Healthy Wistar Albino Rats Research Articles

Neuroprotective role of curcumin on the hippocampus against the oxidative stress and inflammation of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats.

In recent years, it has gained importance to determine the effects of diabetes on central nervous system complications. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective properties of curcumin against neuronal damage in the rat hippocampus caused by diabetes. In accordance with this purpose, we investigated the effects of curcumin on oxidative/antioxidative parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampal tissue of diabetic Wistar rats. For this purpose, 32 adults, male and healthy Wistar Albino rats were used. Animals were randomly divided into four separate groups: control (C), curcumin(Cu), diabetes (D) and Diabetes + Curcumin (DCu)-treated groups. 60mg/kg STZ i.p. A single dose was administered to D and DCu groups. Cu and DCu groups were given 50mg/kg/day curcumin by gavage. After four weeks of treatment, the animals were decapitated under anesthesia and tissue samples were taken for analyses of the parameters (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, IL-10, MDA, SOD, catalase, and GSH activities) in the hippocampal tissue. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and MDA levels were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats with diabetes compared to the other three groups. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and MDA levels were lower in DCu group animals compared to the D group. It was determined that IL-10, SOD, Catalase, and GSH levels, which were significantly decreased in the D group, increased in the curcumin-supplemented diabetic group (DCu). The relevant sentence has been changed as follows. In conclusion, our findings from this study prove the protective effect of curcumin against diabetes-induced neuropathy in the hippocampus in rats with STZ-induced diabetes.

Protective Effects of Ascorbic Acid Against Cadmium-Induced Toxicity in the Placenta and Fetus of Rats.

This study aimed to determine the protective role of l-ascorbic acid in a pregnant rat model of cadmium-induced toxicity. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can seriously harm placenta and fetus tissue in pregnant women. Forty-two healthy female Wistar albino rats (250-300 g weight and 14-16 weeks) were randomly distributed into six equal groups (n = 7): control, cadmium 1 mg (CD1), cadmium 5 mg (CD5), ascorbic acid (AA), CD1+AA, CD5+AA. Cadmium was administered to pregnant rats by oral gavage every other day, and/or AA (200 mg) was administered every day. At the end of pregnancy (Day 21), blood, placenta, and fetuses were collected from rats. The results indicated that cadmium-induced oxidative stress by increasing the level of MDA and by decreasing the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT activity in the serum of maternal. However, AA administration significantly decreased MDA levels and increased GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activity (p < 0.05). Cadmium (5 mg/kg) exposure significantly increased creatinine levels compared to AA and CD1+AA groups (p < 0.05). In addition, AA (200 mg/kg) significantly attenuated cadmium-induced histopathological alteration in the placental and fetal tissues. In conclusion, AA may prevent cadmium toxicity in maternal and fetal tissues, as it regulates oxidative imbalance in pregnant rat tissues and alleviates histopathological changes.

A double-blind, randomized control trial to investigate the therapeutic potential of garlic scapes for high apoprotein E levels in a high-Fat diet-induced hypercholesteremic rat model.

