Heat Andmass Transfer Research Articles

Multilayer deep-learning intelligent computing for the numerical analysis of unsteady heat and mass transfer in MHD carreau nanofluid model

The objective of this article is to investigate the mechanism of unsteady heat and mass transfer (HMT) in a magnetohydrodynamics Carreau nanofluid flow (MHD-CNFF). To accomplish this, we utilized a novel artificial intelligence-based (AI) method, deep learning predictive technique combined with Levenberg-Marquardt scheme (DLPT-LMS). The similarity transformation is applied to convert the partial differential equations (PDEs) into a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We numerically solved these resulting ODEs using the Adam numerical approach in sophisticated “Mathematica” software. The influence of Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis parameters, Prandtl number, Lewis number, and mass transfer parameters on the temperature, velocity, and concentration profile is analyzed using a synthetic dataset. This evaluation is conducted across different variation of MHD-CNFF by leveraging DLPT-LMS. The absolute error (AE) across various iteration of MHD-CNFF demonstrated a progressive drop, indicating the accuracy of DLPT-LMS. The outcomes of this investigation revealed that the AE ranged from 10−3 to 10−8 which shows a minimum error between actual and predicted value. Additionally, the MSE confirmed the accuracy of proposed DLPT-LMS in predicting the behavior of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, with lower values showing better predictions. The model accuracy was reinforced by performance results, including regression analysis and error histograms. Error values gradually decreased during training, validation, and testing phases, exhibiting a robust convergence and indicating the highly reliability of AI-based algorithm for investigating intricate fluid dynamics in MHD-CNFF systems.

Performance optimization of non-isothermal endoreversible chemical pump via Lewis analogy

By considering heat and mass transfer (HMT) coupling, an endoreversible non-isothermal chemical pump cycle model is established and the optimal performance is studied herein. Assuming that the HMT follows Lewis analogy (heat transfer (HT) process obeys Newton's HT law and mass transfer (MT) process obeys diffusion MT law), rate of energy-pumping (Σ) and its corresponding vector coefficient of performance (χT and χμ, which are defined herein) are deduced analytically. Based on the general optimization results, the special examples of endoreversible Carnot heat pump with Newton's HT law and the endoreversible isothermal chemical pump with diffusion MT law are further deduced. The effects of heat flux rate (q1) and mass flux rate (g1) on the optimization results are analyzed. The Σ increases with the increases of q1 and g1. The surface of Σ to [χT,χμ] is a monotonically decreasing plane, and the Σ decreases with the increases of χT and χμ. The special cases of endoreversible Carnot heat pump with Newton's HT law and endoreversible isothermal chemical pump with diffusion MT law are further obtained. The Σ and χμ obtained by endoreversible non-isothermal chemical pump are larger than those obtained by endoreversible isothermal chemical pump. Coupling effect of HMT increases Σ and χμ, but correspondingly decreases χT.

Numerical analysis of the MHD Williamson nanofluid flow over a nonlinear stretching sheet through a Darcy porous medium: Modeling and simulation

Abstract In the current study, we delve into examining the movement of a nanofluid within a Williamson boundary layer, focusing on the analysis of heat and mass transfer (HMT) processes. This particular flow occurs over a sheet that undergoes nonlinear stretching. A significant facet of this investigation involves the incorporation of both the magnetic field and the influence of viscous dissipation within the model. The sheet is situated within a porous medium, and this medium conforms to the Darcy model. Since more precise outcomes are still required, the model assumes that both fluid conductivity and viscosity change with temperature. In this research, we encounter a system of extremely nonlinear ordinary differential equations that are treated through a numerical technique, specifically by employing the spectral collocation method. Graphical representations are used to illustrate how the relevant parameters impact the nanoparticle volume fraction, velocity, and temperature profiles. The study involves the computation and analysis of the effect of physical parameters on the local Sherwood number, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number. Specific significant findings emerging from the present study highlight that the rate of mass transfer is particularly influenced by the thermophoresis factor, porous parameter, and Williamson parameter, showing heightened effects, while conversely, the Brownian motion parameter demonstrates an opposing pattern. The results were computed and subjected to a comparison with earlier research, indicating a notable degree of conformity and accord.

