Line Heat Source Research Articles

The impact of suction/injection with radiation effect on natural convection flow over a vertical channel in the existence of point/line heat source configuration

The present study manifests the significance of a heat source concentrated at a point or along a line on the natural convection flow featuring suction/injection and radiation effect within a vertical channel. The consistent heat source is modeled with the Heaviside step function and converted to a point/line heat source. The governing equations modeling the flow are resolved by the Laplace transform technique. Shear stress, Nusselt coefficient, and mass flow rate, along with respective values, are examined through the analysis presented in tables whilst the physical components like suction/injection ( K ), Prandtl number (Pr), heat source (S), and radiation (N) are explored graphically on the velocity and the temperature field. Results illustrate that the temperature and the fluid velocity intensify with the escalation of point/heat source attributes. However, as the parameters Pr, K and N increase, the velocity distribution decelerates. In addition, the heat transfer rate gradually diminishes with an elevation in radiation, and reducing the line heat source to that of point heat source parameters corresponds to a decrease in the rate of heat transfer. Also, in the absence of radiation, the current finding aligns seamlessly with the established research in the literature.

Analytical Prediction of Temperature Distribution in a Deep Geological Nuclear Waste Repository

Temperature distribution plays a crucial role in the safety performance assessment and thermal dimensioning design in a deep geological repository for disposing high-level waste. In this study, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of a single container for heat transfer was created. The fully analytical solution to temperature distribution in the repository was derived by utilizing the methods of separation of variables, impulse theorem, and Fourier transform. The fully analytical solution was validated by comparing with the existing semi-analytical solution and line heat source solution. The temperature change in the near field around the container was analyzed using the present solution, and the influences of different parameters on the container surface temperature were investigated. Furthermore, the proposed fully analytical solution was used to predict the results of the in situ test. The findings indicate that the temperature in the buffer layer rapidly increases and reaches its peak value within the first 2 years, then gradually decreases thereafter with time. The thickness of the bentonite pellet layer had a greater effect on the container surface temperature than that of the bentonite block layer. A comparison between the fully analytical solution and the results of the in situ heating test demonstrated that the proposed fully analytical solution can accurately predict the temperature variations in the in situ heating test.

Impact of porous medium on natural convection heat transfer in plume generated due to the combined effects of heat source and aligned magnetic field

This study focuses on how the porous medium affects the plume generated due to line heat source when an aligned magnetic field is present. For this study, the momentum equation of the flow model is modified for porous medium by including the porosity term. A mathematical model is developed as coupled partial differential equations in order to study the flow problem. Later, a numerical solution is found for the system of coupled partial differential equations that are transmuted in to ordinary differential equations. For this purpose, the numerical characteristics of the problem are derived employing a shooting approach in combination with the built-in MATLAB tool bvp4c. The graphical illustrations of missing and specified boundary conditions demonstrate the impacts of porosity parameter [Formula: see text], magnetic force parameter S, Prandtl number [Formula: see text] and magnetic Prandtl number [Formula: see text] accompanied by a discussion of their corresponding physical implications. The novelty of this developed problem is proclaimed with justification by its emphasis on the principal characteristics of heat and fluid flow affected predominantly by the presence of a porous medium. The thorough examination of the porosity parameter [Formula: see text] for missing conditions depicts that the temperature and velocity profiles enhance while current density drops for the increasing values of the porosity parameter [Formula: see text]. Whereas, for specified conditions, the skin friction and magnetic flux enhance but heat transfer rate declines with increment in [Formula: see text].

Generic modelling to develop thermal yield nomograms for coaxial deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs)

