Heat Metering System Research Articles

Research and development of data compression methods for technical monitoring systems

Objective. The aim of the study is to develop methods for data compression in relation to monitoring systems.Method. The studies were carried out mainly experimentally, by processing data generated by the information-measuring system of the Altai State Technical University in the process of meteorological observations, temperature control and control of the consumption of such energy resources as hot and cold water, heat supply. However, when it was proposed to change their structure and presentation form to compact the stored data, the degree of compression was found theoretically.Result. The results of studies conducted with the participation of the author of the publication in the field of data processing, transmission and storage are presented. Methods for streaming data compression “on the fly” as it arrives, both lossy and lossless, as well as methods based on optimizing the structure of databases designed to store information collected during monitoring, are considered. The main attention is paid to the consideration of data compression created in the process of temperature monitoring, since it is the control and monitoring of temperature processes that is most common in various technical process control systems, heat metering systems both on the consumer side (housing and communal services) and on the side of the heat supply organization.Conclusion. In the vast majority of cases, lossless compression allows you to compress the information received from the monitoring system by more than 10 times, and lossy compression is much stronger, and without losing the pragmatic value of the stored information.

Investigation of Indoor Thermal Environment and Heat-Using Behavior for Heat-Metering Households in Northern China

Heat-using behavior has a major impact on heating energy in heat-metering systems, and therefore, a better understanding can assist in behavior guidance to reduce energy. The objective of this paper was to investigate heat-using behavior, including adjusting heating end valves and operating windows, and identify the main factors affecting the heat-using behavior of households in heat-metering modes. Thirty households were measured and surveyed. The factors influencing heat-using behavior, including outdoor and indoor environmental parameters and time of day, were analyzed. The results are the following: (1) The indoor temperature for heat-metering households was relatively high, up to 24–25 °C (95% confidence interval). (2) The heat-using behavior of households has a lack of rationality: a low proportion of households with adjusted heating end valves, high indoor temperature settings, and more frequent window openings. Improving indoor comfort is the main reason for households to adjust heating end valves, accounting for 79% (95% confidence interval, CI: 71–87%). “Thermostat control valve does not work” is the main reason for households without adjustment, accounting for 63% (95% confidence interval, CI: 53–72%). (3) Time of day and indoor temperature affect active households’ willingness to adjust heating end valves. Time of day, indoor temperature, and outdoor temperature have impacts on opening windows during heating periods.

Smart sensors network for accurate indirect heat accounting in apartment buildings

A new method for accurate indirect heat accounting in apartment buildings has been recently developed by the Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM). It is based on a data driven approach aimed to the smart networking of any type of indirect heat allocation devices, which can provide, for each heat delivery point of an apartment building, measurements or estimations of the temperature difference between the heat transfer fluid and the indoor environment. The analysis of the data gathered from the devices installed on the heating bodies, together with the measurements of the overall building heat consumption provided by direct heat metering, allows the evaluation of the characteristic thermal model parameters of heating bodies at actual installation and working conditions. Thus overcoming the negative impact on accuracy of conventional indirect heat accounting due to off-design operation, in which these measurement systems normally operate. The method has been tested on conventional heat cost allocators (HCA), and on innovative smart radiator thermostatic valves developed by CSEM. The evaluations were carried out at the centralized heating system mock-up of the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), and also in a real building in Neuchatel, Switzerland. The method has proven to be an effective tool to improve the accuracy of indirect heat metering systems; compared to conventional HCA systems, the error on the individual heating bill is reduced by 20%–50%.

COMPARABLE ANALYSIS OF THE INSTRUMENT PARK OF COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTING OF THERMAL ENERGY IN THE URBAN DISTRICT SAMARA

A comparative metrological analysis of the instrument fl eet of commercial accounting of heat energy and coolant was carried out based on the results of periodic calibration of measuring instruments in 2004 - 2005 and 2016 - 2017. Methods reviewed for assessing the suitability of coolants and their components (fl ow, temperature, pressure transducers) and measuring sets based on them. From the metrological point of view, the obtained results of the analysis make it more reasonable to form a list of recommended metering devices, and they will also be useful in predicting the costs of metrological and routine maintenance of existing heat metering systems.

Analysis on Issues of Control and Operation Regulation of the Variable Flow in Heat Metering System

Poor thermal comfort of indoor and low efficiency of heating system can always be found in the buildings with large energy consumption. This paper adopted a comparison method to carry on the energy consumption analysis of several control and operation regulation modes of heat metering heating system. A demonstration project in Tianjin was selected as an example to calculate the energy consumption of circulating water pumps of the secondary pipe network in different combinations of control and regulation, and carries on the comparative analysis. It is concluded that circulating water pumps will be the lowest energy consumption under the remote constant pressure control. And it points out the major problems existing in current, which is beneficial for scholars’ further study on heat metering system.

Economic and Technical Analysis of Several Heat Metering Modes: A Case Study from Beijing, China

Poor thermal comfort of indoor and low efficiency of heating system can always be found in the buildings with large energy consumption. This paper adopted a comparison method to carry on the energy consumption analysis of several control and operation regulation modes of heat metering heating system. A demonstration project in Tianjin was selected as an example to calculate the energy consumption of circulating water pumps of the secondary pipe network in different combinations of control and regulation, and carries on the comparative analysis. It is concluded that circulating water pumps will be the lowest energy consumption under the remote constant pressure control. And it points out the major problems existing in current, which is beneficial for scholars’ further study on heat metering system.