Hypercholesteremia is the main contributor to metabolic diseases, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, which are the primary global sources of morbidity and death rates. Garlic scapes, a member of the Allium sativum family and a rich source of antioxidants, are utilized in various cuisine preparations due to their unique flavors and tastes. The current study examined garlic scape powder's effect on apoprotein E and its ability to decrease cholesterol. In an invivo experiment, normal, healthy Wistar albino rats (weeks) were divided into a negative control group (NC, n = 10) and a high-fat diet-raised group (n = 50) until they achieved cholesterol ≥250 mg/dL. Hypercholesteremic rats were further divided randomly into five groups: positive control (PC), standard group (fenofibrate 20 mg/kg bwt), and treatment groups G1, G2, and G3 that were administered with garlic scape powder 400 mg, 800 mg, and 1200 mg/kg bwt orally, respectively, for 3 months. The blood samples were examined for cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), low-density lipoproteins, apoprotein E, albumin levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The liver tissues of the rats were subjected to histopathology. The lipid profile was assessed using serum kit techniques, whereas an ELISA kit was used to evaluate apoprotein E, and a serum kit was used to estimate ALT and AST. In comparison to all other groups except NC, the highest dose of 1200 mg/kg bwt of garlic scapes significantly (p ≤ .05) increased serum insulin (13.66 ± 0.72 μU/mL), apoprotein E levels (6.08 ± 0.10 mg/dL), HDL (42.1 ± 1.81 mg/dL), and reduce TG (88.7 ± 1.64 mg/dL) and decreased overall cholesterol levels (67.9 ± 1.17 mg/dL). Except for NC, all treatment groups had significantly (p ≤ .05) lower ALT and AST values than PC. To sum up, powdered garlic scapes may be a great way to avoid hyperlipidemia, which raises the risk of cardiovascular illnesses. ALT and AST levels were significantly (p ≤ .05) reduced in all treatment groups compared to PC, except for NC. In conclusion, garlic scape powder may be an excellent source to prevent hyperlipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In addition, powdered garlic scapes supplementation at high doses may be used as an alternative natural source in functional foods to halt hyperlipidemia without liver toxicity in the long term.

The impact of augmenter of liver regeneration in blunt liver trauma: An experimental model analysis.

Traumatic liver injury is an acute event that triggers liver repair. The augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) has been identified as a growth factor involved in this process. This study evaluates the impact of ALR on isolated liver blunt trauma and examines its relationship with various time intervals. Forty healthy female Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups (n=8 each). Isolated blunt liver trauma was induced using a custom-designed trauma platform in all groups except for Group 1. The groups were categorized by the timing of euthanasia post-trauma: 2nd (15 minutes), 3rd (30 minutes), 4th (45 minutes), and 5th (60 minutes). Assessments included plasma ALR levels, liver tissue ALR levels (both intact and lacerated), biochemical indices, and liver histological analysis. Plasma ALR levels in Group 4 were higher than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.01). Intact liver ALR levels in Groups 3 and 4 exceeded those in Group 1 (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). Intact liver tissue ALR levels in Group 5 were lower than in Groups 3 and 4 (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). Lacerated liver tissue ALR levels in Group 5 were higher than those in Groups 2 and 3. In Group 1, the plasma ALR level was higher than the intact liver tissue ALR level (p<0.05). In Group 2, plasma ALR levels exceeded those in intact liver tissue ALR levels (p<0.01). In Group 3, plasma ALR levels surpassed both lacerated and intact liver tissue ALR levels (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). In Group 4, the plasma ALR level was higher than the intact liver tissue ALR level (p<0.01), and the lacerated liver tissue level was higher than the intact liver ALR level (p<0.001). Additionally, inflammation scores were higher in Groups 3, 4, and 5 compared to Group 2 (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). This study is the first to explore the role of ALR in isolated blunt liver trauma. Following blunt liver trauma, both plasma and liver tissue ALR levels change within minutes.

Effects of Aloe Vera Gel on Red Blood Cell-parameters in Phenylhydrazine-induced Anaemic Wistar albino Rats