Numerical modelling of coaxial deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs) can be resource-intensive. Simpler, transparent analytical models and nomograms would be valuable to developers and geologists for evaluating thermal output. In this paper, Beier’s published analytical computational model was used to produce nomograms of geothermal heat yield by systematically varying the DBHE depth and rock thermal conductivity, while assuming two generic simplified DBHE designs, a geothermal gradient of 25°C km −1 and a fluid circulation rate of 5 l s −1 . Continuous 25 year heat yields from a 1000 m DBHE range from 27.3 to 54.8 kW for thermal conductivities of 1.6–3.6 W m −1 K −1 . For a 3000 m DBHE, they range from 165 to 281 kW. Effective borehole thermal resistance ( R b,eff ) increases strongly as DBHE depth increases due to internal heat transfer between the upflow and downflow elements. Simulations correspond well with results from industry-standard Earth Energy Designer software for a shallow 200 m coaxial BHE. They modestly underestimate the OpenGeoSys numerical modelled thermal yields by 2–4% for DBHE in the depth range 1000–3000 m. Modelled temperature evolution closely approximates an analytical ‘line heat source’ approach, implying that simpler analytical approaches are plausible for DBHE simulation. Future research should focus on methods for forward quantification of R b,eff .

Impact of solar radiation in the presence of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of non-Newtonian Casson flow on natural convection heat transfer in plume generated due to the combined effects of heat source and aligned magnetic field

Understanding the non-Newtonian Casson fluid is crucial for addressing various challenges in industrial, biological, and environmental applications. In this novel research, Casson fluid with temperature-dependent variable thermal conductivity is analyzed by a natural convective plume generated by horizontal line heat source. The plume system is under the influence of solar radiation and an aligned magnetic field. The momentum equation is transmuted for Casson fluid, while energy equation transmuted for solar radiation and variable thermal conductivity. The coupled partial differential equations changed into ordinary differential equation by employing stream function formulation. For computational evaluation, bvp4c built-in tool of MATLAB is employed in combination with Shooting technique in order to analyze both missing and specified boundary conditions. The upshots of Casson parameter β 1 , thermal conductivity variable γ 1 , radiation parameter Rd , magnetic force parameter S , Prandtl number Pr and magnetic Prandtl number γ on specified and missing conditions are highlighted in the graphical illustrations. The computed outcomes for missing conditions depicts that for Casson parameter β 1 velocity f ′ and temperature θ drops while current density increased with increment in β 1 . Whereas, for specified boundary conditions, the skin friction f ″ and magnetic flux ϕ ′ decreases while heat transfer rate θ ′ enhances for increasing β 1 . For missing conditions, the increasing thermal conductivity variable γ 1 causes velocity f ′ , current density ϕ ″ , and temperature θ to drop. While for specified conditions, the skin friction f ″ , magnetic flux ϕ ′ increases but heat transfer rate θ ′ exhibits reverse trend with enhancing γ 1 . Additionally, a validation analysis has been performed by comparing the values of f ′ ( 0 ) for various values of Pr with prior work, while excluding the other parameters to check its limitations at the boundary layer.

A neural based modeling approach for predicting effective thermal conductivity of brewer’s spent grain

PurposeBrewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main by-product of the brewing industry, holding significant potential for biomass applications. The purpose of this paper was to determine the effective thermal conductivity (keff) of BSG and to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict keff, since this property is fundamental in the design and optimization of the thermochemical conversion processes toward the feasibility of bioenergy production.Design/methodology/approachThe experimental determination of keff as a function of BSG particle diameter and heating rate was performed using the line heat source method. The resulting values were used as a database for training the ANN and testing five multiple linear regression models to predict keff under different conditions.FindingsExperimental values of keff were in the range of 0.090–0.127 W m−1 K−1, typical for biomasses. The results showed that the reduction of the BSG particle diameter increases keff, and that the increase in the heating rate does not statistically affect this property. The developed neural model presented superior performance to the multiple linear regression models, accurately predicting the experimental values and new patterns not addressed in the training procedure.Originality/valueThe empirical correlations and the developed ANN can be utilized in future work. This research conducted a discussion on the practical implications of the results for biomass valorization. This subject is very scarce in the literature, and no studies related to keff of BSG were found.

Computational study of the aligned magnetic field in a plume generated by the energy line source

This present research concerns with the study of two-dimensional, steady, magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow in a plume generated due to horizontal line heat source. The aligned magnetic field is applied at the vertical component of plume. The mathematical model of the governing flow problem is based on coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. Later, the system of partial differential equations is transformed into system of ordinary differential equations by using appropriate form of stream function formulation. For computational results, a Shooting technique along with bvp4c algorithm for MATLAB is employed to estimate the missing conditions in flow model. The effects of variation in Prandtl number., magnetic force parameter S , and magnetic Prandtl number γ on the velocity, current density, and temperature profile are illustrated in graphical manner along with their physical impacts. The novelty of current work is that the magnetic field has its strong impact on the vertical component of plume generated due to heat source. It is observed that, with the increase in the parameter S , the missing conditions, the velocity, current density, and temperature decreased. Whereas, the specified conditions, the skin friction f ″ and magnetic flux ϕ ′ drop while heat transfer rate θ ′ enhanced with increment in parameter S .

