Heartland Area Research Articles

Strategi Pengasuhan PT. Pupuk Indonesia (Persero)

As a large business entity that already has many subsidiaries, PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) is required to carry out a professional corporate governance system based on strong commercial principles, in the sense that it is able to provide added value, benefits and maximum profit levels to shareholders and existing stakeholders. Therefore, PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) needs to carry out an in-depth analysis of the implementation of the management strategy of its subsidiaries to determine the level of compatibility between the characteristics of the parent and its subsidiaries. Thus the company can develop a parenting strategy that is appropriate, effective and will further increase the value and competitiveness of the company as a whole. This research is an applied research with a qualitative descriptive approach using the Corporate Parenting Framework from Campbell et al. (1995). Data obtained through interviews, observation, and study of relevant documents. The study shows that the subsidiaries engaged in the main business of the fertilizer and chemical industry are in the Heartland Business category. Subsidiaries engaged in supporting businesses in the industry, trade and energy services sector, shipping and sea transportation and agricultural industry and trade are in the Edge of Heartland category. For subsidiaries engaged in EPC services and trading and general services the position is is in the area of the Alien Territory. So the parenting style of a parent company that is suitable for parenting for a subsidiary that falls into the Heartland Business category is a combination of corporate development and linkage influence; for a subsidiary that is part of the Edge of Heartland area, is stand alone influence. Meanwhile, for subsidiaries that are included in the Alien Territory area, the parenting style is linkage influence.

Parents’ Experiences of a Language-Focused Home Visiting Scheme in Ireland

This article reports parents’ experiences of the Tus Maith (Good Start) Home Visiting Scheme in South-West Ireland. The goal of Tus Maith is to support parents who wish to speak Irish to their children at home in the Kerry Gaeltacht an Irish-speaking heartland area. Home visitors spend an hour a week, over a period of six weeks, interacting with children and parents with varying levels of competency in Irish. Home visitors who are native speakers of Irish offer individualised guidance on how to promote the use of Irish as a home language, while encouraging families to engage in activities and events organised through Irish in the local community. This paper reports findings from four focus groups with parents (n = 22). A thematic analysis of qualitative findings reveal that home visits supported parents by: offering targeted linguistic support focused on language enrichment/learning; providing access to social networks through Irish; creating a designated time to focus on Irish in the home; and promoting the local dialect of Irish. It emerged that the home visiting scheme reaffirmed parents’ decision to speak Irish in cases where Irish was the home language, while motivating and encouraging parents with varying levels of proficiency in Irish to incorporate Irish into their daily language use. Challenges emerge in terms of assessing outcomes over a limited period of time, along with encouraging more proficient speakers of Irish to engage with the scheme. Home visits emerge as a potentially effective intervention to support the use of minoritized languages at home.

“No harvest was reaped”: demographic and climatic factors in the decline of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

In the 9th century BC, Assyrians based in northern Iraq started a relentless process of expansion that within two centuries would see them controlling most of the ancient Near East. Traditional explanations for the decline of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BC have emphasized the role of military conflict, and especially the destruction of the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, by a coalition of Babylonian and Median forces in 612 BC. However, it remains unclear how the Assyrian state, the most powerful military machine of its age and the largest empire the Old World had ever seen up to that time, declined so quickly. In this paper, we highlight two potential factors which may have had some influence upon the Assyrian decline that have not been previously explored. The first is a major increase in the population of the Assyrian heartland area at the dawn of the 7th century BC, which substantially reduced the drought resilience of the region. The second factor is an episode of severe drought affecting large portions of the Near East during the mid-7th century BC. We propose a series of testable hypotheses which detail how the combination of these two factors may have contributed to the development of considerable economic and political instability within the Assyrian Empire, and argue that these demographic and climatic factors played a significant role in its demise.

Phonetic variation in Scottish Gaelic laterals

This paper is an acoustic investigation of laterals in contemporary Scottish Gaelic. Scottish Gaelic is described as having three phonemic laterals /l̪ˠ l̪ʲ l/, which have previously been the subject of small-scale acoustic and static palatographic work. I expand on previous acoustic studies, including static and dynamic formant measures, and consider data from the diverse contemporary Gaelic-speaking population including [1] older speakers in a Gaelic-heartland area, [2] middle-aged speakers living in Glasgow, [3] adolescent speakers in immersion education in a heartland area, [4] adolescents in immersion education in Glasgow. Results suggest overall maintenance of the triple lateral system, but with substantial variation in the production of (phonemically) palatalised laterals in particular, which some young Glaswegians do not produce. These results are discussed with reference to language change in language revitalisation contexts, language contact, and modes of acquisition in revitalisation contexts.

