Heat Research Articles

Dual-band photodetector based on a large circular dichroism

Room temperature near-infrared photodetector has important applications in military, aerospace, and other fields. However, the development of highly efficient and highly selective circularly polarized photodetectors is still a challenge. Here, we theoretically demonstrate a near-infrared photodetector based on the dual-band perfect absorber in a filleted L-shaped chiral dielectric metal metasurface, and the optical, thermal, and electrical properties are analyzed in detail. Numerical simulation results show that two absorption peaks at λ=1129 nm and λ=1148 nm under right-hander circularly polarized (RCP) are achieved, and the absorption rate is both greater than 90%, while the electromagnetic waves are almost completely reflected under left-hander circularly polarized (LCP), which indicates that the proposed system has strong optical chirality. Then, we investigate the effects of polarization angle and structure period on the absorption spectra. The relationship between the surface temperature of the thermo-sensitive material and the wavelength is calculated when the absorber is used as the heat source. Finally, two kinds of chiral photodetectors based on different effects, thermoelectric and pyroelectric effects, are designed, and the temperature time-varying relationship of the thermo-sensitive material is mainly discussed at λ=1129 nm. By constructing a complete external circuit, the correlated electrical properties of the system to the load are analyzed. This integrated photothermoelectric numerical simulation method can comprehensively consider the optical, thermal, and electrical effects so as to more accurately predict the overall performance of the photo-detection system in practical applications, which can significantly improve the overall efficiency of the system and achieve better energy utilization and performance.

PREDICTION OF WELD-ABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DUAL-PHASE STEEL HCT600X BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Dual-phase (DP) steel plates are characterized by very good absorption capacity, so they are used in the automotive industry for body deformation zone parts. They are attached to the frame of the car-body by welding. Laser welding of dual-phase steels is gaining increasing importance in the automotive industry. In the present paper, the possibility of predicting the strength and deformation characteristics of laser-welded HCT600X steel sheets was analyzed based on experiments and numerical simulations. Butt joints were formed by YLS-5000 laser in two variants, which differ by laser power input and welding speed. The HCT600X- HCT600X with welded joint was analyzed based on microstructure and mechanical tests. The tensile strength and hardness of the welded joints were greater than those of the base material (BM). The microstructure of the weld metal (fusion zone) consisted of martensite, austenite and bainite, in the heat-affected zone it consisted of a mixture of martensite, bainite, ferrite and residual austenite. In numerical simulation, the finite-element mesh was created by linear volume elements refined in the weld region, and the Gauss model of the surface heat source was applied when modelling laser welding. The results of numerical simulation of the microstructure and selected mechanical properties were correlated with the experimental results.

Investigation on the Influence of Rural Residents' Behavior Regulation on Gas-Fired Combi-Boiler Heating in Northern China

Abstract There is basically no research on the impact of rural residents' behavior on heating when using gas-fired heating and hot water combi-boilers as a heat source. Two residential buildings in rural areas of Handan were selected for the study, indoor and outdoor temperatures and gas consumption were tested, and a survey of residents' behavior was conducted. The results show that the ratio of actual heat inputs to rated heat input in two buildings is 47–76% and 25–91%, indicating that the reason for the indoor temperature being lower than design temperature is not the insufficient heating capacity of the heating system, but rather the result of residents actively adjusting the combi-boilers. Resident behavior adjustment has a significant impact on the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor and gas consumption for heating. Compared to the automatic adjustment behavior mode, the maximum deviation of the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor under artificial adjustment behavior during period 1 is 59%, with an average deviation of 44%. However, the average gas consumption is reduced by 9.2%. The study reflects that rural residents actively adjust the gas-fired combi-boilers to significantly reduce the gas cost of building heating while meeting their own thermal comfort requirements.