Experimental Thermal Conductivity Studies of Agar-Based Aqueous Suspensions with Lignin Magnetic Nanocomposites

Nanoparticle additives increase the thermal conductivity of conventional heat transfer fluids at low concentrations, which leads to improved heat transfer fluids and processes. This study investigates lignin-coated magnetic nanocomposites (lignin@Fe3O4) as a novel bio-based magnetic nanoparticle additive to enhance the thermal conductivity of aqueous-based fluids. Kraft lignin was used to encapsulate the Fe3O4 nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration and oxidation of the magnetic nanoparticles. Lignin@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared using a pH-driven co-precipitation method with a 3:1 lignin to magnetite ratio and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The magnetic properties were characterized using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Once fully characterized, lignin@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were dispersed in aqueous 0.1% w/v agar–water solutions at five different concentrations, from 0.001% w/v to 0.005% w/v. Thermal conductivity measurements were performed using the transient line heat source method at various temperatures. A maximum enhancement of 10% in thermal conductivity was achieved after adding 0.005% w/v lignin@Fe3O4 to the agar-based aqueous suspension at 45 °C. At room temperature (25 °C), the thermal conductivity of lignin@Fe3O4 and uncoated Fe3O4 agar-based suspensions was characterized at varying magnetic fields from 0 to 0.04 T, which were generated using a permanent magnet. For this analysis, the thermal conductivity of lignin magnetic nanosuspensions initially increased, showing a 5% maximum peak increase after applying a 0.02 T magnetic field, followed by a decreasing thermal conductivity at higher magnetic fields up to 0.04 T. This result is attributed to induced magnetic nanoparticle aggregation under external applied magnetic fields. Overall, this work demonstrates that lignin-coated Fe3O4 nanosuspension at low concentrations slightly increases the thermal conductivity of agar aqueous-based solutions, using a simple permanent magnet at room temperature or by adjusting temperature without any externally applied magnetic field.

Fabrication and evaluating thermophysical properties of microencapsulated organic and eutectic phase change material

This study explores the synthesis and characterization of microencapsulation of organic and eutectic phase change materials with a melting point ranging from 5 to 30 ℃ for low-temperature applications. Emulsion polymerization utilizing methyl methacrylate monomer as the shell material is employed for effective encapsulation. Comprehensive characterization of microcapsules is undertaken, including chemical composition (using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy), morphology (employing scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and metallurgical microscope), particle size distribution (measured by ImageJ software), enthalpy (evaluated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) and thermal degradation (explored via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). The successful production of microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCM) is confirmed by their two-phase decomposition process, the presence of specific chemical bonds, and the spherical morphology of particles with an average diameter between 25.63 and 49.62 μm. However, in the case of eutectic core material, irregular microcapsules are shaped with a larger mean diameter. It has also affected the encapsulation efficiency in which around 29.43% and 30.1% efficiencies are reached for eutectic cores compared to 45.11% and 47% in organic ones. Simultaneously, thermophysical properties of MPCMs, such as density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat, are determined using the displacement method, transient line heat source, transient hot wire, and DSC. These properties are expressed through regression equations based on the determined effective factors. The derived equations enhance the capability to implement MPCMs in practical applications and numerical simulations.