The Laboratory Simulation and Field Verification of Seasonal Soil-respired CO2 flux at a Proposed CCS Project Site

As part of any terrestrial Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project, a risk-driven Measurement Monitoring and Verification (MMV) plan may include the measurement of soil gas and related surface CO2 efflux in order to determine the natural (or baseline) concentration range and variation of CO2. Subsequent measurements of these parameters may then act as a measure of stored CO2 containment and conformance during operational, closure and post-closure phases. There are several practical challenges involved in the collection of representative soil-respired CO2 efflux measurements. These include (i) the assessment of natural baseline variations of soil-respired CO2 efflux across potentially large areas expected for commercial CCS operations, (ii) even if field measurements of soil- respired CO2 are recorded over one season or several seasonal cycles, the full concentration and CO2 flux range may not be captured due to reliance upon environmental (i.e. climate) conditions prevalent during field surveys, and (iii) when field based soil CO2 flux measurements are taken, climatic and environmental conditions are likely to change throughout the day, resulting in a number of dislocated flux measurements taken under different conditions. Ideally, it would be useful to be able to carry out an initial field survey measurements, collect soil samples at a project site and develop a simulated baseline in the laboratory under controlled conditions, reducing the seasonal baseline survey duration from one or two years down to several weeks of simulation supported by field verification. Soil cores and bulk material from each soil horizon at selected locations were sampled from the previously proposed Heartland Area Redwater Project (HARP) near Edmonton, Alberta. Soil columns were reconstituted in the laboratory and subjected to a range of temperature and moisture conditions similar to those expected for the CCS project area over a seasonal cycle. Efflux data were directly compared to field-based measurements collected over a 12 month period under a range of climatic conditions. Comparisons between laboratory simulations and field data suggest a strong temperature-efflux correlation consistent with many studies related to the carbon cycle and ecosystem productivity. It is suggested that the simulation of environmental conditions using soils from a CCS area of review may be a useful tool for the prediction of the range of CO2 efflux expected as a function of soil characteristics and environmental conditions, thereby accelerating baseline studies, establishing the range of CO2 efflux to guide monitoring strategies and for the facilitation and validation of remote sensing data in support of large scale CCS site characterization.

Assurance monitoring approach for the Heartland Area Redwater Project (HARP) geological CO2 storage project, Alberta, Canada

Abstract The Heartland Area Redwater Project (HARP) aims to inject and geologically store up to a gigatonne of captured CO 2 derived from Alberta’s Industrial Heartland. The storage formation will be the vast water leg of the Devonian Redwater-Leduc carbonate reef structure, also host to Canada’s third largest conventional oil pool. Extensive characterization activities, including geological, geophysical, hydrogeological, geochemical, soil, atmospheric studies and land management practices are currently nearing completion. Combined information from these studies is allowing for the integration and development of conceptual and numerical models. Intensive activity is currently focused upon a small pilot site within the water leg of the reef. Should this pilot program prove to be successful, CO 2 injection, and the associated monitoring program, may be scaled up to allow an annual injection of up to 1 million tonnes of CO 2 . The integration of near surface characterization and monitoring along with injection formation characterization (e.g. fluid sampling and time-series geophysics) and well integrity studies have guided the design and implementation of the HARP assurance monitoring program. Field data acquisition and interpretation are currently ongoing to allow a preoperational phase, pilot-scale, assurance monitoring baseline to be established. Public consultation and stakeholder involvement with the project forms a key component in both implementing the program, and allowing for sustainable agricultural and industrial development within the Alberta Industrial Heartland area.

The Alberta Carbon Trunk Line (ACTL)

The province of Alberta is endowed with the second largest oil reserves in the world behind Saudi Arabia in the form of bitumen in oil sands, with established bitumen reserves of 27.0 109 m3 extracted from initial bitumen in place of 286.6 109 m3. This huge resource base presents enormous challenges to produce and upgrade bitumen in an environmentally responsible manner, related to potential greenhouse gas emissions. Extracting this bitumen from oil sands and thereafter upgrading it to synthetic crude oil requires extensive processing using either carbon rejection (coking) or hydrogen addition (hydrocracking). The production of hydrogen for hydrocracking necessitates emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere which contributes in a significant manner to Alberta’s greenhouse gas emissions. Enhance Energy Inc. and NorthWest Upgrading Inc., two privately funded Alberta based companies, are proposing a solution by constructing CO2 capture and a backbone CO2 gathering and distribution system from Alberta’s industrial heartland area, which is the site of current and proposed bitumen upgraders, to enhanced oil recovery fields in central and southern Alberta for ultimate sequestration of such CO2. This paper presents an overview of the project which is scheduled for operation in late 2013.

