Heaviest Fresh Weight Research Articles

Amelioration of Hypothermia-Induced Damage on Peanut by Exogenous Application of Chitooligosaccharide

Low temperature is the most common abiotic stress factor in peanut cultivation. Chitooligosaccharide (COS) plays an important role in the low-temperature resistance in plants, however, the role of COS in regulating the cold tolerance in peanuts is not clear. This research investigated the effects of exogenous COS on peanut seedlings in response to low temperatures. The results showed that exogenous COS can significantly alleviate the cooling symptoms of seedlings by reducing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) under simulated low-temperature conditions (8 °C). These reductions may be related to the elevation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities and the increased contents of osmotic substances such as soluble sugars (SS), soluble protein (SP), proline (Pro), and total phenols (TP) compared with those in untreated seedlings. Meanwhile, the contents of chlorophyll a and b in a peanut leaf also increased, as well as the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), resulted in an increased plant height, a heavier fresh weight, and an increased dry weight. Notably, the treatment of 100 mg·L−1 COS had maximum gain effects compared with those of other treatments. In summary, this study revealed the usage of COS for chilling stress alleviation, and 100 mg L−1 foliar spraying is recommended.

Protocorm Like Bodies (PLBs) dendrobium orchid “Gatton Sunray”

The Dendrobium Orchid Gatton Sunray is a hybrid orchid of Dendrobium pulchellum × Dendrobium illustre. A study was aimed to find the best type of medium and type of banana for the multiplication of Protocorm-Like Bodies (PLBs) of this orchid. This research was conducted from February to September 2020 at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Bengkulu. Treatments included type of media and cultivar of ripe banana fruit, added as source of organic complex, consisted of 4 cultivars, namely Ambon Curup, Kepok, Tanduk and Mas. Ripe bananas were mashed and added to the in vitro medium as much as 50 g.L-1. Types of media consist of Murashige and Skoog (MS), ½ Doses of Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, and Complex of fertilizer media. The results showed that the ½ MS medium added with 50 g.L-1 cv. Kepok fruit produced the greatest multiplication (11.8 PLBs per jar), the best growth of PLBs, including the greatest PLBs number (28.5 PLBs per jar), the heaviest fresh weight (1.30 g per jar) and the longest PLBs (2.56 cm).

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizospheric Bacillus spp. Isolated from Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

Background: The rhizosphere contains many beneficial microorganisms which have a positive action on plant growth and development. In both natural and controlled ecosystems, beneficial plant-associated bacteria play a key role in supporting and increasing plant health and growth. Methods: In this study, plant growth promoting Bacillus isolates associated with the rhizosphere of black pepper (Piper nigrum) were selected and used for bioassay experiments for the host plant as well as for two test plants viz. French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Pea plant (Pisum sativum). Result: This investigation revealed that the isolates chosen for the study exert a positive effect on the growth of inoculated black pepper plants and the test plants as compared to uninoculated control. Molecular identification of the selected isolates was done based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. All the four isolates exerted a considerable influence on the growth of black pepper cuttings and there is a significant increase in the shoot height and root length compared to untreated cuttings. Seed bacterization of the two test plants resulted in the increment of plant height and a heavier fresh weight and dry weight when compared to control plants. Based on these findings, it is evident that the isolates can be employed to enhance the growth not only of black pepper but of the test plants as well. Hence, according to this study, the selected isolates could be used as plant growth-promoting inoculants to attain the desired results of stem cuttings and seed bacterization.

Functional Characterization of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L.) CsCBF2 Gene Involved in Multiple Abiotic Stress Response in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

C-repeat binding factors/dehydration responsive element binding factors 1 (CBFs/DREB1s) are a small family of transcription factors that play important roles in plant resistance to various external stresses. However, functional characterization of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) CBF gene (CsCBF) was still seldom reported. Here, functional study of the cold-responsive CBF gene (CsCBF2) was done. Results showed that CsCBF2 had conserved AP2 DNA-binding domain and the typical PKK/RPAGRxKFxETRHP and DSAWR signature sequences of CBF/DREB1. Yeast one-hybrid and transcription activation assays revealed that the activation domain of CsCBF2 could activate the reporter gene expression, and the N terminal of CsCBF2 displayed an inhibitory effect. Although CsCBF2 was conserved to bind the C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element (CRT/DRE), intact CsCBF2 protein preferred the CRT cis element. Under normal growth conditions, CsCBF2-overexpressing tobacco plants (CsCBF2-OX) exhibited lighter green leaf color, growth retardation, and dwarfism. Smaller leaf of CsCBF2-OX was only seen in eight weeks after been sown in soil. Under cold, salinity, or drought stress, CsCBF2-OX displayed better growing with longer roots, heavier fresh weight, higher germination rate, and accumulated more proline and sugar contents, but lower electrolyte leakage. The results demonstrated that CsCBF2 enhanced plant tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.

