers. The gravity compensation module of the designed shoulder muscle-assistive wearable device generates a support force of 4.47 Nm per shoulder. The shoulder muscle assistive wearable device was developed to provide support for approximately 30% of the shoulder joint’s maximum torque generated in overhead tasks. This shoulder muscle-assistive wearable device is expected to contribute to improving the productivity of field workers, while reducing the occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries arising from the aging of the working-age population.

Eating habits of heavy industry workers

Abstract A balanced diet that can satisfy energy and nutrient requirements should be the main component of a healthy lifestyle, especially for physical workers. We aimed to assess coke plant workers' nutritional habits on the basis of 24-hour dietary recalls. Workers were performing similar physical activities and were exposed to a similar environment, measured with 1-hydroxypyrene in urine samples. For each worker, 3 records were collected (2 random weekdays and 1 holiday). Dietary recalls were analyzed using the dietetic program (DietPro) and Statistica 13 software. 53 men, aged 20 - 60, employed at the coke plant were enrolled in the study between April and June 2018. An Average 1-hydroxypyrene concentration was 2.1µg/g creatinine (SD 4.33). Mean BMI was 26.1 and 36.3% of participants were overweight. The average caloric value of recalls was 2594 kcal. Proportions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats were disturbed. The highest average intake was noted for fats 44% ± 5.7%, with a maximal value of 56%. The proportion of proteins on average reached 37%± 5.6% of total energy intake, the lowest intake was 25% and maximal 49%. Higher intake was noted for younger workers (<40 years old, p < 0,01). The younger population was eating significantly more animal proteins (p < 0,01). The average intake of carbohydrates was 18% ± 2.8%. Vegetable intake ranged from 0g to 541g per day (median value 113g). Fruits were underrepresented in workers' diet with a median of 5g per day and maximal intake reaching 193g. The intake of B vitamins was significantly higher among younger workers. Nutrition habits of the analyzed group stand out many dietetic recommendations from proportions of macronutrients and food fiber to low mineral elements intake. Though there are plenty of different educational programs that promote a healthy lifestyle and healthy eating none of them are designed for working-age men, especially for physical workers. Key messages Type of diet described in the study is connected to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in combination with exposition to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. There is a need for organized education for heavy industry workers.

Antioxidants level assessment in the diet of workers contacting with heavy metals at industrial enterprise

The main occupational pathologies in the Sverdlovsk region are diseases induced by the exposure to industrial aerosols containing heavy metals. One of the reasons of the toxic effect of the heavy metals is oxidative stress induced by the latter, namely, the process of damaging the body cells as a result of the oxidation reactions. The quantitative assessment of the antioxidant consumption in foods composing the diet of heavy metal industry workers was performed. The diet was revealed to be not various in terms of the foods containing antioxidants and the main quantity of the latter was administered into the body from the brown bread, tea, apples, chocolates and sweets having low activity according to the ORAC index but consumed in the great amounts. In the meantime, foods with the high level of the antioxidant content and bio-correction properties (fruits, vegetables, spices) were lacking in the diet and this fact could probably influence on the decline of the body’s reserve of detoxification.

A14654 Prevalence and relative factors of metabolic syndrome in occupational population of heavy industry in northern China

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and relative factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) for the heavy industry workers in northern coastal district of China. Methods: We performed an observational study on the heavy industry workers in Leting County, Hebei Province of China. The standard epidemiologic method for cardiovascular diseases was used. Items of survey included questionnaire, physical examination, fasting blood sample collection. Metabolic syndrome was defined in accordance with the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria in 2004. Results: Totally 2045 participants (men 1651, women 394) with aged 37.5 ± 8.2 yrs were included in the data analysis. The mean age was 37.3 ± 8.3 yrs and 38.1 ± 8.0 years (P > 0.05) for men and women respectively. The total prevalence of MS was 19.1%, for men and women were 20.4% and 13.7%, respectively (P = 0.002). When compared the differences of prevalence of MS between age groups, there were no significant differences in men, but not in women. In the subjects with MS, a higher prevalence of alcohol drinking, snoring, higher salt taste, lower dairy intake and lower tea drinking were observed. The individual components rank order of MS in men was raised triglycerides, raised blood pressure, raised fasting glucose and reduced HDL cholesterol, and the order in women was raised triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, raised blood pressure, and raised fasting glucose. Conclusion: The prevalence of MS in occupational population of heavy industry was higher than normal population, especially in young men below 30 years old. Unhealthy lifestyle such as alcohol drinking, higher salt taste, less drinking tea and so on should be the risks of higher prevalence of MS. Intervention to the risk factors of MS would be important in the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.

