Healthy Intestinal Microbiota Research Articles

Novel indigenous probiotic isolated from the healthy Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei intestine in differing stages based on metagenomic and screening approaches

The healthy intestinal microbiota of shrimp can be used as an indicator sustainable shrimp production. In this study, the integrated of metagenomic and screening probiotic approach from healthy Litopenaeus vannamei intestines in differing stages was studied to find novel indigenous probiotics. The microbiota from intestine of naupli, post larva (PL-10), juvenile (40 days), and adult (80 days) of Pacific white shrimp were characterized using a high-quality sequence of V3–V4 of 16S rRNA gene as the hypervariable region. The classifiable sequence number was detected in 54 phyla. Several core intestine bacteria, 35 of these 557 genera, have a prevalence >10 sequences across all samples. We found microbiota were different taxa in the difference stages, such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteriodetes. The top 10 most abundant genera were Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas, Spingomonas, Marinibacterium, Klebsiella, Alteromonas, Aestuaribacter, Shimia, Stenotrophomonas, and Ruegeria. Microbiota profiling based on a metagenomic approach was integrated with screening assessment for pathogenicity, antagonistic activity with Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vp5, antibiotic resistance, and digestive enzyme activities. As their assessment activity, several screened culturable bacteria were 19 of these 84 isolates. Three isolates with high activities (P < 0.05) found as novel indigenous probiotics were Shewanella algae A1, Shewanella algae A3, and Vibrio diabolicus UB3. Integrating metagenomic and screening methods was a new signature for the isolating novel indigenous probiotics in Pacific white shrimp.

Lyophilized fecal microbiome transfer for primary Clostridioides difficile infection: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (DONATE Study)

Background Primary Clostridioides difficile infection (pCDI) carries high recurrence and mortality rates and is globally spread. pCDI is often a consequence of exposure to antibiotics, disrupting the healthy intestinal microbiota composition. Not surprisingly, in this antibiotic-associated infection, failure of the standard antibiotic treatment is high. Frozen fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the introduction of the microbial community from a healthy donor, has been shown to be safe and highly effective in cases of recurrent CDI, reaching &gt;90% cumulative success rate. Importantly, FMT has shown potential for intestinal decolonization of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO), and/or mitigation of their ability to cause invasive infection. The use of FMT for pCDI, has been tested in small studies, showing promising results. The use of frozen FMT graft is often administered via colonoscopy or enteral (naso-jejunal) tubes, which are invasive procedures, placing significant burden on these often frail patients and the institutions providing the services. Moreover, frozen FMT is hampered by storage needs which limit accessibility and spread. Methods We have developed a lyophilized FMT product (Lyo-FMT - a dry compound that does not need freezing) that retains viability, prolongs the shelf time of the product and improves patient acceptance. In a randomized controlled multicenter trial, we aim to assess the efficacy of Lyo-FMT for pCDI in comparison to standard antibiotic therapy. Expected results This easy-to-administer product will restore the microbial community, fight the infective agent and reduce the overall antibiotic-resistant gene burden. This, in turn, will lower the recurrence rate and decrease carriage of other MDRO, coupled with a reduction in antibiotic use. Data on microbial shifts during treatment will shed light on our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Clinicaltrials.gov registration NCT05709184, 2023-02-24

The Interaction between Human Microbes and Advanced Glycation End Products: The Role of Klebsiella X15 on Advanced Glycation End Products' Degradation.

Previous studies have shown that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in the occurrence and progression of numerous diseases, with dietary AGEs being particularly associated with intestinal disorders. In this study, methylglyoxal-beta-lactoglobulin AGEs (MGO-β-LG AGEs) were utilized as the exclusive nitrogen source to investigate the interaction between protein-bound AGEs and human gut microbiota. The high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of alterations in peptides containing AGEs within metabolites before and after fermentation elucidated the capacity of intestinal microorganisms to enzymatically hydrolyze long-chain AGEs into short-chain counterparts. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, and other genera as dominant microbiota at different fermentation times. A total of 187 potential strains of AGE-metabolizing bacteria were isolated from the fermentation broth at various time points. Notably, one strain of Klebsiella exhibited the most robust growth capacity when AGEs served as the sole nitrogen source. Subsequently, proteomics was employed to compare the changes in protein levels of Klebsiella X15 following cultivation in unmodified proteins and proteins modified with AGEs. This analysis unveiled a remodeled amino acid and energy metabolism pathway in Klebsiella in response to AGEs, indicating that Klebsiella may possess a metabolic pathway specifically tailored to AGEs. This study found that fermenting AGEs in healthy human intestinal microbiota altered the bacterial microbiota structure, especially by increasing Klebsiella proliferation, which could be a key factor in AGEs' role in causing diseases, particularly intestinal inflammation.