Background &amp; objective: Anaemia is the most significant disorder of the blood. Many researchers have developed the concept of using medicinal plants as an alternative source of treatment for anaemia with fewer side effects. Aloe vera, being a medicinal plant, is popularly used as a natural drug in haematological disorders. The present study was intended to observe the effects of Aloe vera gel on red blood cell parameters in phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anaemic Wistar albino rats. Methods: This Experimental study was conducted in Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 24 healthy Wistar albino rats were selected for the study. After procurement, the rats were initially kept in a standard laboratory condition on a 12/12-hour light/dark cycle for 14 days of acclimatization before 21 days of the experiment. All the rats had free access to basal diet and normal saline during the period of acclimatization and experiment. After acclimatization for 14 days, the rats were divided into three groups-Group A (baseline control group, n = 8), Group B (PHZ-treated group, n = 8), and Group C, the Experimental Group (PHZ-induced and Aloe vera gel treated group, n = 8). To induce anaemia, Group B and Group C received intraperitoneal injection of PHZ at a dose of 0.5 ml/100 g body weight on days 1, 3, 5 and day 7. Moreover, the experimental group (Group C) received Aloe vera gel orally at a dose of 0.6 ml/kg body weight from Day 8 to Day 21. On day 22, rats were sacrificed to test their blood samples for haematologic variables (RBC count, Hb conc., and PCV) and haematological indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC). Result: All the haematological parameters and indices were almost similar among the study groups at baseline (on Day 1). On Day 8, rats of groups B and C demonstrated a drastically reduced count of RBC (2.66 ± 0.53 and 2.69 ± 0.52 million/μl respectively) compared to the rats of group A (8.16 ± 0.76 million/μl). On Day 22, the RBC count in rats of Group C staggeringly increased to 7.63 ± 0.64 million/μl; however, the RBC count in rats of Group B remained almost the same as was found on Day 8. A significant decrease in Hb conc. and PCV in PHZ-induced control on Day 8 compared to that on Day 1 was also observed. The mean MCV in all the study groups on Day 1 was around 50 fl, which abnormally increased to 85 and 87 fl in Groups B and C respectively on Day 8. On Day 22, Group B further exhibited an increase in MCV to &gt; 87 fl. Meanwhile, the MCV in Group C (Aloe vera-treated group) favourably decreased to 55 fl. On the 8th Day of intervention, the MCH level significantly decreased in Groups B and C. Although no significant change in MCH was observed in Group B from Day 8 to Day 22, group C demonstrated a significant increase in the mean MCH to nearly 18 pg during the same period. The mean MCHC significantly dropped to &lt; 23% in Groups B and C on Day 8 from the baseline figure of 34%. While no significant change in MCHC was evident in Group B from Day 8 to Day 22, it significantly improved to about 28% in Group C during the same period. Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that Aloe vera has significant erythropoietic potentials which result in the improvement of red blood cell parameters (RBC count, Hb conc., PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC) in PHZ-induced anaemic rats. Ibrahim Card Med J 2023; 13 (1&amp;2): 40-46

Anti-oxidant and Wound Healing Potentials of Gnetum africanum Welw and Ficus vogelii Miq Extracts

Background: Gnetum africanum and Ficus vogelii are vegetables consumed in some parts of Africa. They are used in ethno medicine for treatment of different diseases, and are particularly known to hasten wound healing. The study aimed at investigating the wound healing properties of the plants in a rat model. Materials and Methods: The powdered leaves of the two plants were successively extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus. The crude methanol extract was screened for secondary metabolites and anti-oxidant properties. The wound healing activity was evaluated using excision wound model. Thirty healthy female Wistar albino rats (150-200 kg) were used for the experiment and randomized into 5% extract + ointment, 3.5% extract + ointment, simple ointment, and gentamicin treatment groups. The ointments were administered topically daily, and wound contraction was measured every alternate day. The percentage wound closure rate and histopathology of healed wound area were determined. The antioxidant activity of the plants was determined using the DPPH scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Results: The methanol extracts of both plants showed the presence tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids in varying amounts. The antioxidant assays revealed that the extracts of both plants had good anti-oxidant properties. Extracts of Gnetum africanum at 3.5% w/w and Ficus vogelii 5% w/w exhibited potent healing activity, eliciting 100% wound closure by day 7. Conclusion: The study revealed that Gnetum africanum and Ficus vogelii have wound healing properties which scientifically justifies its use for treatment of wounds traditionally and could be developed into useful drugs for wound treatment and management.