Numerical simulation of temperature field around buried pipes of ground source heat pumps based on mathematical models

The author established a physical and mathematical model for the heat exchange of a ground source heat pump buried heat exchanger under the co-operation of heat and seepage, including the soil and fluid inside the pipe surrounding the heat exchanger. Using ANSYS finite element APDL language for programming, based on the line heat source model, simulate the temperature field around the vertical double U-tube underground heat exchanger, the effects of soil thermophysical properties, temperature outside the pipe, soil type and backfill material on soil temperature field were obtained through simulation analysis. The experimental results indicate that, the changes in soil temperature are also significant with different backfill materials. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct serious research and optimization on backfill materials, develop new types of backfill materials, improve backfill construction techniques, and conduct in-depth research by combining theoretical analysis with practical engineering to ultimately find efficient and economical backfill materials. The change in equivalent pipe diameter has little effect on soil temperature, and the linear heat source model is used for calculation without causing significant errors. It has been proven that the soil itself has strong resilience and has reference value for the design of buried heat exchangers in practical engineering.

The W-tube energy pile heat transfer model with variable heat flow considering heat exchange between pile and circulating water

In order to provide a more comprehensive depiction of the actual heat transfer process in energy piles, this research paper presents an approximate solution for a finite line heat source model operating under variable heat flow conditions. This solution is established by integrating the finite line heat source model and the superposition principle. Furthermore, the W-tube heat exchanger is divided into many segments, and a segmented superposition approach is used based on the thermal response. Consequently, a heat transfer model for a single-pile heat source is formulated, taking into consideration the heat exchange between the circulating water and the energy pile. Notably, the soil temperature predicted by this proposed model closely aligns with the results obtained from the FLUENT numerical model, thereby substantiating the accuracy of the proposed approach. Simultaneously, the heat transfer model is employed to analyze variations in temperature and heat flux density within the heat exchanger and to investigate the influence of parameters such as mass-flow rate, pile-soil heat transfer coefficient, pile-soil density, and pile-soil specific heat capacity on the heat transfer characteristics of energy piles. This model enables the determination of time-varying heat flux and precise outlet temperature, thereby facilitating a rapid assessment of the heat transfer efficiency of energy piles.

Theis equation revisited: From infinite to finite aquifer and from fully to partially penetrating well

The Theis equation has seen widespread use in the fields of hydrogeology, groundwater flow analysis, and pumping test analysis. Originally derived from the principles of heat conduction with an assumption of an infinite line heat source, this equation has been widely applied in hydrogeology. However, in reality, wells have finite lengths, and the implications of assuming an infinite length have not been thoroughly explored.This study aims to derive and validate an analytical solution for flow towards wells in a confined aquifer while considering both a finite well length and the presence of aquifer boundaries, using a point-source approach. The resulting solution can also account for anisotropy in the porous media and applies to both fully and partially penetrating wells. To assess its accuracy, the study compares its results with those obtained from the Theis equation and a numerical model, which serves as a benchmark.This study considers two scenarios: one with a relatively large screen length compared to the aquifer thickness, and the other with a relatively small screen length in comparison to the aquifer thickness. The study's findings indicate that the Theis equation accurately represents outcomes only when the screen length-to-aquifer thickness ratio is high. However, the Theis equation falls short when this ratio is small, which is often the case in the majority of pumping wells. In such situations, the Theis equation tends to significantly underestimate or overestimate the actual drawdown in the aquifer, with the extent of error depending on the proximity to the well screen.

A simplified coupled method for geotechnical analysis of geothermal energy pile with single U-shaped tube heat exchanger

Geothermal energy pile (GEP) is an environmentally friendly energy source that utilizes heat energy present in the shallow earth surface to decrease building energy consumption. However, thermal stresses of pile shafts due to the temperature changes during the operation of GEP may cause distress to the supported structures e.g. buildings, and there is currently a lack of established calculation methods for the geotechnical design of GEP. This paper presents a simplified coupled method for geotechnical analysis of GEP with a single U-shaped tube heat exchanger. Primarily, leveraging the finite line heat source model and the superposition principle, we propose a segmentation superposition heat transfer model tailored for GEP featuring a singular U-shaped tube heat exchanger. This model adeptly computes the temperature variations along the pile shaft. Secondly, a hyperbolic curve is chosen as the load-transfer function, and the unloading and reloading characteristics of the relationship between the shaft friction/shaft displacement during temperature cycling are simulated by Massing’s criterion. Building upon the aforementioned, taking into account the uneven temperature rise of the pile and the influence of soil shear deformation, a coupled calculation method for the working characteristics of energy piles under thermal–mechanical conditions has been established. The method is validated on the basis of in-situ measurements of the loads and deformations experienced by heat exchanger test piles and a model test on the thermal–mechanical behavior of GEP with a single U-shaped tube heat exchanger.