Modern baby breastfeeding trends

Breastfeeding is a critical aspect of infant care that provides numerous benefits for both infants and mothers. The socio-cultural changes of the 21st century require optimisation of this practice and research into the physiological stages of milk secretion, including the hormonal regulation of lactation and factors that influence breast secretion, which is crucial for supporting breastfeeding and improving the overall well-being of infants and mothers. The purpose of the work was to investigate current views on breastfeeding support through a comprehensive review of the existing literature, with a particular focus on studies on the physiological stages of milk secretion during pregnancy and breastfeeding. We used bibliographic, analytical and regulatory search methods. The review contributes to the deepening of knowledge and understanding of breastfeeding, emphasising its importance for newborn care and maternal well-being. The material covers a wide range of factors that influence lactation as a physiological process and breastfeeding as a social practice. The findings highlight the physiological basis of the lactation process: the key role of prolactin and oxytocin in initiating and maintaining milk secretion, internal (hormonal imbalances, breast anatomy and surgery), and external factors such as the mother’s somatic condition, including gestational diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. The positive aspects of breastfeeding for both the child and the mother are analysed. The various positive effects of this practice on the child are considered, including the most favourable balance of nutrients in the mother’s milk, the formation of passive immunity and the maintenance of a healthy intestinal microbiota. Particular attention is paid to the changing views on infant feeding in light of social and economic changes in the early 21st century, including the growing role of artificial formula and the challenges of natural feeding in the workplace. Practical implications: it provides a basis for developing evidence-based interventions to improve the breastfeeding experience and well-being of both infants and mothers while informing healthcare professionals, policymakers, and support groups.

Synthetic microbial consortia for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection in mice model.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) as of recent has become a great concern to the impact on human health due to its high hazardous risk and rate of recurrence. Live bacterial therapeutics is a promising method to treat or prevent CDI. Here, a synthetic microbial consortia (SMC) B10 was constructed using probiotic strains with antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activities, and the therapeutic effect of SMC B10 against C. difficile infection was evaluated in vitro. Compared to the model group, the treatment of SMC B10 significantly increased the survival rate. The clinical signs of mice were significantly ameliorated, especially the cecum injury, while the secretion of pro-inflammatory associated cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17A and TNF-α was reduced, the expression of TLR4 was inhibited, which alleviated the inflammatory response, and the expression of the tight junction protein Claudin-1 was increased, ultimately promoting the recovery of host health. The treatment of B10 restored gut microbiota dysbiosis and led to a healthy intestinal microbiota structure, significantly improved alpha diversity, suppressing potentially harmful bacteria and restoring other core bacterial species. In conclusion, SMC B10 can effectively treat CDI through modulate gut microbiota and attenuate the inflammatory response.

Dietary probiotic Aspergillus niger preparation improves the growth performance, health status, and gut microbiota of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei

Aspergillus niger is a unique fungus with benefits that can help improve the performance of terrestrial and aquatic animals. However, studies on the use of A. niger on aquatic animal species are limited. The present study investigated the effects of A. niger preparation as a dietary supplement on growth, gut microbiota, and immune response of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. The experiment was conducted over a 56-day trial period, with shrimps fed a control diet, and three diets containing three doses of A. niger preparation 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g (kg diet)−1) designated as P500, P1000 and P1500, respectively. The results showed that increasing concentrations of A. niger preparation led to higher weight gain and final weight in shrimp. Moreover, increasing levels of A. niger preparation of P1000 and P1500 reduced the mortality rate of shrimp challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In A. niger groups, PA, RBs, PO and LYS activities of shrimp significantly increased compared to the control group. Microbial analysis revealed significantly higher Vibrio-like counts in the gut of shrimp fed the control diet than in all A. niger-supplemented diets. Shewanella belonging to the dominant phylum Proteobacteria was highly expressed in the microbiota of shrimp fed P1000 diet. Meanwhile, Vibrio was relatively abundant in the control group. Unique genera, such as JGI0000069P2 and Marinicella, promoted bioremediation activities, while Halobacteriovorax aided in the elimination of V. parahaemolyticus infection in shrimp. Notably, a symbiotic relationship between Shewanella and Halobacteriovorax bacteria in the gut jointly boosted the immune responses of shrimp in defense against V. parahaemolyticus infection. These findings suggest that the A. niger preparation, due to its beneficial effects, could potentially be included in the diet to promote growth and a healthy intestinal microbiota, while also serving as a prophylactic treatment and immunological booster for shrimp.