The Heartland Area Redwater CO2 Storage Project (HARP): Results of Phase I site characterization

Abstract The Heartland Area Redwater CO2 Storage Project (HARP) is a staged CO2 storage project located near Edmonton in the industrial heartland of Alberta, Canada. The project, being developed by ARC Resources Ltd. of Calgary, aims to store CO2 captured from diverse sources into the very large Redwater Leduc Fm. carbonate reef situated at depths between 922 and 1234 m and with a thickness of up to 275 m. In the first stage, a pilot operation will be implemented by the spring of 2011 that will inject between 200 and 300 t CO2/day. In the second stage, depending on the regulatory and economic environment, the pilot may be scaled up to a commercial-sized operation by 2015 that will inject at least 1 Mt CO2/year. Each stage of the project has several phases, with Stage I/Phase I having been completed in the summer of 2009. Work focused on the characterization of the storage unit: Namely, the Redwater reef, its caprock, and the immediately underlying and overlying aquifers. In Stage I/Phase II, injection and monitoring wells will be drilled and site-specific characterization and pilot design will be completed, while at the same time seeking regulatory approval and community acceptance for the pilot operation. In Stage I/Phase III, the pilot operation will be constructed. A multi-disciplinary, multi-organizational research program comprising major research organizations and universities in western Canada is being built around this CO2 storage project. This paper presents the results of Phase I of the project: Characterization of the storage unit and adjacent strata.

Seismic modeling of CO2 fluid substitution for the Heartland Area Redwater CO2 Storage Project (HARP), Alberta, Canada

Abstract The Devonian Redwater reef is being assessed for geological storage of CO 2 for the Heartland Area Redwater CO 2 Storage Project (HARP). The reef complex is one of the largest Devonian reefs in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. It has an area of about 600 km 2 and lies at depth of approximately 1000 m, and has a thickness of up to 300 m. The reef is of Devonian age and is made up of the Lower, Middle and Upper Leduc Formations. It is underlain by the Cooking Lake carbonate platform and overlain by the Ireton Shale which forms the caprock to the oil-bearing leg on the updip side of the reef as well as for the proposed CO 2 storage. A shale embayment occurs around some parts of the reef margin at the Mid-Leduc level. In order to assess seismic monitoring potential for the CO 2 storage project, fluid substitution seismic modeling was undertaken. Gassmann fluid substitution modeling was undertaken using on-reef wells which penetrated the Cooking Lake platform below the reef. Porosity of the Leduc Formation was calculated from the density logs and ranged from 4% to 6%. Synthetic seismograms were calculated from the log data before and after fluid substitution with supercritical CO 2 replacing brine. Gassmann fluid substitution calculations were computed for the entire thickness of the Leduc Formation (over a depth range from 1086 to 1324 m) for both on-reef wells. A P-wave velocity decrease of 4% is predicted to occur between 0% to about 40% CO 2 saturation, assuming uniform CO 2 saturation. For CO 2 saturations above 40%, the P-wave velocity will increase slightly. In comparison, the S-wave velocity is calculated to increase almost linearly with CO 2 saturation by a maximum of 0.6%, yielding an increase in Vp/Vs of about 4.5%. Seismic modeling was based on the changes in Leduc acoustic impedance predicted to occur between the wet in-situ reservoir and after replacement of pore fluids with supercritical CO 2 . From this modeling, a time delay of 4.3 ms is observed for reflections from the base of the Lower Leduc Formation, assuming that the entire reef interval has at least 40% CO 2 saturation. An integrated surface seismic and vertical seismic profile time-lapse seismic program has been designed to monitor CO 2 injection for HARP, planned to start by 2011.

Time-lapse multicomponent seismic modeling of CO2 fluid substitution in the Devonian Redwater reef, Alberta, Canada

The Devonian Redwater reef, northeast of Edmonton, Alberta, is being evaluated for geological storage of [Formula: see text] for the Heartland Area Redwater [Formula: see text] Storage Project (HARP). It is close to large sources of [Formula: see text] in the Redwater-Fort Saskatchewan-Edmonton region. The main objective of the study was to build a 2D geological model of the Redwater reef, from the reef center to off-reef, and investigate the seismic response of the reef to [Formula: see text] saturation in the Leduc Formation. Fluid substitution and seismic modeling were undertaken to generate PP and PS synthetic seismic data to study the consequences of [Formula: see text] saturation on the seismic response of the various reef facies and formations below the reef, based on seismic attributes and character.

Heartland Area Redwater reef saline aquifer CO2 storage project

Abstract The Heartland Area Redwater Project (HARP) for CO2 storage is investigating the technical and economic feasibility of injecting significant volumes of CO2 into the large water-saturated portion of a huge Devonian reef that is capped by a comparatively small oil reservoir, nevertheless the third largest oil pool in western Canada. The reef has a total areal extent of nearly 600 km2, is more than 1,000 meters deep and is up to 275 meters thick. Based on the high water injectivity in the reef, the potential exists to inject sustainably in excess of 1,000 tonnes of CO2 per day per well in the aquifer portion of the reef. Preliminary storage capacity estimates for the aquifer are in the order of one gigatonne of CO2. This storage site has the potential to store CO2 emissions in the order of several tens of Mt/yr from major emitters in central and northeastern Alberta such as oil sands plants, bitumen upgraders, refineries and petrochemical and fertilizer plants. The characteristics of this potential CO2 storage site are presented.