Finite element modeling in heat and mass transfer of potato slice dehydration, nonisotropic shrinkage kinetics using arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian algorithm and artificial neural network

AbstractThe present study optimized the drying temperature (50–80°C) for potato slices based on color, texture, and visual observations. At an optimized temperature (60°C), a 2D axisymmetric finite element method (FEM) was developed in COMSOL Multiphysics to predict the heat and mass transfer (HMT) in a disk‐shaped potato slice. The nonisotropic shrinkage was predicted for the potato slice by the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian approach. The experimental dehydration results revealed that axial shrinkage (27.44%) was 2.5 times higher than radial shrinkage (67.39%). The simulated outcomes based on FEM revealed the realistic visualization of spatial heat transfer, moisture migration, and nonisotropic slice deformation. The predicted moisture content, surface temperature, and shrinkage properties were in good agreement with the experimental results. The shrinkage behavior was further validated using artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate the slice shrinkage. Results showed that both the COMSOL and ANN approaches can precisely predict the shrinkage‐dependent HMT model. The ANN model outperformed the COMSOL determined by mean absolute error, mean square error (MSE), root MSE, and Chi‐square (χ2) values. The successful application of the presented approach for determining dehydration characteristics may have potential for quality assessment and management of different fruits and vegetables.Practical applicationsThis journal article explores the practical industrial applications of combining finite element method (FEM)‐based heat and mass transfer model and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to improve the efficiency and quality of food drying processes. FEM is employed to simulate and predict the realistic visualization of heat and mass transfer phenomena along with non‐isotropic shrinkage, while ANN serves as a data‐driven modeling tool for process control and prediction. The integration of these two technologies offers significant advantages in the food industry, including quantification of precise temperature and moisture content, as well as to monitor the drying process of various food products, reduced energy consumption, and time.

Effect of magnetohydrodynamics and buoyancy ratio on thermosolutal double diffusion mixed convection in a cavity filled with liquid potassium alloy and Taguchi optimization with a linear regression model

Researchers in the biomedical field have focused more on the application of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in recent years. This concept has various uses, such as scanning with laser beams, cancer treatment, targeted drug delivery, and improving image contrast. The increasing demand for smaller clinical devices has prompted researchers to optimize their designs. This study examines the steady double-diffusive mixed convection characteristics and employs Taguchi optimization techniques in a double-sided cavity filled with liquid potassium alloy that exhibits a magnetic effect. The investigation analyzes the impact of various parameters, including Reynolds number (102–103), Lewis number (1.0–10.0), Hartmann number (0–50), buoyancy ratio (−4.0 to 4.0), Richardson Number (1.0), Prandtl number (0.054), and Source length (0.2L). Experiments are designed using a Taguchi method, and numerical codes based on the finite volume technique are employed to obtain the results. The findings suggest that the heat and mass transfer (HMT) rates increase as Re increases and decrease when there is an increase in Ha and N. When Le increases, there is a decrease in heat transfer but an increase in mass transfer. When Ha varied from 0 to 50, and the buoyancy ratio ranged from −2 to 2, the average Nusselt number (Nuavg) decreased by 34.24%, 33.94%, 23.28%, and 7.73%, respectively. Similarly, the average Sherwood number (Shavg) decreased by 18.12%, 26.8%, 47.48%, and 45.27% for the above conditions. Moreover, an empirical correlation was developed for Nuavg and Shavg.

Heat and mass transfer effects on fluid past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate due to time‐fractional MHD‐free convection

AbstractThis article focuses on the study of heat and mass transfer (HMT) fluid flow over an exponentially accelerated vertical plate, which is subjected to an applied magnetic field and viscous dissipation. The research has applications in various manufacturing processes such as wire/fiber drawing, hot rolling, continuous casting, and hot extrusion, where heat transfer to the ambient medium and the hot moving material are of utmost importance. The findings could also be relevant to aerospace engineering applications. The study investigates the time‐fractional natural convection phenomenon and utilizes conservation laws to derive the flow guiding equations, which are then made nondimensional. Finite difference discretization is utilized to solve the dimensionless equations implicitly. Then the flow simulation results such as concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles are discussed based on the variation in parameters such as Prandtl number (), thermal/mass Grashof number (), Eckert number (), magnetic parameter (), time‐fractional order (), and Schmidt number . Also, the HMT rate is depicted using the Nusselt number and skin friction plots. It is noted that HMT increases when increases and decreases. The change in time‐fractional order affects the velocity profiles adjacent to the wall and is more significant in the case of lower values of the Prandtl number.