Design Modification of the Retort Burner for Phytomass in a Small Heat Source

AbstractPhytomass, a renewable energy source, faces the challenge of ash agglomeration due to its low ash fusion temperature. To address this, chemical modification (adding additives) and co-combustion with other fuels are explored. This study focuses on combustion of phytomass with wood biomass and mechanical modifications to the combustion chamber. The goal is to maintain the chamber temperature below the ash fusion point. Modifications included a modulated burner and water cooling. Combustion of phytomass with wood biomass in the ratio of 60/40, 40/60 and 20/80 had a beneficial effect on increasing the heat source output by 5% and reducing SOX emissions from 61 to 21 mg−3 by adding the wood to hay. The modification of the burner resulted in a reduction of particulate matter from the range 110–140 mg m−3 without cooling to the range 90–110 mg m−3 with cooling depending on the phyto/wood ratio and a reduction in the formation of deposits. By cooling the burner, the temperature at the exit from the combustion chamber was reduced from approx. 560 to 460 °C and at the height above the reaction zone of the flame from 500 to 320 °C. The co-combustion and additional cooling were not such effective, two other modifications were suggested for breaking up or sliding the resulting agglomerates from the surface of the retort. The proposed devices could have potential, as the investment in such a device is more cost-effective than the purchase of a special boiler for burning alternative pellets.

Enhanced Modeling and Control of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems via AM‐LSTM Networks Based Nonlinear MPC

ABSTRACTThe organic Rankine cycle (ORC) serves as an effective means of converting low‐grade heat sources into power, playing a pivotal role in environmentally friendly production and energy recovery. However, the inherent complexity, strong and unidentified nonlinearity, and control constraints pose significant challenges to designing an optimal controller for ORC systems. To address these issues, this research introduces a novel modeling and control framework for ORC systems. Leveraging an attention mechanism‐based long short‐term memory (AM‐LSTM) network, the dynamic characteristics of ORC systems, which are subject to non‐Gaussian disturbances, are accurately modeled. A performance metric based on survival information potential (SIP) is developed to optimize the network parameters. Furthermore, a multi‐objective optimization approach that integrates nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) with the multiverse optimizer (MVO) algorithm is implemented to ensure effective control under varying operating conditions and constraints. Through extensive simulations, the proposed framework demonstrates superior accuracy, robustness, and control performance for ORC systems.

Explore the operational performance of phase change radiation terminal heating system in different heating zones of China

IntroductionHeating is one of the main factors leading to high energy consumption and serious carbon emissions in buildings. The clean heating system formed by the coupling of phase change building maintenance structure and solar heating system can improve the thermal storage density of the building maintenance structure, while reducing energy consumption in winter while maintaining a comfortable room temperature through stable energy security.MethodsTherefore, a phase change radiation terminal heating (PCRTH) system with the phase change radiation module as the terminal and the solar energy and air energy as the clean heat source is established in this study. Nanjing, Tianjin and Shenyang in China were selected as the study zones which correspond to the hot summer and cold winter zone, the cold zone and the severe cold zone respectively. The operational effect of the PCRTH system in different climate zones was studied, and the parameters of the PCRTH system were optimized by the GenOpt program combined with Hooke-Jeeves optimization algorithm.ResultsThe analysis results show that the cascade phase change radiation terminals in the three zones reduced room temperature fluctuation, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, but the heating cost was higher. After the Hooke-Jeeves optimization algorithm was used to optimize the PCRTH system parameters in three zones, the PCRTH system heating cost was reduced, and the PCRTH system energy consumption and PCRTH system carbon dioxide emissions were further reduced.DiscussionTherefore, the building heating system composed of PCM maintenance structure and renewable energy has great application advantages in maintaining a comfortable room temperature and improving heating system energy conservation and environmental protection.

Insights into the Relationship between Temperature Variation and NAPL Removal during In Situ Thermal Remediation of Soil in the Presence of NAPL-Water Co-boiling: A Two-Dimensional Visualized Sandbox Study.

Thermal remediation effectively treats sites contaminated with nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) by heating soil. A key process is the co-boiling at the water-NAPL interface, which lowers the boiling point due to combined vapor pressures, potentially reducing energy needs. However, determining the optimal end time for heating is challenging due to the invisible nature of underground NAPL, often resulting in excessive energy use. The initial NAPL pool size and distance from the heat source influence the spatiotemporal evolution of the NAPL-water interface, defining three zones: the co-boiling equilibrium zone, a nonequilibrium zone, and an unaffected zone. The temperature data collected by fixed temperature sensors can reflect the spatiotemporal evolution of these zones, offering valuable insights into NAPL removal. This study tackles these challenges using a two-dimensional visualized sandbox integrated with real-time image processing and an array of temperature sensors to monitor the NAPL removal and temperature variation. The results reveal semiquantitatively the impact of different initial NAPL amounts and spatial distributions on temperature variations. An optimized strategy is proposed for temperature sensor positioning, and a qualitative relationship is established between the temperature increase and NAPL removal. These findings can enhance our understanding of subsurface temperature dynamics, supporting more efficient, decarbonized remediation practices.