How Do Diet Patterns, Single Foods, Prebiotics and Probiotics Impact Gut Microbiota?

The human gastrointestinal tract hosts a complex and dynamic population of commensal bacterial species, which have coevolved with the host, generating a symbiotic relationship. Some compounds present in foods, such as polyols, prebiotic fibers, or phenolic compounds, are poorly metabolized and absorbed by the host before the transformation guided by the colonic microbiota. By influencing gut microbiota, diet plays a fundamental role in understanding the beneficial effects of the gut microbiota on the host, including its long-term metabolism. The idea that probiotics can act not only by influencing the colonizing microbiota opens the door to a wider range of probiotic possibilities, encouraging innovation in the field. Furthermore, it has been shown both that some probiotics increase phagocytosis or the activity of natural killer cells. Current prebiotics are mainly based on carbohydrates, but other substances, such as polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids, could exert prebiotic effects. A prebiotic substance has been defined as ‘a substrate that is selectively used by host microorganisms that confer a health benefit’, and so can interact with the gut microbiota through competition for nutrients, antagonism, cross-feeding, and support for microbiota stability. Influencing its composition in terms of richness and diversity, food components have a key impact on the intestinal microbiota. Eating habits can strongly influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota. A healthy intestinal microbiota is essential for maintaining general health, and diet is one of the major modulators of this fascinating world of microorganisms. This must give us one more reason to adopt a healthy lifestyle.

Effect of feed restriction and refeeding on body condition, digestive functionality and intestinal microbiota in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of fasting and refeeding on body condition, gut physiology and microbiota in reared O. mykiss. Ninety-six fish were randomly allotted among three groups subjected to different feeding plan: C (control, fed for 5 weeks); R (restricted ration over 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks feeding); F (fasted over 3 weeks followed by 2 weeks feeding) in a well’s fresh water flow-through rearing plan. Sampling occurred at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 days during the refeeding period. At day 0 and throughout the feeding period until day 14, the weight of the fish was significantly affected by the feeding restriction. Feed deprivation reduced significantly the viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes. Brush border membrane enzymes’ specific activity was modulated by feeding regimes until day 7, to level in all experimental groups at day 14. At the end of the restricted/fasted period, the microbiota of the C group was made up of 70% of Actinobacteria, 24% of Proteobacteria, 4.2% of Firmicutes and < 1% of Bacteroides, while the restricted and fasted group were characterized by a strong reduction of Actinobacteria, and a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The feed deprivation determined a dysbiosis, allowing the development of different commensal or pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, the effects of 2 weeks of feed deprivation, excluding those related to body weight, are gradually mitigated by refeeding, which allows the restoration of digestive functions and a healthy intestinal microbiota.

Modern approaches to the essence and assessment of gut dysbiosis. Review

An imbalance, dysfunction, or disruption of the gut microbiota (GM) is increasingly recognized as an indicator of certain disease or poor health. Due to the complexity and individual variation in microbial communities, there is no gold standard for determining the presence or degree of this imbalance or disruption of the gut microbiota, although many studies refer to it as gut dysbiosis. The problem with the definition of intestinal dysbiosis is caused by the lack of a clear definition of a healthy intestinal microbiota. Several indices have been defined and applied to qualify the term «gut dysbiosis». According to the results of an extensive literature search, known indices of dysbiosis (ID) can be methodologically grouped into five categories: large‑scale profiling of bacterial markers, relevant taxon‑based methods, environmental classification, random prediction, combined α/β‑diversity. These methods for identifying and quantifying gut dysbiosis successfully capture differences between GM associated with specific conditions, diseases, or interventions, as well as that present in healthy individuals or at baseline (before intervention). Such indices can help to characterize diseases and adverse conditions, predict treatment outcomes, and provide information different from conventional alpha and beta estimates of microbial diversity. It should be kept in mind that dysbiosis is not a well‑defined condition and that indices of dysbiosis differ in methodological and clinical contexts, developed for different cohorts and to describe a variety of conditions. Current basic methods and principles related to the assessment of GM in a clinical context are highlighted, including the current use of dysbiosis indices, their calculation and indicators in the context of specific diseases and conditions. Dysbiosis indices are not separate measurements and should be interpreted in the context of clinical data. It should be remembered that the GM that characterizes a particular disease or intervention often changes due to disturbances in factors such as diet, medication, oxygen availability, or immune responses. In this case, ID is used as a diagnostic marker, but not necessarily as a predictor of the disease. However, the value of dysbiosis indices as simple tools to describe the differences between different gut microbial communities is important.&#x0D;