Evaluation of immunomodulatory effect of aqueous extract of aloe vera in Wistar albino rat models

Aim of the study wasto evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of Aqueous extracts of Aloe vera in Wistar albino rats using humoral immune response (antibody titre), a cellular immune response, and a neutrophil adhesion test after oral administration. : 24 healthy Wistar albino rats of either sex were divided into 4 different groups containing 6 rats for each immunomodulatory model. Group I ,the control group received gum acacia suspended in normal saline; Group II rats were treated with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg bw)whereas Groups III &amp; IV received AloeVera aqueous extract at a dose of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, respectively. Each rat was antigenically challenged by injecting 0.1 ml of 0.5 × 10 SRBCs (suspended in normal saline) intraperitoneally. The study of humoral immune response was seen by measurement of antibody titre obtained on 20 day (7 day of Ag challenge) and 27 day (14 day of challenge) with sRBC considered the primary and secondary humoral immune response, respectively. For the cellular immune response, foot pad edema was calculated due to a hypersensitivity reaction after injection of sRBC into the .rat hind paw. A test of neutrophil adhesion is used to evaluate immunomodulatory activity. Aloe vera aqueous extracts at 250 mg/kg significantly improved a significant increase in paw edema volume indicated increased cell-mediated immunity, and elevated Ab titre on the 20th and 27th days served as a marker of increased humoral immune response. Additionally, AVE 250 mg/kg caused an increase in neutrophil adhesion, demonstrating its immunomodulatory effects. Aloe vera aqueous extracts at a dose of 250 mg/kg demonstrated immunomodulatory activity in a model using Wistar albino rats.Aloe vera extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg significantly increased hemagglutination antibody titers compared to the control group, indicating enhanced humoral immunity. This study demonstrates the immunostimulant properties of orally administered Aloe vera aqueous extract in Wistar albino rats. The extract increased antibody production, enhanced cell-mediated immunity, and improved neutrophil function. These findings support the potential of Aloe vera as a natural immunomodulator and warrant further exploration of its therapeutic applications.

Alterations in haematological indices of indomethacin-ulcerated rats treated with Persea americana seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf ethyl acetate fraction

This study determined the alterations in haematological parameters of indomethacin-ulcerated rats treated with P. americana seed (PAS) and B. pinnatum leaf (BPL) ethyl acetate fraction. Fifty (50) healthy Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into ten (10) groups of five (5) animals each according to body weight (100-120 g). Animals in group I served as normal control; the rats in groups III-X were pre-treated with 20 mgKg-1 b. wt. Omeprazole (STD), 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. PAS, 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. BPL, 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. PAS + BPL (1:1), 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. PAS + BPL (1:2), 400 mgKg-1 b. wt. PAS + BPL (1:3) respectively for 21 days. Thereafter, animals in groups II-X were induced for gastric ulcer by intubation of 30 mgKg-1 b. wt. indomethacin after being fasted for 24 hours. The animals were sacrificed after 4 hours and the complete blood count was determined using an automated hematology analyzer. Results obtained from the study showed significant (p&lt;0.05) elevation in the total and differential white blood cell count of Wistar rats in the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer control group and ethyl acetate fraction treated groups. Indomethacin, PAS, and BPL ethyl acetate fraction and the combinations did not cause marked changes in red blood cell indices. However, platelet count was significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced by the combinations of the P. americana seed and B. pinnatum leaf ethyl acetate fraction. These findings demonstrated that indomethacin induction resulted in a significant increase in the total white blood cell and platelet count when matched with the control group; this was similarly seen in PAS+BPL (1:3) and PAS+BPL (3:1) combinations of PAS and BPL. The result is suggestive of a compromise in the hemostatic capability of the blood in rats treated with some combinations of P. americana seed and B. pinnatum leaf ethyl acetate fraction.

Protective role of virgin coconut oil on potent biochemical biomarkers in Wistar rat model of comorbid depression.