Research on heat and mass transfer characteristics of water-sprayed single-screw vapor compressor

Temperature increase in the working cavity caused by steam superheating is an important issue that affects the compressor performance in single-screw vapor compressor (SSVC). Therefore, working cavity water spraying is often accustomed to realize the cooling of pressurization process. There is a bidirectional phase change process in the SSVC water jet pressurization process, which makes the pressurization and heat transfer mechanism very complicated. To clarify the internal working mechanism, an evaporation-condensation bidirectional heat and mass transfer (HMT) mathematical model of water-vapor two-phase medium is established for the SSVC with multicolumn envelope meshing profile. The simulation results are compared and verified by the experimental data. The exhaust pressure error is within 5%. Based on the validated model, the HMT characteristics are nalysed and the influence of water-sprayed parameters are discussed. Results show that compressor performance can be significantly improved by water spraying, and the volumetric and adiabatic indication efficiency can be increased by 0.98% and 3.83%. After the vapor reaches saturation, with the continuous increase of the water spraying rate, the adiabatic indication efficiency will drop significantly. Conditions such as water-spraying temperature, pressure, suction superheat and back pressure all have an impact on compressor performance.

Local heat and mass transfer in a rotor-stator system with hub inflow: Thermal boundary layer and superposition effect

Improving the cooling performance of a gas turbine rotor-stator system can have a significant impact on the efficiency of a gas turbine engine. In this study, we investigated the local heat and mass transfer (HMT) of a rotor-stator system with hub inflow considering the thermal boundary layer and superposition effect. A rotor-stator system test facility capable of analyzing HMT characteristics was constructed. Measurements of local HMT coefficients were carried out using the naphthalene sublimation method. First, the development of local HMT was investigated using discontinuous boundary condition experiments. Quantitative evaluation of the high HMT in the windward area revealed the thermal entrance regions. Then, to assess individual and combined effects, the local HMT characteristics were analyzed under three conditions: hub inflow-only, rotating-only, and a combination of hub inflow and rotating flows. Hub inflow dominated in regions below local rotational Reynolds number (Rer) of 1.25 × 105, and the enhancement region appeared above Rer of 2.0 × 105. Our study described for the first time the boundaries of HMT in a rotor-stator system based on the dominant influence of superposed flow. We expect our results to aid the development of cooling designs for rotor-stator systems in gas turbine engines.

On the Generalized Fick’s and Fourier’s Laws for an Unsteady Casson-Williamson Fluids Over a Stretching Surface: A Spectral Approach

In this comparative examination, the paradox of mass diffusion and heat conduction on the improved surface of weakly hydromagnetic and unsteady fluid flow is examined. Material relaxation time is believed to be one of the contributing factors militating against an effective heat and mass transfer. This flow process is estimated to predict accurately the fluids enhancement and condensation/evaporation properties. With a workable similarity variable, the formulated model of modified Fick’s and Fourier’s laws assumed in the Riga surface-induced flow conveying Casson-Williamson fluids with variable transport properties are transformed to the systems of ordinary differential equations. The spectral iterative technique (SLLM in particular), thus employed to analyze the flow distributions and ascertain the validity of the obtained results. However, cohesion force between the fluid particle establishes abnormalities of both Fick’s and Fourier’s laws indicating that extra time will be required for effective mass and heat convection to the immediate environment. Generalized heat flux parameter minimizes the fluid temperature and accelerated the nanoparticle concentration, relative minimization of the fluid temperature resulted to much more nanoparticle concentration. Moreover, Williamson fluid demonstrated a higher conductivity/diffusivity capacity in constract to the Casson fluid. When compared to Casson fluid, the modified Hartman number has a stronger influence on Williamson fluid.