Comprehensive Method of Energy Efficiency of Residential House

The article describes a method of increasing the efficiency of heat energy. The method is based on installation of heat metering system and automatic controlled domestic heating plant in residential building. An example of comparative calculation of the heat input and estimation for heat energy in a typical residential building, according to different methods which are used for the calculation of extra charge by the energy supplier, in the presence of the heat metering system and automatic controlled domestic heating plant and without. Calculated payback period of the proposed activities.

Study on the Resistance Characteristics of Heat Metering System Based on Electric Valve

Through theoretical calculations and derivation, the paper obtained the relationship between resistance coefficient and pressure difference, as well as flow rate. For the series pipeline, the flow in the series pipeline is the same, as a result, all the resistance in the series pipeline is the total resistance. For the parallel pipeline, the pressure difference is same, and the all the flow in parallel pipeline is the total flow. According to the real example, the paper identified the inlet pressure difference of the indoor system, the most unfavorable ring and the ratio frictional resistance. Based on the room heat load calculation, the paper determined the most unfavorable loop diameter of each pipe section. By calculating the resistance coefficients of the electric valve at opening, the resistance coefficients of the electric valve at closing were obtained. In the experiment system, the resistance coefficient average value when the electric valve is off was 101831.65, which is basically in line with the calculable value 10719.6, indicating that the existing parameters are much more reasonable.

Optimal Design for the Room Temperature Control and Household Heat Metering System

With the improvement of peoples living standard, decreasing of heating energy consumption is significant for building energy saving. The practice of household heat metering system can accelerate the promotion process of household metering, regulation and control. This can improve the indoor thermal comfort of residential building and energy saving awareness, so that it will promote the development of building energy saving and emission reduction. In this paper, room temperature control and household heat metering system are optimally designed, and intelligent on-off valve regulation is developed to control room temperature. The results show that heat waste is greatly reduced by using household heat metering system and a better thermal comfort is obtained.

Design and Tests of Wireless Network for Heat Metering System

A wireless self-organizing network for heat metering system is designed based on ZigBee in this paper. XBee-Pro module is used for terminal nodes. Such nodes set up wireless mesh network, collecting heating meter data on one hand and realizing remote transmission of data though setting up mesh network with Router and Coordinator. The test is showing that wireless network system based on XBee-Pro module is convenient to use, reliable to transmit data and applies to collect spot discrete data and wireless transmission and meet requirement of heating meter remote transmission, realizing informatization and automation of controlling and monitoring of heating meter system.

Design of Remote Transmission System for Wireless Heat Metering

A design scheme is proposed in this paper for heat metering remote transmission system based on the Xbee Pro module. Wireless network technology is used in the scheme. A dynamic monitoring, control and transmission network is composed by the wireless network system and the computer in the monitoring and control center. The real-time data detected from heat metering system can be transmitted and monitored. Xbee Pro module and MSP430FW427 single-chip micro-computer are used in the nodes or terminals of the system. The self-provided functions and modules of the components are taken into sufficient consideration in the design to make the system performance as superior as possible and the system structure as simple as possible. In this way, the transmission system with low power consumption and simple structure is achieved.

Design of Remote Transmission System for Wireless Heat Metering

A design scheme is proposed in this paper for heat metering remote transmission system based on the Xbee Pro module. Wireless network technology is used in the scheme. A dynamic monitoring, control and transmission network is composed by the wireless network system and the computer in the monitoring and control center. The real-time data detected from heat metering system can be transmitted and monitored. Xbee Pro module and MSP430FW427 single-chip micro-computer are used in the nodes or terminals of the system. The self-provided functions and modules of the components are taken into sufficient consideration in the design to make the system performance as superior as possible and the system structure as simple as possible. In this way, the transmission system with low power consumption and simple structure is achieved.

Design of Heat Metering System Based on MCS-51

The heat metering system is one of the key facilities to reform the heating systems of city and to charge according to heat quantity consumption. The design of heat metering system based on mcs-51 includes two sections--hardware and software. The hardware section is composed of flow sensor, temperature sensor and single-chip microcontroller (SCM for short). The system can calculate heat quantity intelligently, so the users pay the actual heat quantity consumption.

Analysis of the Influence that Residential Building Indoor Temperature Controls for Heating Energy Consumption

By using household heat metering system，people can control indoor temperature according to their economic conditions and the requirement of thermal comfort. In this paper, DeST-h is used to simulate the energy consumptions of architecture heating in different temperature, which compare to the situation that not use temperature control simulation, to analysis the heating energy saving potential in domestic architecture in Shenyang. So as to develop people’s consciousness of energy saving, and to provide the quantized datat for decision-makers to make relevant policies.

Testing of Data Processing Software in Heat Metering Systems

Nowadays measurement system parameters and characteristics basically depend on microprocessors and their software. Hence, verification of measurement systems software (MSS) is very important. After adoption of the Measurement Instruments Directive (MID), verification of MSS will be necessary. For investigation of heat metering systems metrological reliability testing methodology was created. Experimental stand and mathematical model were build. Experimental testing results of temperature measurement software are presented. Ill. 6, bibl. 8 (in English; summaries in English, Russian and Lithuanian).