Chronic stress arises from stressful situations in day-to-day life that are ignored or managed incorrectly. Long-term stress can have negative effects, especially when it plays a role in the development of neurological illnesses. Severe stress can also negatively impact emotional well-being. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has numerous health advantages. The aim of this study was to assess how VCO affected the biochemical and behavioral characteristics of Wistar albino rats exposed to chronic, unpredictable stress. Healthy Wistar albino rats (150-200 gm) were split into two groups: experimental group and control group. Based on stress exposure and treatment with VCO and antidepressants, they were further divided into various subgroups. A chronic, unpredictable stress procedure was given for 21 days. After the experimental procedure, the rats were anesthetized, and through a cardiac puncture, blood was collected. The liver and brain were dissected to estimate different biochemical markers. VCO proved to be a protective agent against chronic, unpredictable stress-induced changes in the biochemical parameters, hepatic enzyme activity, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and cognition. VCO might be helpful as an effective natural treatment that can be utilized to effectively combat chronic, unpredictable stress-induced changes in brain and liver tissue.

Acute and Chronic Oral Toxicity of Hydroethanolic Extract of Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) in Wistar Rats.

Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich). Hochst, popularly known as Morula, is a plant in the Anacardiaceae family. The bark, fruits, and leaves have traditionally been used to manage a variety of health conditions, most especially diabetes. Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of data and publications on the toxicity and safety of this plant. The current study was designed to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Sclerocarya birrea in albino rats. Sclerocarya birrea was extracted using an 80-20% hydro-ethanolic solution. For the acute toxicity study, female Wistar albino rats were treated with hydro-ethanolic leaf extract at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight and followed-up for 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, 40 healthy Wistar albino rats were divided in 4 groups. The three treatment groups were administered the leaf hydro-ethanolic extract orally at dosages of 30, 150, and 1000 mg/kg once day for 90 days and the fourth group was a control group. Body and organs weights, haematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters were measured at the end of the experiment. Single-dose oral administration of hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Sclerocarya birrea at 5000 mg/kg produced no mortality indicating the LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. Following 90 days of administration of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Sclerocarya birrea leaves, there was no significant change in body and organs weights. Furthermore, biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters did not vary significantly. This data indicates neither acute or chronic toxicity in rats and is consistent with the widespread and long-term usage of Sclerocarya birrea in African traditional medicine.

Quantification of quercetin from red onion (Allium cepa L.) powder via high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and its effect on hyperuricemia in male healthy Wistar albino rats.

Onions (Allium cepa L.) contain various flavonols, including quercetin, kaempferol, anthocyanin, luteolin, and myricetin. Quercetin in onions is considered the primary bioactive component. To assess the impact of quercetin on hyperuricemia in healthy Wistar albino rats, this study used high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) to identify and measure quercetin in onion powder. Twenty-four 160 ± 10 g, six wistar albino male rats in each group were kept: NC (control sample, no onion powder), OT1, OT2, and OT3, which contained 11.13, 14.84, and 18.61 g/100 g onion powder, respectively. The treatment lasted 28 days, during which the last 7 days were for urine, feces, and blood collection. The results showed a trend of decreasing levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein in rats fed OT1, OT2, and OT3 diets. Improvements were observed in feed, water, and nutrient intake, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, body weight, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels (p ≤ .05). In contrast, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, serum total protein, neutrophils, and lymphocytes did not change (p ≥ .05). White blood cells, red blood cell count, platelet count, hemoglobin, and monocytes showed an upward trend. Based on our calculations, we determined the optimal human dosage from the most effective amount of onion powder. By taking into account the ratio of human-to-rat surface area, we estimate that the equivalent human dose of onion is 181.04 grams with 204 mg of quercetin. Additionally, when factoring in the dry matter content, the recommended dose of onion is 29.19 grams with 220 mg of quercetin.