Exploration of Radiative and Dissipative Heat on Williamson Nanofluid Flow in Conjunction with Convective Boundary Condition

Nanofluid has a wide range of uses in various fluid systems, because of its excellent growth in thermal conductivity. The current paper explores the transfer of heat and mass process in MHD nanofluid flow across a stretching sheet, considering the collective impacts of nonlinear thermal radiation, Joule heating, and binary chemical reactions with convective boundary conditions for Williamson nanofluid. The necessary transformations are carried out to alter the controlling PDE’s into a collection of linked ODE’s. The shooting approach, in conjunction with the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, is employed to get solutions to highly nonlinear ODE’s. The impact of varied main factors on velocity, temperature, concentration, for Weissenberg number, Biot number along with other parameters are depicted graphically, whilst the change in the rate of heat and mass transfer is investigated via numerical data in tabular form. The acquired numerical data show that expanding the Eckert number diminishes the rate of mass transfer whereas expanding the thermal radiation parameter, expandsthe rate of heatand rate of mass transfer.

Numerical Investigation on the Heat and Mass Transfer in Microchannel with Discrete Heat Sources Considering the Soret and Dufour Effects.

Heat-transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) has been a hot topic in the last decade. However, most published works did not focus on the heat sources that are discrete, as in most microelectronic devices, and the enhancement of heat and mass transfer (HMT) due to the Soret and Dufour effects being ignored. Based on a heterogeneous two-phase model that takes into consideration the Soret and Dufour effects, numerical simulations have been performed for various geometries and heat sources. The numerical results demonstrate that the vortices induced by a heat source(s) can enhance the heat transfer efficiency up to 2665 W/m2·K from 2618 W/m2·K for a discrete heat source with a heat flux q = 106 W/m2. The Soret effect can affect the heat transfer much more than the Duffour effect. The integrated results for heat transfer due to the Soret and Dufour effects are not sampled superpositions. Discrete heat sources (DHS) arranged in microchannels can enhance heat transfer, especially when the inlet velocity of the forced flow is less than 0.01 m/s. This can provide a beneficial reference for the design of MCHS with DHS.

Mould-Growth Study in Building Materials Exposed to Warm and Humid Climate Using Heat and Mass Transfer (HAMT) EnergyPlus Simulation Method

Commercial energy consumption currently accounts for 8.6% of the total national energy consumption in India and it is predicted to surge in upcoming years. To tackle this issue, building envelope insulation is being promoted through codes and standards to reduce the cooling and heating demand and hence reduce the overall energy demand. However, with prolonged exposure to humid ambient conditions in warm-humid locations, building materials undergo decay in their hygrothermal properties, which induces mould growth and increases the energy that is needed to tackle the latent cooling load. Mould growth, in turn, harms the occupant and building health. Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the mould-growth index (MGI) in the coastal city of Mangalore, Karnataka, India using the heat and mass transfer (HAMT) model. The MGI for one autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) wall assembly in a representative commercial building has been studied by integrating EnergyPlus through the Python plugin. The simulated results suggest that the annual mean MGI for the AAC assembly is 3.5 and that mould growth will cover about 30–70% of the surface area. Furthermore, it was concluded that surface temperature, surface humidity, and solar radiation are key parameters for mould growth on the surface of a material.

Evaluation of mitigation strategies for radioactive fission gases in fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature reactors

The Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor (FHR) is a promising Generation IV nuclear reactor due to its improved safety design, near atmospheric working pressure, and high electric power conversion efficiency. However, control of radioactive fission gases, such as tritium, is a critical issue in FHRs due to the significantly larger production rate and potentially larger leakage rate of tritium compared to those in Light Water Reactors (LWRs). Therefore, this study proposes two mitigation strategies for tritium in FHRs: Double-Wall Heat eXchanger with a Tritium Carrier (DWHX-TC) option and Single-Wall Heat eXchanger with a Tritium Barrier (SWHX-TB) option. For the DWHX-TC option, two tube surface configurations, i.e., plain and fluted tubes, and four tritium carriers, i.e., helium, FLiBe, FLiNaK, and KF-ZrF4, are initially considered, among which the best tube configuration and promising tritium carrier are then selected and used for design optimization of the DWHX. For the SWHX-TB option, two cases, tritium barriers with and without cracks, are investigated in this study. In addition, the two mitigation strategies are evaluated by an in-house, one-dimensional, coupled HEat and MAss Transfer (HEMAT) code developed to predict the leakage rate of tritium in nuclear systems. Our analysis shows that (1) a double-wall configuration using fluted tubes as both the inner and outer tubes is better than other double-wall configurations investigated; (2) helium, as a tritium carrier, is superior to other candidates, including FLiBe, FLiNaK, and KF-ZrF4; (3) the leakage rate of tritium (into the atmosphere) is reduced from 3400 Ci/day, taking the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR) as a reference, to 4.0 Ci/day for an optimum design of the DWHX-TC option using helium as the tritium carrier and 1.7 Ci/day for an optimum design of the SWHX-TB option using 30-µm thick silicon carbide (SiC) as the tritium barrier (no cracks); and (4) potential cracks in tritium barriers may significantly deteriorate mass transfer performance of the SWHX-TB option. For example, a cracking rate of 0.1% leads to an increase of 694.1% in the leakage rate under the conditions investigated.

Computational simulation of surface tension and gravitation-induced convective flow of a nanoliquid with cross-diffusion: An optimization procedure

The control of heat transfer in the hydromagnetic semiconductor crystal involves Marangoni convection with buoyancy forces. In this study, the conventional thermo-solutal Marangoni mixed flow model is modified by incorporating the solutal buoyancy effects that are significant in the flow phenomenon. The heat and mass transfer (HMT) characteristics of the Marangoni convective flow of a Cu − H2O nanofluid subjected to the assisting/resisting buoyancy forces and cross-diffusion are numerically studied. The homogeneous single-phase nanoliquid model is used in conjunction with experimental data of dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity. The Dufour and Soret effects are considered. Governing equations are solved using the finite difference-based algorithm. The problem is analyzed in a unified way considering the cases of buoyancy-assisted flow and buoyancy-opposed flow. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on the face-centered composite design (CCD) is used to optimize the heat and mass transfer rates. A multivariate regression model is proposed and authenticated prior to optimization. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is performed using the full quadratic regression model. The increase in the temperature profile is more significant due to the radiative heat flux than the inclined magnetic field. Heat transfer has a high sensitivity to the appearance of thermal radiation, while mass transfer has a high sensitivity to the Soret effect. Simultaneous optimization of HMT rates is achieved with the high level of thermal radiation and low levels of the cross-diffusion aspects.

Preliminary investigation on the transient hygrothermal analysis of a CLT-based retrofit solution for exterior walls

This paper investigates the transient hygrothermal performance of an innovative energy and seismic renovation solution for reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings, based on the addition of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels to the outer walls, in combination with wood-based insulation. This solution is being developed in the framework of a four-year EU-funded project called e-SAFE. The investigation relies on numerical simulations in DELPHIN 6.1, by considering combined heat and mass transfer (HAMT) due to water vapour diffusion and capillary transport. The proposed solution is tested in three different climates in Italy, to verify whether the CLT layer and the outer waterproof vapour-open membrane, inserted to protect the wood-based insulation from rain, still allow the effective drying of the vapour accumulated in liquid form in the walls, while also preventing mould formation. The results show that the increased thermal resistance of the wall assembly significantly reduces the total water content, although moderate risks of mould growth in the wooden materials may occur in coldest climates.

Mixed convective flow of Ag–H2O magnetic nanofluid over a curved surface with volumetric heat generation and temperature‐dependent viscosity

AbstractThe magnetic nanofluid flow over a curved surface in the presence of heat and mass mixed convection, volumetric heat generation, and higher‐order chemical reaction is studied in this study. The Maxwell Garnetts model of thermal conductivity and the Brinkman model of viscosity are used for working fluid. The numerical method is applied to assess the governing nonlinear equations of the developed model. The influence of parameters, such as buoyancy, chemical reaction, magnetic field, curvature, heat generation, and chemical reaction order are considered in the existing study. The surface diagram for Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient, and Sherwood number are revealed. From the outcomes, it can be noted that with an increase in buoyancy parameters and , the heat and mass transfer (HMT) functions declined. Moreover, the behavior of HMT is reversed when there is an escalation in the values of chemical reaction parameter . A comparison of this study with a previous study is conducted.