Mineral water as food for bone: an overview

Water is a primary asset and contributes significantly to human health. Although water requirements vary from person to person, an intake of 1.5-2 L per day is known to guarantee proper hydration, and is essential to maintaining the body’s water balance. Water for human use includes “water” (treated or not) intended to be drinkable, used for the preparation of food and drinks, and for other domestic uses, and “natural mineral water”, meaning waters that “originate from an aquifer or from a groundwater basin, which flow from one or more natural or reamed (perforated) springs and which have specific hygienic characteristics and, possibly, health properties”. According to European legislation (Directive 2009/54/EC), mineral waters can be classified on the basis of analysis of their main chemical-physical characteristics. Natural mineral waters can also be classified into many categories on the basis of their mineral composition and principal component. Natural mineral waters are known to have many beneficial (and non-beneficial) effects on human health and several studies have explored their properties and their role in different physiological and pathological conditions. Despite concerns about possible negative effects due to the plasticizers and/or endocrine disruptors that may be present in bottled mineral waters, their consumption is widespread. Calcium-rich mineral waters (calcium content &gt;150 mg/L) supply excellent amounts of highly bioavailable calcium and are a very useful way of taking in calcium regularly and in a well distributed way throughout the day, without experiencing side effects; they therefore contribute to the achievement of the recommended intakes. Mineral waters can also be used as supplements to reduce the risk of deficiency of other micronutrients important for bone health such as boron, strontium and fluoride. Finally, gut microbiota is emerging as a key player in bone turnover regulation due to its ability to modulate the immune system, controlling inflammation and also influencing calcium absorption and vitamin D levels. Intestinal dysbiosis may promote bone mass loss in older people and after menopause. For this reason, the maintenance of a healthy and efficient intestinal microbiota is considered fundamental in the management of skeletal pathologies, both to prevent them and to support possible drug therapies.

Gene co-expression network analysis of the human gut commensal bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in R-Shiny.

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is abundant in the healthy human intestinal microbiota, and the absence or scarcity of this bacterium has been linked with inflammatory diseases and metabolic disorders. F. prausnitzii thus shows promise as a next-generation probiotic for use in restoring the balance of the gut microbial flora and, due to its strong anti-inflammatory properties, for the treatment of certain pathological conditions. However, very little information is available about gene function and regulation in this species. Here, we utilized a systems biology approach-weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)-to analyze gene expression in three publicly available RNAseq datasets from F. prausnitzii strain A2-165, all obtained in different laboratory conditions. The co-expression network was then subdivided into 24 co-expression gene modules. A subsequent enrichment analysis revealed that these modules are associated with different kinds of biological processes, such as arginine, histidine, cobalamin, or fatty acid metabolism as well as bacteriophage function, molecular chaperones, stress response, or SOS response. Some genes appeared to be associated with mechanisms of protection against oxidative stress and could be essential for F. prausnitzii's adaptation and survival under anaerobic laboratory conditions. Hub and bottleneck genes were identified by analyses of intramodular connectivity and betweenness, respectively; this highlighted the high connectivity of genes located on mobile genetic elements, which could promote the genetic evolution of F. prausnitzii within its ecological niche. This study provides the first exploration of the complex regulatory networks in F. prausnitzii, and all of the "omics" data are available online for exploration through a graphical interface at https://shiny.migale.inrae.fr/app/faeprau.