Acute and sub-acute toxicological evaluation of &lt;em&gt;Barleria prionitis&lt;/em&gt; Linn. in Wistar albino rats

Despite the wide usage of Barleria prionitis Linn. (Acanthaceae) in traditional medicine, controversial findings have been reported on possible toxic effects of the plant. The present study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxic/adverse effects of B. prionitis using a healthy Wistar albino rat model. Repeated oral administration of the hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous extracts of the whole plant at therapeutic doses (25, 80, 70, and 120 mg/kg) revealed no mortality or treatmentrelated hematological and biochemical changes in experimental rats. However, statistically significant changes were observed in a few red cell and white cell parameters, suggesting increased erythropoiesis and immunity in experimental rats treated with B. prionitis (p&lt;0.05). The findings on total cholesterol, glucose, and liver function tests revealed potential changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and liver functions after treatments. However, the absence of statistically significant changes in the plant treated groups was noted compared to their respective vehicle control groups (p&gt;0.05), and the lack of those changes in male and female rats excludes potential toxic effects from B. prionitis extracts. The findings on the relative weight of organs and histopathology further corroborated the safe use of the selected extracts at doses in therapeutic applications. In conclusion, the findings on acute and 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity assessments of the whole plant extracts resulted in neither mortality nor treatment-related hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes in healthy Wistar albino rats.

In-vivo Hepatoprotective Evaluation of Sicyos edulis on Wistar Albino Rats

The liver is known for synthesising enzymes, metabolism, and excretion of drugs and food. However, during biological processes, the abnormality occurs in the liver, which becomes a significant global health burden in humans, characterised by loss of synthetic function, breakdown of blood, irregular vitamin K, and localised, permanent changes to parenchymal cells. The study was designed to research the Phytochemical and biological screening of Sicyos edulis leaf for hepatoprotective activity on laboratory animals using paracetamol and methotrexate model for acute incidence. The study evaluated liver toxicity in healthy Wistar albino rats using two in vivo models. Each study group consists of six animals. In the first model, paracetamol p.o. for seven days. Similarly, in the second model, methotrexate was administered (single dose treatment) to animals with 20mg/kg, b.w., p.o. Both models were challenged with methanolic extract of Sicyos edulis leaf (MESEL) of doses 100mg/kg (low) and 200 mg/kg (high) p.o. for seven days, respectively. On day 8th, the blood samples were collected from the tail vein and analysed for various biochemical parameters. MESEL successfully restored the elevated serum biomarker levels in our study. The decrease in aspartate aminotransferase was observed by removing toxic metabolites, the reduction in alanine aminotransferase was due to an increase in ATP synthesis in mitochondria, thereby modulating the balance of liver energy metabolism, and the decrease in alkaline phosphates is due to tissue regeneration, an increase in total protein denotes the restoration of protein imbalance from acute liver injury. At different concentrations, all these effects strengthen the liver, regulate body metabolism, and ultimately inhibit further liver cell damage in favour of their regeneration. Our study also evidences the protective action of MESEL in rats against the Paracetamol and methotrexate model. The study reveals hepatocyte regeneration followed by hepatic restoration in pre-clinical settings. Keywords: Acute liver disease, Sicyos edulis, Silymarin, Methotrexate, Liver enzymes

Pharmacokinetic analysis of Tulasi Swarasadi Taila administered through Nasya (therapeutic nasal administration) and oral route in albino rats

Introduction: Tulasi Swarasadi Taila (medicated oil) is a medicated oil that has been indicated for Nasya (therapeutic nasal administration) and oral administration to alleviate diseases like Pratishyaya (allergic rhinitis). The drug has been widely used through intranasal and oral routes for the management of various diseases. However, its pharmacokinetic analysis has been unexplored which urges improved methods of standardization. Aim: The study was conducted to understand the pharmacokinetic profile of Tulasi Swarasadi Taila administered through Nasya (nasal) and oral routes in albino rats. Materials and methods: Tulasi Swarasadi Taila was administered in a single dose of 0.54 ml/kg through the Nasya route and 1.8 ml/kg through the oral route to the healthy Wistar strain albino rats. The serum was collected at different time intervals and estimated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy analysis for the separation of volatile substances and identification of the unknown compounds. Results: There were arachidic acid, icosamethylcyclodecasiloxane, tridecane, eugenol, and many other compounds present in the serum after administration of Tulasi Swarasadi Taila, that were absent initially at the baseline. Conclusion: Tulasi Swarsadi Taila is absorbed in systemic circulation from oral and Nasya routes in rats. However, the pattern of the presence of phytoconstituents in serum varied at different time intervals in the cases of both routes of drug administration in albino rats.