On the Photo-Thermoelastic Interaction in a Functionally Graded Medium Due to Nonlocal Heat Transport

This study focuses on the photo-thermoelastic interaction for a functionally graded semiconductor in the context of nonlocal heat conduction law. The medium is assumed to be functionally graded in which, the graded changes have been justified by the exponential variation of the material gradients. The bounding plane of the medium is influenced by a periodically varying heat source. The heat transport equation is governed by the nonlocal Moore–Gibson–Thompson (MGT) theory, which assimilates the memory-dependent derivative within a slipping interval. Laplace and the Fourier transform techniques have been utilized to arrive at the solutions of the governing equations. Moreover, the solutions in real space-time domain can be determined upon successively applying the inversion of the Fourier transform with the help of residual calculus, in which, the poles of the integrand have calculated numerically in complex domain by accomplishing Laguerre’s method. Also, the inversion of the Laplace transform has been performed numerically using a method based on Fourier series expansion technique. From the numerical estimates, the profound effect of various parameters such as the nonlocal parameter, correlating length parameter and the time-delay parameter on the thermophysical quantities has been discussed. From the numerical study, the superiority of a nonlinear kernel function compared to a linear kernel is analyzed. A comparative study of the existing literature with the present results have been depicted. A validation example is also considered to show the accuracy and efficiency of the current demonstration.

Entropic Analysis of the Maximum Output Power of Thermoradiative Cells

Abstract In this study, entropic analysis is combined with the detailed balance model to determine the maximum output power of thermoradiative (TR) cells, which are semiconductor devices that generate electric power from a heat source that emits photons to a cold reservoir. Previous studies used different models without addressing their interconnections and inherent assumptions. This work unifies these models by considering the modified Bose-Einstein distribution of photons and reveals the underlying relationship between different models. The findings provide useful insights on the application and optimization of emissive power generation devices for harvesting low-grade heat and space power generation.

Improving Energy Efficiency of School Buildings: A Case Study of Thermal Insulation and Window Replacement Using Cost-Benefit Analysis and Energy Simulations

This study demonstrates the benefits of comprehensive school building (SB) energy efficiency (EE) improvements through building envelope renovations, lighting upgrades, and changes to cleaner heat sources. The parametric study in the building energy simulation software was used to check the application of various interventions on the energy consumption of existing SBs while reducing CO2 emissions with the most profitable return on investment (ROI). The energy savings from window replacements did not correspond with expectations. However, other measures such as the wall, roof insulation, and lighting modernization improved EE by up to 152 kWh/m2 and 41 kg/m2 CO2/m2 annually. The study also points to a significant trade-off between district heating (which reduces CO2 but has a slower ROI) and other heating solutions. The results suggest that climate-specific insulation thickness and glazing type needs are required, and optimal insulation strategies are shown to improve EE by 48–56% and CO2 reductions of 45–56%. Lighting replacement and biogas boiler use were both impactful. The findings support the importance of sustainable practices, which should stimulate educational awareness and environmental responsibility. This research presents actionable insights for EE and sustainable development from within educational facilities.

Novel Process Approach for Extrusion-Based Metal Wire Additive Manufacturing Using Induction Heating as a Heat Source