Overexpression of LmgshF from Listeria monocytogenes in Indica Rice Confers Salt Stress Tolerance

Glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine; GSH), is a multi-functional tri-peptide antioxidant, a key agent in defense against abiotic and biotic stress. A novel bi-functional enzyme LmgshF identified from Listeria monocytogenes, had developed transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in indica rice cultivar NAUR-1. LmgshF gene was stably inherited and expressed in T2 plants, as indicated by the results of PCR, ELISA, RT-PCR and qRT-PCR (quantitative real time PCR) analyses. An average expression of LmgshF was 3.03 μg/mg of total soluble protein in leaf extracts of transgenic plants. QRT-PCR analysis of LmgshF showed 5.83- and 6.07-fold higher in gshF-5-7 and gshF-5-8 plants respectively, at 200 mM NaCl treatment in transgenic rice. Under salt stress conditions, transgenic plants possessed higher level of glutathione, proline, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzyme activities, than that of its wild type (WT) plants. It showed better germination, displays long roots, shoots and heavier fresh weights and survival percentage compared to its wild type under salt stress conditions. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis showed that the glutathione content was 14-fold higher in transgenic rice at 200 mM NaCl treatment. Transgenic rice plants showed enhanced levels of glutathione to counter the adverse effects of salinity and resulted in improved salt stress tolerance in rice.

Pearl millet stress-responsive NAC transcription factor PgNAC21 enhances salinity stress tolerance in Arabidopsis

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the sixth-leading cereal crop and a staple food crop. It is known for its high tolerance to abiotic stress and good nutrient profile. NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC) transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in abiotic stress tolerance. In our study, the pearl millet stress-responsive NAC TF gene PgNAC21 was characterized. Gene expression analysis revealed that PgNAC21 expression is induced by salinity stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. In silico promoter analysis showed the presence of ABA response elements (ABREs) and MYB TF binding sites. A yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that a putative MYB TF in pearl millet, PgMYB1, binds to the promoter of PgNAC21. A transactivation assay in yeast cells revealed that PgNAC21 functions as a transcription activator and that its activation domain is located in its C-terminus. Relative to control plants, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PgNAC21 exhibited better seed germination, heavier fresh weight and greater root length under salinity stress. Overexpression of PgNAC21 in Arabidopsis plants also enhanced the expression of stress-responsive genes such as GSTF6 (GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE 6), COR47 (COLD-REGULATED 47) and RD20 (RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 20). Our data demonstrate that PgNAC21 functions as a stress-responsive NAC TF and can be utilized in transgenic approaches for developing salinity stress tolerance in crop plants.

Effect of Fertilizers Using Ferro-Nickel Slag on Chinese Cabbage Growth and Soil Chemical Properties

This study was conducted to investigate the application effect of fertilizer using ferro-nickel slag on Chinese cabbage cultivations in upland field. Field experiments were designed with control (Cn), ferronickel slag soil conditioner fertilizer (FNS SCF), ferronickel magnesium fertilizer (FNS MGF), and conventional silicate fertilizer (CSF) treatments. Chinese cabbage fresh weight, length, leaf width, and leaf number during the harvest period showed high growth at the FNS SCF and FNS MGF treatment area. Compared to the control group, the FNS SCF and CSF treatment areas showed 26% heavier fresh weight. During the harvest period, compared to the growing period, the contend of inorganic components in Chinese cabbage seemed to decrease, but Na2O was increasing in the root. The T-N showed pretty high in the outer leaf at the CSF and FNS MGF treatment areas. Heavy metal content of Chinese cabbage during the harvest period, compared to the growth period, showed overall decrease. During the harvest, the Ni content in the outer leaf showed highest at FNS MGF, in the inner leaf highest at Cn treatment area, and in the root highest at the FNS SCF treatment area. Growth properties of Chinese cabbage in harvest period. Treatment† Fresh weight (g plant-1) Head width Head height Head tightness Plant weight Head weight (cm) (cm) Cn 3.92a‡ 2.41a 17.0a 27.6ab 10.73a FNS SCF 4.88b 3.12b 18.7b 28.9b 13.00b CSF 4.94b 3.10b 18.7b 28.4ab 12.97b FNS MGF 4.33ab 2.73ab 18.0ab 26.8a 11.95ab †Cn, control; FNS SCF, ferronickel slag soil conditioner fertilizer; CSF, conventional silicate fertilizer; FNS MGF, ferronickel magnesium fertilizer.

Characterization of a novel zinc finger transcription factor (TaZnF) from wheat conferring heat stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.