Nephroprotective potential of Polyalthia longifolia roots against vancomycin-induced renal toxicity in experimental animals.

This study was done to investigate the possible nephroprotective effect of an ethanolic root extract of Polyalthia Longifolia (PL) on vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity using curative and protective models. Vancomycin (150mg/kg, intravenous) was given to healthy Wistar albino rats in the curative model before the start of treatment, whereas the protective group received vancomycin at the conclusion of the 10-day treatment procedure. Animals were divided into six groups for both models; group I served as the normal control, while groups II, III, IV, V, and VI were kept as toxic control, standard (selenium, 6mg/kg), LDPL (low dose of PL 200mg/kg), HDPL (high dose of PL 400mg/kg), and HDPL + selenium (interactive) groups, respectively. Renal biomarkers [(uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum proteins], and blood electrolyte levels were measured for all tested groups. When compared to the vancomycin group, the HDPL significantly (p < 0.01) showed greater effectiveness in lowering the BUN, potassium, and calcium levels. Additionally, in the curative model, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the blood levels of uric acid, creatinine, BUN, potassium, and calcium in the animals who received the combination of selenium and HDPL. Both LDPL and HDPL did not provide any distinguishable effect in the protective model, but groups that received HDPL with selenium did provide detectable protection by significantly lowering their levels of uric acid, BUN, serum potassium, and total serum protein in comparison to the vancomycin control group. These findings indicate that, whether administered before or after renal damage is induced, the Polyalthia longifolia root extract provided only modest protection to nephrons, which require selenium support to prevent vancomycin-induced kidney damage.

Nephroprotective effect of AT-MSCs against cisplatin-induced EMT is improved by azilsartan via attenuating oxidative stress and TGF-β/Smad signaling

The nephrotoxicity of cisplatin (CIS) is a significant complication that challenges its clinical applicability. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be included in the pathogenesis of CIS-evoked nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the possible protective effect of AZL and/or AT-MSCs against CIS–induced EMT in rats on molecular bases. Fifty-four healthy Wistar male albino rats were used in this study. Different biochemical markers of kidney function as well as oxidative stress parameters were investigated. Additionally, renal histopathological study was performed. The expression of EMT-related proteins and genes was evaluated by western blotting and qRT-PCR. CIS markedly increased SCr, BUN, uric acid and renal MDA levels, with concomitant decrease in serum total protein, renal GSH level and SOD activity. Furthermore, it suppressed the expression of Cdh1 gene, increased the α-SMA, Acta2, Cdh2 and Vim genes expression, down regulated the expression of E-cad protein and up-regulated the α-SMA, TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3 and Snail proteins expression. Kidney tissues showed severe histopathological alterations and extensive collagen accumulation. Conversely, the treatment with either AZL or AT-MSCs significantly attenuated these alterations caused by CIS. Interestingly, the combined therapy of AZL and AT-MSCs has a superior ameliorative effect than AT-MSCs alone. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, revealed that AZL and/ or AT-MSCs successfully ameliorated the CIS-induced EMT via the inhibition of oxidative stress and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Intriguingly, AZL enhanced the effect of AT-MSCs making them promising agents for kidney protection against CIS-induced EMT.