Effects of kefir lactic acid bacteria-derived postbiotic components on high fat diet-induced gut microbiota and obesity

Cellular components, surface layer protein (SLP) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of postbiotic lactic bacteria (PLAB) can rehabilitate high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis and obese characteristic gut microbiome. However, it is not clear whether and how PLAB components affect gut microbiota and specifically adipocyte gene expression. Furthermore, SLP and EPS of PLAB in combination with polyphenolics of prebiotic wine grape seed flour (GSF) may have greater benefit on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and gut microbiota imbalance. To investigate interactions, C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD and orally administered saline (CON), 250 mg/Kg EPS, or 120 mg/Kg SLP or saline with fed 2% GSF (GSF) or combination (42 mg/Kg EPS + 20 mg/Kg SLP + 0.5% GSF; ALL). There were significant reductions of HFD-induced body weight gain, adipose weight, serum triglyceride, and insulin resistance by the SLP and ALL diets compared to CON, with the most profound effect by ALL. ALL significantly affected the distribution of intestinal bacterial genus and species particularly those involved in production of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and anti-obesogenic action. Microarray analysis from adipose tissue showed that ALL significantly affected expression of genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis, autophagy, inflammatory response, immune response, brown adipose tissue development and response to lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan (p < 0.05). Interestingly, expression of Akp13 (A-kinase anchoring protein 13) gene, which is related to body mass index and immune response, was negatively associated with the abundance of obesogenic and SCFAs producing gut bacteria. These data suggest that a combination of postbiotic kefir LAB cellular components and prebiotic GSF establishes a healthy intestinal microbiota that in part was associated with the prevention of obesity and obesity-related diseases.

Cholesterol-lowering effect of bile salt hydrolase from a Lactobacillus johnsonii strain mediated by FXR pathway regulation.

Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Healthy intestinal microbiota can contribute to reducing the high cholesterol symptoms by producing bile salt hydrolase (BSH). In this study, recombinant BSH from the strain L. johnsonii 334 with high cholesterol reduction ability was selected to study the cholesterol-lowering mechanism mediated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulation in mice. In the presence of recombinant BSH, mice had a larger bile acid pool. Analysis of individual bile acids revealed that bile acid composition was affected not only by recombinant BSH but also by the modulated gut microbiota. We confirmed a marked reduction in the transcription of FXR and its molecular targets in the ileum and a significant increase in the transcription of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), which resulted in the increased bile acid synthesis and cholesterol-lowering effects. Notably, our work reveals the importance of BSH substrate specificity.

Effects of photobiomodulation on the growth of intestinal bacteria

Necrotizing enterocolitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that occurs in newborns, more commonly in preterm infants. It is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal diseases in neonates, and is characterized by the development of diffuse intestinal necrosis in premature infants subjected to stress. The high incidence and lack of effective treatment strategies suggest that new approaches to treating the disease are needed. It is in this context that the possibility of using photobiomodulation as a therapeutic modality arises. However, studies on the use of photobiomodulation in intestinal bacteria are scarce. To study the effect of photobiomodulation used in clinical parameters on the growth of bacteria commonly present in the newborn microbiota. Four strains of bacteria were chosen to be studied, two belonging to healthy intestinal microbiota, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri, and two pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria were cultivated in planktonic growth and irradiated with LED at a wavelength of 660 nm and a power density of 0.025 W/cm2, at fluences of 1, 5 and 10 J/cm2. The evaluation of cell growth was performed through absorbance readings in the periods of 4h, 24h and 48h after irradiation. The growth of L. acidophilus, L. reuteri and S. aureus did not undergo biomodulation in any of the fluences. The growth of E. coli was stimulated at 1 J/cm2 when compared to the Control group, with statistical significance (p&lt;0.005). In the other fluencies there was no biostimulation for the E. coli bacteria. The use of a wavelength of 660 nm in the fluences of 5 J/cm2 and 10 J/cm2 in the studied bacteria did not lead to a significant change in the growth rate.

Modulation of Gut Microbiota for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19.

The gut microbiota is well known to exert multiple benefits on human health including protection from disease causing pathobiont microbes. It has been recognized that healthy intestinal microbiota is of great importance in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Gut dysbiosis caused by various reasons is associated with severe COVID-19. Therefore, the modulation of gut microbiota and supplementation of commensal bacterial metabolites could reduce the severity of COVID-19. Many approaches have been studied to improve gut microbiota in COVID-19 including probiotics, bacterial metabolites, and prebiotics, as well as nutraceuticals and trace elements. So far, 19 clinical trials for testing the efficacy of probiotics and synbiotics in COVID-19 prevention and treatment are ongoing. In this narrative review, we summarize the effects of various approaches on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and discuss associated mechanisms.