Non-continuum effects on the sound of a heated line source: from a monopole to non-isotropic radiation

We study the effect of continuum breakdown on the two-dimensional thermoacoustic radiation of a thin plate set in a perfect monatomic gas. The plate is heated harmonically in time and the acoustic field is investigated in the entire range of gas rarefaction rates. Analytical approximations are obtained in the limits of high (free-molecular) and low (continuum limit) gas rarefaction, accompanied by direct simulation Monte Carlo calculations at intermediate flow conditions. While the source acoustic field is of a monopole type in the continuum regime, it turns non-isotropic at non-continuum conditions, exhibiting dipole directivity and exponential decay rate in the collisionless limit. The combined effects of source heating frequency and gas Knudsen number on the far-field acoustic radiation are illustrated and rationalized.

Research on the long-term operation performance of deep borehole heat exchangers array: Thermal attenuation and maximum heat extraction capacity

The long-term operation performance and thermal attenuation of deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs) array are important for their stable and safe operation. This paper proposed a semi-analytical method to quantitatively evaluate the 100-years operation performance of DBHEs array. Numerical simulation was utilized to determine the heat flux per depth of DBHE, while the finite line heat source model was modified to calculate the ground temperature variation. This allowed to obtain the ground borehole wall temperature, serving as a boundary condition for calculating the water temperature distribution in DBHE using an analytical solution. The results revealed that the line space of DBHEs array directly affected the allowed maximum accumulated heat extraction per DBHE per heating season (Qa,max). With line space decreasing from 100 m to 10 m, the Qa,max decreased from 0.3% to 19.1% compared to the single DBHE. Therefore, a line space larger than 30 m was recommended. Considering practical project with limited space, the inclined DBHEs were recommended in depth direction. For DBHEs array with a line space of 10 m at the surface ground and 100 m at a depth of 2500 m, Qa,max was only 3.2% smaller compared to the single DBHE, which showed an improvement over DBHEs array with a line space of 50 m. The proposed semi-analytical method could be applied in system design, to ensure the long-term safety and stability of DBHEs array.

Heat extraction analyses and energy consumption characteristics of novel designs of geothermal borehole heat exchangers with elliptic and oval double U-tube structures

The borehole heat exchanger (BHE) is an efficient and economic tool for extracting geothermal energy within ground source heat pumps (GSHPs). The layout and cross-section tube configuration of the BHE is one of the crucial bottlenecks that strongly influenced the effectiveness of the BHEs, which recently attracted numerous attention.Hence, the interest in retrofitting cost-efficient configurations of BHEs is recently regarded as an improvement pathfor maximizing geothermal energy production. In this study, novel geothermal borehole heat exchangers with elliptic and oval double U-tube (2U) configurations are investigated and compared to a traditional circular 2U BHE.This paper explains the development of traditional circular 2U-tube BHEs that makes an optimally designed model for maximizing the heat extraction rates and minimizing the energy consumption characteristics and BHE number. A 3-D numerical model was developed and validated by relevant field experiments (Tianjin geothermal project). The numerical study was performed on four cases corresponding to different widths of elliptic and oval 2U BHEs configurations. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to parametrically investigate the impacts of key design and operational parameters on heat extraction performance. Additionally, a 3-D numerical model coupled with a finite line heat source model was also developed to perform case studies for energy consumption analysis for two goals of optimization. The results show that the oval 2U BHE (type II) outperformed the other investigated 2U BHE configurations, which increased the maximal and mean heat transfer rate by up to 54.0% and 12.30%, respectively, compared to circular 2U BHE. While the elliptic 2U-tube BHE (type II) was minimal pressure drop and energy consumption rates, which showed a pressure drop of 36.20% lower than the circular 2U BHE. In the case study findings, the utilization of elliptic 2U-tube BHE (type II) can not only reduce the BHE number by 6.70% but also minimize the energy consumption of the water pump and the entire system by 36.9% and 8.2%, compared to that of traditional circular 2U-tube BHE, respectively.