Evaluation of effect of nilotinib in an experimental corneal neovascularization model

Aim: This study aims to investigate the neovascularization-inhibiting effect of topical nilotinib and to determine the effective dose of nilotinib.&#x0D; Material and Method: In this study, 42 healthy Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into six groups. The left corneas of all rats except group 1 were cauterized with silver nitrate. Group 1 was the healthy control, with no corneal vascularization, which did not receive any treatment; Group 2 (sham) did not receive treatment, only topical DMSO; Groups 3, 4, and 5 received topical nilotinib at doses of 10, 20, and 40 μM three times a day, respectively; Group 6 received 5 mg/dL topical bevacizumab three times for a day for seven days. On the 8th day, photographs of the corneas were taken, and the percentage of corneal neovascularization area was calculated. Following all rats being killed via anesthesia, the corneas were removed to determine the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ELISA and corneal immune staining. &#x0D; Results: Other than Group 3, the percentage of neovascular corneal area was lower in the treatment groups compared to Group 2 (p

Evaluation of The Antidepressant Properties of Aqueous Extract Terminalia Chebula Fruit Pulp in Wistar Albino Rats.

Between 9 and 46% of those being treated for major depressive disorder had a partial or no response to antidepressants. Research is needed to produce a more effective and safer antidepressant. Terminalia chebula stimulates the CNS. The major goal of this research is to determine whether chronic administration of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula fruit pulp dosages of (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) have antidepressant effects. Terminalia chebula behavioural model of rats when supplied over three to four months in experimental rats. Wistar albino rats weighing 200 to 300 grams and one to two months old were utilized. For all experiments, healthy wistar albino rats of either sex were separated into six groups with equal numbers of animals. The antidepressant properties of Terminalia chebula fruit pulp were investigated using two different experimental methods. Both the forced swimming and the tail suspension tests fall into this category. Terminalia chebula fruit pulp was given at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg. To treat depression, a standard dose of antidepressant medication (10 mg/kg) of imipramine was administered. Each group of rats was tested one hour after treatment. A rat behavioural stress paradigm found that Terminalia chebula had a nephroprotective effect. Antioxidant phytochemicals like Terminalia chebula were extracted and quantified. The abundance of phytochemicals implies that this might be a good source for antioxidants and depression therapy. The current evidence is intriguing and may be employed as a medicine candidate after additional study and clinical tests.

Radiographic cardiac indices for the evaluation of cardiac and left atrial sizes in healthy Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Radiographic cardiac indices for the evaluation of cardiac and left atrial sizes in healthy Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)

A Preventive herb against bone loss in diabetic rats: Zingiber officinale

The study aims to determine and compare bone mechanical and material properties in experimentally diabetic rats treated with ginger extract. Forty female, healthy Wistar albino rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into five groups; Control (C), Sham (S), Ginger (G), Diabetic (D), and Diabetic rats treated with Ginger (DG). Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin. Ginger-treated rats received 200 mg/kg ginger extract by oral gavage in a 30-day-trial. At the end of the study, tibiae were harvested and subjected to a three-point bending test. Plasma samples were also analyzed for calcium and phosphorus concentrations. It was observed that the bending strength significantly decreased in the groups Ginger (234.78 ± 16.79; P = 0.019) and the Diabetic (223.90 ± 29.90; P = 0.028) compared to group Control (275.75 ± 33.47). In addition, the bending strength of the diabetic rats treated with ginger (DG group; 251.92 ± 15.90) was also significantly higher than the rats in the Ginger and Diabetic groups (P = 0.032 and P = 0.037, respectively). Although the plasma calcium concentrations showed no differences among any of the groups, the plasma phosphorus levels decreased significantly in group Diabetic (3.47 ± 0.28; P = 0.05) compared to Control (5.11 ± 0.21). However, there was a significant increase in plasma phosphorus in group DG (4.32 ± 0.12; P = 0.05) compared to Diabetic. In conclusion, ginger extract treatment of diabetic rats improves bone material properties. The adverse effects of diabetes on the mechanical properties of the bone were prevented by using ginger extract in diabetic rats.