A growing number of additive manufacturing (AM) applications use induction heating because of its precision, affordability, safety, and cleanliness. It is widely used in many industrial processes, such as melting, welding, brazing, and preheating. Wire is a considerably more efficient material to use than powder when used as feedstock. Unfortunately, there is still much to learn about the application of induction heating as a heat source in extrusion-based metal additive manufacturing, particularly when wire feedstock is used. This gap was filled by investigating, inhouse developed metal AM system which consists of the combination of induction heating as a heat source and metal wire as a feedstock in additive manufacturing. For this kind of application, induction heating is especially useful since it produces heat inside the workpiece by creating eddy currents. Finite element analysis was initially used to analyze the suitability of extruder material for printing aluminum material. After this investigation, the ability to print aluminum alloy in an extrusion-based metal wire additive manufacturing process with a cast iron extruder has been evaluated through experimentation. Simulation and experimentation results confirm the suitability of cast iron as an extruder material for printing aluminium alloys in a semi-solid state. The tensile test results of wire samples printed through induction heated metal additive manufacturing have been comparable to those of the original wire due to printing the same in a semi-solid state. Though they did not reach the levels attained by wire arc additive manufacturing and casting processes, it was found that the new extrusion-based wire samples showed better elongation and yield strength than the original wire.

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Hot Springs in Da Qaidam Area, Northern Qaidam Margin of the Qaidam Basin

Hydrogeochemical research on fluids is an effective method to understand the formation mechanism, occurrence environment, and circulation process of groundwater. The groundwater sampling sites are located in the town of Dachaidan on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which was selected as the study object. Samples were collected from hot and cold springs and surface water in the area. This study is based on the analysis of water chemistry and isotopes, and aims (1) to discuss the chemical characteristics of groundwater in Da Qaidam, (2) to estimate the deep reservoir temperatures, recharge elevation and circulation depth of geothermal waters, and (3) to figure out the heat source beneath the geothermal area and its genetic mechanism. The result showed the following: The hydrochemical type of the hot spring is Cl·SO4-Na and Cl-Na, and the hydrochemical type of cold spring is SO4·HCO3-Na·Ca and Cl·HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na. The main source of groundwater recharge is snow and ice melt water. The recharge elevation ranges from 4666.8 m to 5755.9 m. The geothermal reservoir temperature is about 119.15–126.6 °C. Ice and snow melt water infiltrate into the high mountainous areas on the north side of Da Qaidam and circulate underground through the developed deep and large fractures. Part of the groundwater migrates upwards under the water conduction of the Da Qaidam fault fracture zone to form cold springs, while another part is heated by deep circulation and exposed to the surface in the form of medium to low temperature tectonic hot springs. The research results can provide a scientific basis for geothermal resource exploitation and utilization in Qinghai Province.

131 and 304 Å Emission Variability Increases Hours Prior to Solar Flare Onset

Abstract Thermal changes in coronal loops are well studied, both in quiescent active regions and in flaring scenarios. However, relatively little attention has been paid to loop emission in the hours before the onset of a solar flare; here, we present the findings of a study of over 50 off-limb flares of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite class C5.0 and above. We investigated the integrated emission variability for Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly channels 131, 171, 193, and 304 Å for 6 hr before each flare and compared these quantities to the same time range and channels above active regions without proximal flaring. We find significantly increased emission variability in the 2–3 hr before flare onset, particularly for the 131 and 304 channels. This finding suggests a potential new flare prediction methodology. The emission trends between the channels are not consistently well correlated, suggesting a somewhat chaotic thermal environment within the coronal portion of the loops that disturbs the commonly observed heating and cooling cycles of quiescent active region loops. We present our approach and the resulting statistics and discuss the implications for heating sources in these preflaring active regions.

Life cycle environmental impacts and costs of water electrolysis technologies for green hydrogen production in the future

BackgroundTo limit climate change and reduce further harmful environmental impacts, the reduction and substitution of fossil energy carriers will be the main challenges of the next few decades. During the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), the participants agreed on the beginning of the end of the fossil fuel era. Hydrogen, when produced from renewable energy, can be a substitute for fossil fuel carriers and enable the storage of renewable energy, which could lead to a post-fossil energy age. This paper outlines the environmental impacts and levelized costs of hydrogen production during the life cycle of water electrolysis technologies.ResultsThe environmental impacts and life cycle costs associated with hydrogen production will significantly decrease in the long term (until 2045). For the case of Germany, the worst-case climate change results for 2022 were 27.5 kg CO2eq./kg H2. Considering technological improvements, electrolysis operation with wind power and a clean heat source, a reduction to 1.33 kg CO2eq./kg H2 can be achieved by 2045 in the best case. The electricity demand of electrolysis technologies is the main contributor to environmental impacts and levelized costs in most of the considered cases.ConclusionsA unique combination of possible technological, environmental, and economic developments in the production of green hydrogen up to the year 2045 was presented.Based on a comprehensive literature review, several research gaps, such as a combined comparison of all three technologies by LCA and LCC, were identified, and research questions were posed and answered. Consequently, prospective research should not be limited to one type of water electrolysis but should be carried out with an openness to all three technologies. Furthermore, it has been shown that data from the literature for the LCA and LCC of water electrolysis technologies differ considerably in some cases. Therefore, extensive research into material inventories for plant construction and into the energy and mass balances of plant operation are needed for a corresponding analysis to be conducted. Even for today’s plants, the availability and transparency of the literature data remain low and must be expanded.