Mathematical significance of strain rate and temperature rate on heat conduction in thermoelastic material due to line heat source

The primary purpose of the present article is to investigate the effect of strain rate and temperature rate factors on a homogeneous, unbounded isotropic elastic medium originating due to continuous line heat source. This study is based on the modified Green-Lindsay Model (MGL) theory proposed by Yu et al. (2018). This model eliminates the discontinuous nature of the displacement field reported under the temperature-rate-dependent thermoelasticity theory (GL) established by Green and Lindsay. The present work obtains the analytical solution for the distributions of stress components, temperature and displacement through the potential function approach accompanied by the Laplace transform method. The inverse Laplace transformation is performed by using short-time approximation method to find the approximated analytical solution of the problem in space-time domain. A detailed analysis of solution is discussed for MGL model and compared to the results predicted by other existing generalized thermoelastic models. The effect of strain-rate and temperature-rate-terms is acknowledged explicitly in mathematical formulation and other significant effects are notified. However, this new model predicts the infinite speed of disturbance analogous to classical theory.

Segmented Line Heat Source Model for Thermal Radiation Calculation of Jet Fires in Chemical Plants

Abstract The jet fire caused by the leakage of combustible materials is one of the biggest threats to the safety of chemical plants. Thermal radiation of the jet fire brings severe damage to nearby facilities and people's health. To evaluate the damage of jet fires, a precise model for the calculation of thermal radiation is indispensable. Classical thermal radiation models of jet fires either have a lower prediction accuracy or a higher computation complexity. To overcome such deficiencies, this paper proposes a novel segmented line heat source (SLHS) model for jet fires. Because the length of the jet fire is often much larger than the width, the jet fire is viewed as a line heat source, with all the heat radiated from the centerline of the jet fire. The jet fire is divided into three segments along the flame length according to the temperature distribution and thermal radiation characteristics of the flame. Based on the SLHS model, three types of thermal radiation models called cone-cylinder-cone, ellipsoid-cylinder-ellipsoid, and ellipsoid-cylinder-cone models are built for computing the radiant heat flux distribution around the jet fire. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed models are illustrated with the experimental data and a numerical simulation.

Development of the thermophysical parameter tester for measuring the soil matrix suction and optimization of the calibration function

The accurate measurement of the soil matrix suction is the prerequisite for understanding the mechanism of unsaturated soil. In this study, the in-situ thermophysical parameter tester was developed for measuring the soil matrix suction. The determination of the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a key step in the determination of the calibration function. Therefore, the simulation performances of three theoretical models and three machine learning models on SWCC were compared. It was concluded that the particle swarm optimization extreme learning machine (PSO-ELM) model outperforms the other models. The calibration function was obtained by combining the PSO-ELM model with the line heat source theory, and the coefficient of determination (R2) of the calibration model was greater than 0.95. The calibration function was then applied to a field test in order to verify the performance of the designed instrument and compare it with the tensiometer. Finally, the error propagation and synthesis theory based on random error was adopted, and it was deduced that the theoretical systematic error of the instrument is 9.85 %. Considering that the tensiometer also has a test error, it is believed that the relative measurement error of the two instruments is reasonable. Therefore, the instrument designed with the optimal calibration function can effectively measure the soil matrix suction. It also allows to determine the temperature, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusion coefficient, providing an accurate measurement method for the soil matrix suction.

Effects of moisture content and porosity on the thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat capacity of pharmaceutical powders

Thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are two important parameters for the drying process of pharmaceutical materials during methods such as wet granulation that can be observed in the overall tablet manufacturing process. In this study, a transient line heat source method was used for the first time to determine the thermal conductivity and volumetric specific heat capacity of common pharmaceutical components and binary mixtures, with moisture content ranging from 0 % to 30 % w.b and active ingredient loading between 0 % and 50 % by weight. A three-parameter least squares regression model relating the thermal properties to moisture content and porosity was evaluated at a 95 % confidence interval, with R2 values ranging from 0.832 to 0.997. Relationships were established between thermal conductivity, volumetric specific heat capacity, porosity, and moisture content for pharmaceutical ingredients including acetaminophen, microcrystalline cellulose, and lactose monohydrate.