Risk Factors for increased hearing threshold in workers exposed to continuous and intermittent noise in the heavy equipment industry in North Jakarta

Noise exposure can cause hearing disorders. Both intensity and type of noise contribute to hearing impairment. Different noise types can have different auditory effects. This study aimed to compare changes in hearing thresholds between workers exposed to continuous and intermittent noise. This study employed heavy equipment industry workers at the fabrication and assembly department. Data collected from questionnaires and medical records included age, marital status, cumulative time worked, blood sugar level, blood pressure, smoking habit, hobbies, and results of an audiometric examination. Of total 167 workers, 15 (9%) showed increase in hearing threshold. Of these 15, 13 (86.7%) and 2 (13.3%) had been exposed to continuous and intermittent noise, respectively. Workers aged over 40 years had more than fourfold risk of having an increased hearing threshold. Those who had worked for more than 3.9 years were at high risk of having an increased hearing threshold. Those who were exposed to continuous noise had nearly fivefold risk of having an increased hearing threshold as compared to those exposed to intermittent noise. Workers who are aged over 40 years, have worked in the industry for numerous years, or have been exposed to continuous noise are at increased risk for hearing loss.

Stężenie chromu w materiale kostnym człowieka a czynniki biologiczne i środowiskowe

ABSTRAKTWstęp: Celem pracy było poznanie i porównanie stężenia chromu (Cr) w trzech rodzajach materiału kostnego: chrząstce, kości zbitej i kości gąbczastej, pobranego z głowy kości udowej. Ponadto oceniono wpływ czynników ogólnobiologicznych i środowiskowych na stężenie Cr w badanych próbkach.Materiały i metody: Z głowy kości udowej pobranej od pacjentów (n = 37) poddanych alloplastyce stawu biodrowego odseparowano chrząstkę, kość zbitą i gąbczastą, które wysuszono do stałej masy, zmineralizowano w stężonych kwasach i w których oznaczono stężenie Cr metodą spektrofotometrii absorpcji atomowej (ICP-AES).Wyniki: Stężenie Cr w analizowanych próbkach kostnych można ułożyć w następujący malejący szereg: chrząstka < kość zbita < kość gąbczasta. Nie odnotowano zależności pomiędzy wiekiem i płcią badanych pacjentów a stężeniem Cr w próbkach kostnych. U osób pracujących w przemyśle ciężkim wartość stężenia Cr była prawie 30% większa niż u pracowników innych działów gospodarki. Wykazano zależność pomiędzy liczbą wypalanych papierosów (<10 lub ≥20) a stężeniem Cr w kości zbitej. Osoby wypalające ≥20 papierosów dziennie miały znacznie większe stężenia Cr w badanym materiale niż osoby wypalające <10 papierosów dziennie. Nie zaobserwowano istotnych różnic pomiędzy spożyciem dziczyzny, ryb i owoców morza a stężeniem Cr w analizowanych próbkach.Wnioski: Wiele wskazuje na to, że wielkości stężenia chromu w kościach pacjentów poddanych alloplastyce stawu biodrowego mogą być powiązane z czynnikami ogólnobiologicznymi i środowiskowymi, ale niezbędne są szersze i liczniejsze badania w tym zakresie, także w innych krajach Europy Środkowej.

The Green Leap Forward? Precarious Labour in a Greening China

Building upon research from the forthcoming book One Road, Many Dreams, (Drache, Kingsmith, Qi) this paper examines the tensions between China’s increasingly comprehensive environmental provisions and its labour policies in the context of China’s shifting expenditures from production to services. In accordance with its commitments to Paris Climate Accord, China’s trade agreements and policy initiatives under the framework of the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) Initiative have taken a more flexible approach and showed greater willingness to prioritize substantive environmental provisions. However, recent attempts by China to bring its heavy industries in line with these new environmental regulations and to initiate a sustained effort to move towards a greener economy has resulted in the laying off of thousands of heavy industry workers, (Guo, 2017). In an attempt to address this problem China has initiated a transition towards an economy with a larger service industry, which the government claims, will “help facilitate a joint strategy of stringent pollution control combined with job growth,” (PRC, 2017). The paper discusses President Xi’s vision of “the ecological civilization” in relation to benchmark environment and labour provisions to highlight the ways China maintains an inflexible position on labour rights, while also positioning itself as a leader against environmental degradation. It concludes with the increasing strain between precarious work and a “greening China” by surveying how current labour policies are plagued by a series of problems that will negatively affect China’s greener ambitions lest in considering new models of “employment configuration” (Swider, 2015).

Musculoskeletal diseases of heavy industrial workers

Musculoskeletal diseases of heavy industrial workers

Upper extremity disorders in heavy industry workers in Greece.