Nature loofah network‐inspired rapid thermal‐conductive and thermochromic‐based nanocomposites for efficient heat management in advanced electronic devices

AbstractThe development of 5G technology has raised concerns about the heat buildup in microelectronic components, which can hinder device performance and integration. Inspired by the structure of loofah, we designed thermally conductive substrates using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and graphene oxide (GO) incorporated into copper foam (F‐Cu). We also created nano‐thermal management composites with organic thermochromic material‐GO/PDMS/F‐Cu. The composites had a thermal conductivity of 1.02 Wm−1 K−1 with 15 wt% content of (35‐, 45‐, and 65‐) organic thermochromic materials (OTM), showing efficient heat dissipation. Practical testing showed significantly improved cooling effects compared to pure copper foam, with a CPU temperature drop of 9.6°C. Additionally, the surface color changes at specific temperature thresholds, offering an innovative way to determine the temperature range of electronic devices. This material also provides a solution for monitoring the temperature of densely integrated electronic devices.Highlights Enables temperature visualization in microelectronics. The nanocomposite achieves a value of 1.08 Wm−1 K−1. Nanocomposites predict heat source temperature via thermochromic coating. The cyclic test exhibits commendable stability and reliability.

Thermal characteristics of nanofluid through a convective surface under influential heating source and temperature slip

Thermal characteristics of nanofluid through a convective surface under influential heating source and temperature slip

Suppression of the thermoacoustic oscillations in Y-shaped Rijke tube using discharge plasma

A tube, open at both ends and equipped with a heat source, forms the most fundamental thermoacoustic system, known as the Rijke tube. In this study, a Y-shaped Rijke tube was constructed and its multimodal oscillatory characteristics were experimentally investigated which depend on various acoustic boundaries and the location of the heat source. The study specifically focuses on how different acoustic modes contribute to understanding the overall effectiveness of discharge plasma in suppressing thermoacoustic instabilities, and how the pressure perturbations affect thermoacoustic oscillations. The results indicate that discharge plasma can completely suppress oscillations at any frequency, any modes. Furthermore, the critical average power of discharges required for complete suppression and the most effective position for discharge application in different oscillatory modes were experimentally determined.

Integrated Energy Management in Small-Scale Smart Grids Considering the Emergency Load Conditions: A Combined Battery Energy Storage, Solar PV, and Power-to-Hydrogen System

This study introduces an advanced Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model tailored for comprehensive electrical and thermal energy management in small-scale smart grids, addressing emergency load shedding and overload situations. The model integrates combined heat and power sources, capable of simultaneous electricity and heat generation, alongside a mobile photovoltaic battery storage system, a wind resource, a thermal storage tank, and demand response programs (DRPs) for both electrical and thermal demands. Power-to-hydrogen systems are also incorporated to efficiently convert electrical energy into heat, enhancing network synergies. Utilizing the robust Gurobi solver, the model aims to minimize operating, fuel, and maintenance costs while mitigating environmental impact. Simulation results under various scenarios demonstrate the model’s superior performance. Compared to conventional evolutionary methods like particle swarm optimization, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III, and biogeography-based optimization, the proposed model exhibits remarkable improvements, outperforming them by 11.4%, 5.6%, and 11.6%, respectively. This study emphasizes the advantages of employing DRP and heat tank equations to balance electrical and thermal energy relationships, reduce heat losses, and enable the integration of larger photovoltaic systems to meet thermal constraints, thus broadening the problem’s feasible solution space.