C3HC4-type zinc finger proteins are known to play important roles in various plant processes including regulation of growth and development, signaling networks, responses to abiotic stresses etc. The current study identifies and explores the involvement of TaZnF in plant stress response, mainly heat stress. TaZnF belongs to C4HC3-type zinc finger transcription factor. Phylogenetic analysis of TaZnF revealed strong sequence similarity to Brachypodium distachyon, a model system for crop species. Gene expression studies have revealed its role under diverse stress conditions including heat and cold conditions. The transcript level of TaZnF was found to be highest in seed and starts at the post anthesis period 3-5DAA, a more sensitive stage resulting in a negative influence on the yield of crop species. TaZnF possesses transcriptional activity. Overexpression of TaZnF in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred improved tolerance to both basal and high-temperature stress as observed from various assays examining their growth and development. The transgenics were recovered and showed early flowering compared to wild-type. They had larger primary roots, more lateral branching, bigger, and more numerous leaves, resulting in heavier fresh weight. Enhanced growth and early recovery resulted in bigger plants with more yield. Additionally, the overexpression Arabidopsis transgenics also showed considerable tolerance to cold and oxidative stress. These observations suggest that TaZnF acts as a positive regulator of thermal stress and thus can be of great significance in understanding and improving temperature stress tolerance in plants.

An Exploration into the Effects of Organic and Chemical Compounds on Spinach (Spinacia oleraceae) Growth Attributes

Spinach is one of the important vegetables of Chenopodiacea family. It is from Center Aisa and the most likely Iran and it is considerable for high nutritional value. The present study investigated the influences exerted by such organic fertilizers as mushroom compost, mushroom vermicompost, sheep manure compost, sheep manure vermicompost, cow compost, cow manure vermicompost, municipal compost, chemical compost, and fertilizer-free soil upon spinach growth attributes at 8% and 12% levels. The results revealed the highest length of the plant in 12% mushroom compost and vermicompost and the heaviest fresh weight in cow and 12% mushroom vermicompost. In addition, solid soluble substances and the maximum amount of chlorophyll were reported to be attributed to 12% mushroom compost and mushroom vermicompost and compost at the 8% level, respectively. Therefore, the use of compost and vermicompost organic compounds, that had the high amount of nutrients, is suggested as a good organic manure in agriculture; it causes to increase yields, keep the soil organic matter, amend soil, and provide elements to plants.

Effect of Growing Locations on the Essential Oil Content and Compositions of Lemon Verbena Shrubs under the Conditions of Egypt

The essential oil of lemon verbena Lippia citriodora L. leaves (family Verbenaceae) was evaluated as a new source of essential oil under Egyptian conditions. The leaves of Lippia citriodora, shrubs growing in the Delta Nile and Upper region of Egypt were collected monthly (during a 5-month interval) in order to follow plant development and essential oil composition. The conditions of Delta Nile (Qalyupia) location were favorable in comparison to Upper Egypt (Giza) location since, the high values of plant height, number of branches / plant, leaf area and fresh and dry yield of leaves and twigs were recorded for Qalyupia plants compared with Giza location. At the same time Plants at Qalyupia location produced the heaviest fresh weight of leaves and twigs compared with Giza location. The data indicated that, there was gradual marked decrease in the oil percentage with the increase growth rate of leaves and twigs. Also comparing the results at the top oil yield production in two locations, the plants of Qalyupia location gave the highest yield of oil compared with Giza location. Studies on the chemical compositions of the essential oil of Lemon verbena have been undertaken. The essential oils extracted from leaves and twigs were estimated during the growing season by means of GC, GC-MS. Twenty five compounds were identified in the oil of two locations, they represent approximately 79.0 % and 81.2 % for Giza and Qalyupia oil respectively. The main components of essential oil were Limonene (16.4 % and 15.4 %), Citral ( 15.0% and 13.0 %), Neral (11.3% and 10.3%) and 1,8-Cineole (7.5 % and 9.6%) produced under Nile Delta and Upper Egypt respectively. On the other hand, the changes in the essential oil content (quantity and composition) varied, according to corresponding environmental and growth factors, periodic increase and decrease in their concentrations was observed. The total main constituent percentage varied from 37.8 % in July harvest to 47.6 % in October harvest under Qalyupia location. The lowest value of the total main constituents was found with August harvest under Giza locations (36.8 %)

Cultivation of Lettuce and Considerations of Suitable Item in Plant Factory Adopted Automatic Transportation System

Abstract In a R&D Center for Plant Factory Building B in Osaka Prefecture University was constructed as a project sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, developing technology and verifying practicality for production of low cost and high quality lettuce are aimed using automatic transportation system. Although almost type of plant can be cultivated in fully controlled plant production systems, however, economic performance of these are not high, because of high running and facility expenses. Most of plant factory system related companies focus on developing fully controlled plant production system where most plant can be cultivated such as outdoor or greenhouse culture. These types of plant production system are very expensive and unfit for commercial system, although most plant can be cultivated in the system. However, a study focused on developing plant and cultivating technique suited to existing plant production systems will help to decrease facility and running expenses. Therefore, in this study, 11 kinds of lettuces were cultivated to considerate suitable item in fully controlled plant cultivation system adopted automatic transportation system. In the result of this study, frilly type lettuce was observed as suitable item for automatic transportation system. Leafy type was observed higher growing rate and heavier fresh weight, but it caused malfunction. Tipburn was a major problem in semi heading type.