AIMTo investigate the disability due to musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities in heavy industry workers.METHODSThe population under study consisted of 802 employees, both white- and blue-collar, working in a shipyard industry in Athens, Greece. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires and the recording of individual and job-related characteristics during the period 2006-2009. The questionnaires used were the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QD) Outcome Measure, the Work Ability Index (WAI) and the Short-Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey. The QD was divided into three parameters - movement restrictions in everyday activities, work and sports/music activities - and the SF-36 into two items, physical and emotional. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed by means of the SPSS v.22 for Windows Statistical Package.RESULTSThe answers given by the participants for the QD did not reveal great discomfort regarding the execution of manual tasks, with the majority of the participants scoring under 5%, meaning no disability. After conducting multiple linear regression, age revealed a positive association with the parameter of restrictions in everyday activities (b = 0.64, P = 0.000). Basic education showed a statistically significant association regarding restrictions during leisure activities, with b = 2.140 (P = 0.029) for compulsory education graduates. WAI’s final score displayed negative charging in the regression analysis of all three parameters, with b = -0.142 (P = 0.0), b = -0.099 (P = 0.055) and b = -0.376 (P = 0.001) respectively, while the physical and emotional components of SF-36 associated with movement restrictions only in daily activities and work. The participants’ specialty made no statistically significant associations with any of the three parameters of the QD.CONCLUSIONIncreased musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity are associated with older age, lower basic education and physical and mental/emotional health and reduced working ability.

중공업 근로자의 악력 특성 분석에 관한 연구

The WMSDs are known to occur more in upper extremity than lower extremity, and such a ratio is increasing each year. The motions or repeated work requiring excessive strength beyond worker's maximum grip strength were known as a major cause of the WMSDs in upper extremity. To prevent the WMSDs in upper extremity, research on the grip strength characteristics analysis of field workers that can be used as basic data for work design and manual tool design is needed. The purpose of this study is to identify various variables affecting grip strength and is to find out the impacts of grip strength on WMSDs. This research measured the grip strength of 327 field workers at Heavy Industries, and also conducted a questionnaire survey on individual characteristics and job characteristics. As a result of analyzing grip strength, the grip strength was statistically significant (P<0.1) according to the body surface area (BSA) of the research subjects. The differences between percentile groups of grip strength were statistically significant (P<0.1) according to pain levels of hand/wrist/finger and arm/elbow. The comparison results between the average grip strength of Korean adult males and the average grip strength of the survey-targeted heavy industry workers show that the average grip strength of the heavy industry workers was higher by 9.75 kg. This study analyzed relationship between grip strength and the pain levels of hand/wrist/finger and arm/elbow, and compared the findings in this study with those of existing preceding studies. Also, this research comparatively analyzed the grip strength of Korean adult males and survey-targeted heavy industry workers. The findings of this study can be used as useful data for ergonomic work design and manual tool design to prevent WMSDs at industrial worksites, given that almost no data on the grip strength of workers in the industrial sites are found in Korea.

A New Occupational/Industrial Coding System for 19th Century U.S. Heavy Industrial Workers

Many census occupational classification systems have been developed over the last 150 years. Availability of digital census data sets now means such classifications can be systematically analyzed. Examination of heavy industrial workers in the full count U.S. 1880 census, and other censuses, has revealed major problems in the attribution of occupations to industrial sectors. This is traceable to the original enumeration process, and it particularly affects generic tradesmen such as blacksmiths and carpenters, who worked in numerous industrial sectors. As a result, the imputation of industrial sector codes from recorded occupations by the North Atlantic Population Project (NAPP) is substantially in error, suggesting that re-coding of existing census records using non-census sources would be necessary for such industrial sector codes to have empirical validity. A new occupational/industrial coding system, incorporating the NAPP-modified HISCO scheme, is presented. This system is capable of supporting both future re-coding work, in a structured data warehouse environment, and the systematic coding of occupational data from a range of archival sources such as company records and city directories.

중공업 남성근로자의 직무스트레스, 우울, 음주

This study investigates the relationship between occupational stress, depression, drinking among heavy industrial male workers. The participants of this study were 312 workers in a local heavy industry. The data were collected by self-report using questionnaires from May to June, 2014. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. t-test, ANOVA, and pearson correlation coefficient, scheffe test, stepwise multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. The total mean scores of occupational stress on the subjects were 53.77(±6.33), depression were 12.10(±7.44), drinking were 10.32(±7.55). The study showed that drinking is positively correlated with occupational stress, depression. Also drinking explained 15.9% of occupational stress in heavy industrial male workers. This study provides baseline data for the preparation of management strategies that can address the occupational stress, depression, drinking of heavy industrial male workers.