Probing the heating of the neutral atomic interstellar medium in the Dwarf Galaxy Survey through infrared cooling lines

Star formation in galaxies is regulated by dynamical and thermal processes. In the Milky Way and star-forming galaxies with similar metallicity, the photoelectric effect on small dust grains usually dominates the heating of the neutral atomic gas, which constitutes the main star-forming gas reservoir. In more metal-poor galaxies, the lower dust-to-gas mass ratio together with the higher occurrence and luminosity of X-ray sources suggest that other heating mechanisms may be at play. We aim to determine the contribution of the photoelectric effect, photoionization by UV and X-ray photons, and ionization by cosmic rays to the total heating of the neutral gas in a sample of 37 low-metallicity galaxies. In particular, we wish to assess whether X-ray sources can be a significant source of heating. We also attempt to recover the intrinsic X-ray fluxes and compare them with observations when available. We used the statistical code MULTIGRIS together with a photoionization grid of Cloudy models propagating radiation from stellar clusters and potential X-ray sources to the ionized and neutral gas. This grid includes physical parameters such as metallicity, gas density, ionization parameter, and radiative source properties. We describe a galaxy as a combination of many 1D components linked by a few physical hyperparameters. We used infrared cooling lines as constraints to evaluate the most likely combinations and parameters. We constrained the heating fractions for the main mechanisms for the first time in a low-metallicity galaxy sample. We show that for the higher metallicity galaxies, the photoelectric effect dominates the neutral gas heating. At metallicities below $1/8$ the Milky Way value, cosmic rays and photoionization can become predominant. We computed an observational proxy for the photoelectric effect heating efficiency on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using the total cooling traced by We show that this proxy can match theoretical expectations when accounting for the fraction of the heating due to the photoelectric effect according to our models. Finally, we show that it is possible to predict the X-ray fluxes reasonably well in the $0.3-8$\,keV band from the gas cooling lines for most of the galaxies observed in this band. With the current grid and assumptions, determining the exact heating fraction due to cosmic rays remains difficult, but we speculate that heating from X-ray sources is more important. As expected from the low abundance of dust and PAHs in metal-poor galaxies, heating mechanisms other than the photoelectric effect heating must be accounted for. Bright X-ray sources may deposit their energy on large scales in such transparent, dust-poor interstellar medium, and thus they represent promising avenues to understand the physical properties of the main star-forming gas reservoir in galaxies. The modeling strategy adopted here makes it possible to recover the global intrinsic radiation field properties when X-ray observations are unavailable, such as in early universe galaxies.

Effect of Interface Bonding on Optimizing the Heat Transfer in Substrate Board With an Array of Heat Sources

ABSTRACTEffective heat distribution in electronic circuitry is essential to improve the performance and life of electronic components such as chips. This study presents a numerical analysis of heat transfer on a substrate board populated with an array of discrete heat sources, assumed to be placed in a horizontal air channel for forced convection cooling. The analysis of electronic packages is performed, taking into consideration the effect of thermal contact conductance (TCC) between the heat source (chip) and the substrate board. The dependence of the temperature distribution on the Reynolds number of air at the inlet and the heating power from the heat source is investigated for inlet velocities ranging from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s and observed to be significant. Temperature and heat transfer coefficient are observed to systematically increase with the increase in the heat dissipation from the heat source. Two configurations—inline and staggered—are analyzed, with the staggered configuration showing superior cooling performance. This improvement is attributed to the fact that staggered arrangements expose fewer heat sources to pre‐heated air before it exits the system. Additionally, the location of the heat source reaching the highest temperature is found to be highly dependent on the TCC of the bonding material between the heat source and the substrate. A hybrid optimization strategy is employed, by combining Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimizing the location of heat sources. ANN is used for predicting the temperature distribution, subsequently followed by GA to minimize the maximum temperature attained by the heat generating source by varying other control variables like TCC thickness, inlet velocity, and heat generation. The thickness of the bonding layer is varied from 0.225 to 0.271 mm and the heat generation is varied from 1000 to 2000 W/m2. Among them, TCC is observed to be an important parameter controlling the optimum location of heat generating sources. The results obtained from the proposed hybrid optimization strategy are compared with the simulation results and observed to be reasonably close.