Heat-inducible C3HC4 type RING zinc finger protein gene from Capsicum annuum enhances growth of transgenic tobacco

Capsicum annuum RING Zinc Finger Protein 1 (CaRZFP1) gene is a novel C3HC4-type RING zinc finger protein gene which was previously isolated from a cDNA library for hot pepper plants treated of heat-shock. The CaRZFP1 was inducible to diverse environmental stresses in hot pepper plants. We introduced the CaRZFP1 into the Wisconsin 38 cultivar of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by Agrobacterium mediated transformation under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Expression of the transgene in the transformed tobacco plants was demonstrated by RNA blot analyses. There appeared no adverse effect of over-expression of the transgene on overall growth and development of transformants. The genetic analysis of tested T(1) lines showed that the transgene segregated in a Mendelian fashion. Transgenic tobacco lines that expressed the CaRZFP1 gene were compared with several different empty vector lines and they exhibited enhanced growth; they have larger primary root, more lateral root, larger hypocotyls and bigger leaf size, resulting in heavier fresh weight. Enhanced growth of transgenic lines accompanied with longer vegetative growth that resulted in bigger plants with higher number of leaves. Microarray analysis revealed the up-regulation of some growth related genes in the transgenic plants which were verified by specific oligomer RNA blot analyses. These results indicate that CaRZFP1 activates and up-regulates some growth related proteins and thereby effectively promoting plant growth.

415 Fertilizer Source and Medium Composition Affect Growth of Moth Orchid

Vegetatively propagated Phalaenopsis Atien Kaala `TSC 22' plants 10 cm in leaf spread were potted in a medium that consisted of either 100% fine grade Douglas fir bark or a mixture of 70% fir bark and 30% sphagnum peat. Plants were fertigated at each irrigation with 10N-13.1P-16.6K (10-30-20), 20N-2.2P-15.8K (20-5-19), 20N-8.6P-16.6K (20-20-20), or a 2N-0.4P-1.7K (2-1-2) liquid fertilizer at a common N rate of 200 mg•L-1. After 1 year in a greenhouse, plants grown in the bark/peat medium produced more leaves and had heavier fresh weights and larger total leaf areas than those in 100% bark. In the bark medium, the 20N-2.2P-15.8K fertilizer resulted in best plants, despite its low P concentration (22 mg•L-1). When grown in bark/peat, the two fertilizers (20N-2.2P-15.8K and 20N-8.6P-16.6K) containing urea as part of their N source (10% and 52%, respectively) resulted in plants with 40% to 50% heavier shoot fresh weight and 40% larger leaf area than the other fertilizers. With any given fertilizer, plants had similar root weights in both media. Media and fertilizers had limited or no effect on the concentrations of minerals in the second mature acropital leaves except P, the concentration of which nearly doubled in leaves of plants grown in 100% bark. Water extracts from the bark/peat medium had lower pH, higher EC, and elevated levels of NH4-N, Ca, Fe, Na, Cl, B, and Al than those from 100% bark. Exacts from the bark medium did not have detectable levels of NO3-N, whereas extracts from the bark/peat medium all had similar levels of NO3-N, regardless of which fertilizer was applied.

Germination, Growth, and Seed Production ofIpomoea hederaceawhen Planted at Monthly Intervals

In 1979 and 1980, ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq. # IPOHE] seed were planted in field plots at monthly intervals beginning with March and continuing through October. During the first 9 weeks, seedlings from the July plantings grew more rapidly than those from the other monthly plantings and produced the heaviest fresh weights. Vegetative growth slowed after the 9-week harvest and seedlings from June plantings had heavier fresh weights at the 12-week harvest. Plants from the July planting produced the greatest number of seed at both the 9- and 12-week harvests. After scarifying, seed produced by plants from April through August (12-week harvest) germinated best with the 27/32 C night/day air temperature regime, but also germinated at 15/21, 21/27, and 27/32 C regimes. Ivyleaf morningglory seed did not germinate at an air temperature regime of 10/15 C. With an air temperature regime of 32/38 C the germination of some lots began to decrease.