Computerized Human Body Modeling and Work Motion-capturing in a 3-D Virtual Clothing Simulation System for Painting Work Clothes Development

By studying 3-D virtual human modeling, motion-capturing and clothing simulation for easier and safer work clothes development, this research aimed (1) to categorize heavy manufacturing work motions; (2) to generate a 3-D virtual male model and establish painting work motions within a 3-D virtual clothing simulation system through computerized body scanning and motion-capturing; and finally (3) to suggest simulated clothing images of painting work clothes developed based on virtual male avatar body measurements by implementing the work motions defined in the 3-D virtual clothing simulation system. For this, a male subject's body was 3-D scanned and also directly measured. The procedures to edit a 3-D virtual model required the total body shape to be 3-D scanned into a digital format, which was revised using 3-D Studio MAX and Maya rendering tools. In addition, heavy industry workers' work motions were observed and recorded by video camera at manufacturing sites and analyzed to categorize the painting work motions. This analysis resulted in 4 categories of motions: standing, bending, kneeling and walking. Besides, each work motion category was divided into more detailed motions according to sub-work posture factors: arm angle, arm direction, elbow bending angle, waist bending angle, waist bending direction and knee bending angle. Finally, the implementation of the painting work motions within the 3-D clothing simulation system presented the virtual painting work clothes images simulated in a dynamic mode.

Mycobacteria in water used for personal hygiene in heavy industry and collieries: a potential risk for employees.

Environmental mycobacteria (EM) constitute a health risk, particularly for immunocompromised people. Workers in heavy industry and in collieries represent an at-risk group of people as their immunity is often weakened by long-term employment in dusty environments, frequent smoking and an increased occurrence of pulmonary diseases. This study was concerned with the presence of EM in non-drinking water used for the hygiene of employees in six large industrial companies and collieries. Over a period of ten years, 1096 samples of surface water treated for hygiene purposes (treated surface water) and treated surface water diluted with mining water were examined. EM were detected in 63.4 and 41.5% samples of treated surface water and treated surface water diluted with mining water, respectively. Mycobacterium gordonae, M. avium-intracellulare and M. kansasii were the most frequently detected species. Adoption of suitable precautions should be enforced to reduce the incidence of mycobacteria in shower water and to decrease the infectious pressure on employees belonging to an at-risk group of people.

Prevalence of undiagnosed cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year CVD risk in male steel industry workers.

To assess the prevalence of undiagnosed cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a cohort of male steelworkers in South Wales, UK. Male steel industry workers (n = 221) with no prior diagnosis of CVD or diabetes accepted a CVD risk assessment within the work environment. Demographic, anthropometric, family, and medical histories were all recorded and capillary blood samples obtained. The 10-year CVD risk was predicted using the QRISK2-2012 algorithm. Up to 81.5% of workers were either overweight or obese. More than 20% of workers were found to have diastolic hypertension, high total cholesterol, and/or a total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio of six or more. Over one quarter of workers assessed had an increased 10-year CVD risk. Despite a physically demanding occupation, risk assessment in the workplace uncovered significant occult factors in CVD risk in a sample of male heavy industry workers.

3차원 가상착의 시뮬레이션을 이용한 20~50대 연령별 남성 작업복 점퍼 패턴 설계 및 외관평가

The study aimed to evaluate the appearance of the men's work clothes jumpers developed to suggest the prototype work clothes jumper patterns by using the 3-D clothing simulation technology. The 3-D simulated clothing images considered the upper body features of men in the age range between 20 and 59 in South Korea. A questionnaire survey conducted previously suggested a basic jumper style with shirt collar and snap opening cuffs for the heavy industry workers; and discomforting parts of the work clothes jumper of the subject workers have been referred to for the experimental jumper appearance test. Besides, defining the measurements of men's upper bodies enabled to generate the men's 3-D virtual models representing each age group's average body feature. The significant body measurement factors for men's 3-D body modeling and jumper pattern-making were stature for the height factor; chest, waist and hip circumferences for the circumference factor; waist back, hip and arm lengths and interscye front/back for the length factor; and back neck breadth for the breadth factor and armscye and scye depths for the depth factor. The men's body measurements of 30's were implemented to three experimental jumper pattern-making methods, i.e. the 1st method using the relations based on stature and chest circumference; the 2nd method using the direct body measurements; and the 3rd method adopting the maximum ease amount of given body measurements whether relations or direct measurements except the direct measurement of scye depth. A comparison among the three experimental jumpers' simulated images highlighted that the appropriate ease amount of the jumper gained higher scores in terms of the jumpers' front, side, back and sleeve parts and the total silhouettes. Therefore the 3rd experimental jumper was finally selected for the heavy industry workers.