Marginalised Voices: Resisting the Privatisation of Council Housing in Glasgow

This paper explores the opposition to housing stock transfer in Glasgow in the early 1990s. Taking the position of anti-transfer campaigners, it argues that transfer can be interpreted as a form of ‘privatisation’ involving a profound restructuring in the role of the state in a key heartland area of welfare provision. Using interviews from housing campaigners in Glasgow, the paper argues that the much-heralded rhetoric about housing stock transfer as promoting tenant choice is highly contentious and misleading. The paper includes by highlighting that dispite the move to transfer in Glasgow, there remains a significant campaign against transfer in other parts of the UK.

Reflections on Practice Within the Heartland Problem-Solving Model: The Perceived Value of Direct Assessment of Student Needs

Considerable variation exists across response-to-intervention (RTI) approaches. There is currently insufficient research on outcomes associated with these different RTI approaches to inform decision-making. However, school psychologists who are asked to work within an RTI model need guidance to select an approach that has a high likelihood of leading to optimal student outcomes. This article describes, illustrates, and supports two aspects of the RTI approach used at the Heartland Area Education Agency, from the perspective of a practicing school psychologist. These two aspects include (a) intervention selection that is based on an individualized problem analysis, and (b) the identification of specific instructional needs as a part of the special education eligibility determination process. An analysis of how the Heartland Problem-Solving Model (PSM) was applied to address the needs of a kindergarten student is provided to illustrate these features. Criticisms and challenges associated with the Heartland PSM are noted, along with guidance for future RTI model research and implementation.

Migrants, millenialists and mayhem: Kari-Kari, Ningi, Gwari, Kebbi, Kwatarkwashi and Zuru ‘enclaves’ in northern Nigeria

This study focuses on northern Nigerian ‘enclaves’ of northern resistance to the 19th century Sokoto Caliphate, including Kari-Kari, Ningi, Gwari, Kebbi and Zuru. Firstly, the Kari-Kari (Keri-Keri) people of north-eastern Nigeria are considered in some detail. They live in and around a heartland area between Jalam, Dambam and Potiskum, characterised by a cluster of unusual circular and ovoid earthwork enclosures in a zone otherwise featuring rectilinear town walls, many oriented towards Mecca. These ovoid ‘ganuwa’ underpin the integrity of much of the account presented here of Kari-Kari history. The people speak a distinct Chadic language, implying northern origins. A few centuries ago, they migrated north into the present heartland area, a migration which may have brought with it the two cultural characteristics anomalous to this area: shoulder load carrying and the ovoid/circular enclosures. This paper enumerates several of the characteristics of Kari-Kari material culture including the village plans, house construction methods, the clan system of social organisation, use of decorated calabashes, and the use of iron and iron smelting. The 19th-century history of other ‘enclaves’ is described, and relevant archaeological sites described, in particular the fortified settlements such as Birnin Gwari, Amina Banga and Katsina. The historical basis of the diversity evident amongst these ‘enclaves’ is examined, with particular reference to ironworking in the region.

Heartland Area Education Agency's Problem Solving Model: An Outcomes-Driven Special Education Paradigm

In this article, an alternative outcomes-oriented special education model currently in use in Iowa is discussed, the Heartland Area Education Agency Problem Solving Model. Described are the rationale of the model, its evolution, and a description of the assessment and delivery system of the model. The core beliefs necessary for successful implementation of the model are also described.

Providing effective occupational therapy services: data-based decision making in school-based practice.

Educational practice is moving away from an "eligibility-oriented" student-problem approach toward a problem-solving approach that connects evaluation and interventions. This approach involves the identification of variables used to frame interventions, and, ultimately, it permits evaluation of intervention effectiveness. This article describes a problem-solving model developed and used within the Heartland Area Education Agency. This model relies on collecting baseline data and ongoing data, producing a basis not only for decision making, but also for evaluating the chosen intervention. This systematic and collaborative approach is used by the educational team to identify concerns about students' academic and nonacademic performance, to plan interventions, and to establish measurable outcomes.

Ecogeographic segregation of macaque species

Sympatry in the genusMacaca is restricted to a heartland area in South Asia that is inhabited by eight species. All heartland species apparently are segregated either ecologically or geographically. Available evidence is compatible with the hypothesis that interspecific competition has been a major factor in the evolution of this pattern of ecogeographic segregation.