Numerical solution of micropolar fluid flow via stretchable surface with chemical reaction and melting heat transfer using Keller-Box method

The main theme of this research is to find the numerical results of stagnation point flow of micropolar fluid over a porous stretchable surface due to the physical effects of internal heat generation/absorption, melting heat transfer and chemical reaction via Keller-Box method (KBM). The graphs and tables are depicted and explained for various embedded parameters. The range of melting heat transfer parameter is 0≤M≤3, the range of chemical reaction parameter is 0≤Kr≤1 whereas the values of space-temperature dependent heat source/sink parameters lies in −0.4≤Q≤0.4 and −2≤Q∗≤2. The upshots of the current problem illustrate that at fluid-solid interface, rate of HMT (heat and mass transfer) declined on escalating the values of stretching parameter. Moreover, as the values of internal heat source/sink parameter increases, heat transfer rate declines at fluid-solid interface.

Optimization Of Heat And Mass Exchange Processes In Processing A Cell Of Oil Crops

One of the promising areas in the technology of oilseed processing is electro physical processing methods. The use of electrophysical processing methods dramatically accelerates the flow of processes, increases labor productivity, reduces the need for production facilities, and in some cases reduces energy consumption. Based on the foregoing, it is possible to formulate the main goal of studying the process of heat treatment of cotton seed mint in a two-phase flow: to identify rational conditions for the process, to outline rational ways for effective structural design of the apparatus for heat treatment of cotton seed mint. Achieving this goal should ensure a reduction in the energy and material consumption of the process, an increase in the yield of black oil, an improvement in the quality indicators of the final products and working conditions of the staff. The analysis of technological processes occurring in a single biological cell of peppermint of cotton seeds is important, among other things, because it allows us to outline ways of choosing and synthesizing optimal process parameters, and to develop highly efficient plants. However, the solution to the problems of optimization of continuous heat and mass transfer (HMT) processes occurring in apparatuses or installations as a whole as L-optimization is labor intensive, since when considering complex HMT systems, the number of optimizing factors increases. In the systems under consideration, the number of main factors exceeds 20, even if they vary at two levels, more alternative options are required for optimization. The functional decomposition of optimization problems was carried out based on the hierarchical structure of the HMT systems, in which the hydrodynamic structure of the interacting flows is considered as the main central subsystem-processes, which are subsequently divided into more than elementary heat and mass transfer (HMT) processes. Optimization of the lower levels of technological plants for the implementation of solid-state processes is considered for IR - roasting in a solvent medium (IR-LCMSR).

Effect of coatings made by new hydrocolloids on the oil uptake during deep‐fat frying: A review

High‐fat content in fried products reduced its shelf life and causes a reduction in product total acceptability to consumers. The oil uptake (OU) problem associated with fried products can be decreased using gums (hydrocolloids) as edible coating (EC). Gum‐based ECs have been effective in decreasing the OU in deep‐fat fried products. The efficiency of natural gums in decreasing the OU during deep‐fat frying has been reported by some researcher. The present review summarized the effect of coatings made by new and natural hydrocolloids on the heat and mass transfer (HMT) and OU of deep‐fat fried products such as eggplant, potato, carrot, banana, cereal product, puri, cassava, and shrimp. Application of various gums as hydrocolloid coatings decreased the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and OU during the deep‐fat frying process. In addition, coated fried products have better textural characteristics, chewiness, juiciness, and higher total acceptability scores, due to decreasing in moisture loss, lipid oxidation, and OU during deep‐fat frying. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The OU problem associated with fried products can be decreased using hydrocolloids as EC. Also, the sensorial examination results showed that the coated products with gums have total acceptability better than the uncoated samples. The present review summarized the effect of coatings made by new and natural hydrocolloids on the HMT and OU of deep‐fat fried products such as eggplant, potato, carrot, banana, cereal product, puri, cassava, and shrimp. Application of various gums as hydrocolloid coatings decreased the HTC and OU during the deep‐fat frying process.

Mathematical modeling of processes of heatand mass transfer of hot gas jets with fluid during underwater vehicle launch

Mathematical modeling of processes of heatand mass transfer of hot gas jets with fluid during underwater vehicle launch