Enteric viruses seize their immunomodulatory niche

Enteric eukaryotic viruses are increasingly recognized as non-pathogenic, immunomodulatory participants in the healthy intestinal microbiota. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Dallari etal. (2021) use a single virus infection approach to reveal both generalized viral immune responses and numerous unique, virus-specific response profiles.

Dietary Curdlan Enhances Bifidobacteria and Reduces Intestinal Inflammation in Mice.

β-glucan consumption is known for its beneficial health effects, but the mode of action is unclear. While humans and mice lack the required enzymes to digest β-glucans, certain intestinal microbes can digest β-glucans, triggering gut microbial changes. Curdlan, a particulate β-glucan isolated from Alcaligenes faecalis, is used as a food additive. In this study we determined the effect of curdlan intake in mice on the intestinal microbiota and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation. The effect of curdlan on the human intestinal microbiota was assessed using i-screen, an assay for studying anaerobic microbial interactions. Mice received oral gavage with vehicle or curdlan for 14 days followed by DSS for 7 days. The curdlan-fed group showed reduced weight loss and colonic inflammation compared to the vehicle-fed group. Curdlan intake did not induce general microbiota community changes, although a specific Bifidobacterium, closely related to Bifidobacterium choerinum, was observed to be 10- to 100-fold more prevalent in the curdlan-fed group under control and colitis conditions, respectively. When tested in i-screen, curdlan induced a global change in the microbial composition of the healthy intestinal microbiota from a human. Overall, these results suggest that dietary curdlan induces microbiota changes that could reduce intestinal inflammation.

Modulation of the gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) by dietary inclusion of a functional yeast cell wall‐based additive

Several eco-friendly natural substances can enhance the shrimp immune defence system therby acting as a prophylactic agent in feed additives. Agents such as (1, 3)-(1, 6)-D β-glucan and complex mannan-oligosaccharides located in yeast cell walls present such immunomodulatory and potential prebiotic properties. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial yeast cell wall extract (YCW) on shrimp performance and health status, and influence on gut microbiota. Juvenile Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) were raised at an intensive shrimp farm and fed with two different diet inclusions levels of YCW, that is, 0.5% and 1.0%, in addition to a yeast free control group. After 102 days, animals were sampled, and standard nutrition performance parameters were measured. Additionally, the phylogenetic profile and composition of shrimp gut microbiota were evaluated. Animal performance, including growth and survival, was significantly better on animals fed with YCW than the control group. Furthermore, beneficial bacteria phylotypes were stimulated by the presence of YCW, positively modulating the gut microbiota, with emphasis on 1.0% YCW treatment. Therefore, YCW can be regarded as a prophylactic functional agent in the intensive rearing of juvenile P. vannamei thus improving animal performance and contributing to a healthy intestinal microbiota.

The role of gut microbiota in health and diseases

ABSTRACTABSTRACTMicrobiota contributes a crucial part in the human hosts' health and actively provides to the emergence of various diseases. The optimal composition of healthy intestinal microbiota varies from person to person. The more various and abundant of the microbiota, the greater their resistance to outside hazards. Colonization of the microbiota in the human body starts after delivery and develops continuously from infant to adult. The largest microbial colony is constructed in the lower part of the adult human digestive tract. The composition of the human intestinal microbiota alters promptly during the beginning of life and is steady. It has been described the close relationship among dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota with intestinal and non-intestinal diseases. Nevertheless, it is uncertain whether dysbiosis is the culprit of the disease or only as a result of the disease. Human microbiota's role must be investigated more deeply so that later it can be developed for the prevention, diagnosis of disease, and more effective treatment strategies in the future. In this minireview, we will describe the development of the gut microbiota, its interaction with our bodily systems and defense, the multiple causes of dysbiosis, and its impact on several metabolic in inflammatory diseases in humans. With this insight, it is hoped that we can be more cautious about using antibiotics, avoid things that lead to dysbiosis, and handle diseases more holistically, putting the balance of the microbiota into account. Keywords: human, microbiota, gastrointestinal tract, dysbiosis, health and diseaseCorresponding author: deasyfetarayani@gmail.com

Live and ultrasound-inactivated Lacticaseibacillus casei modulate the intestinal microbiota and improve biochemical and cardiovascular parameters in male rats fed a high-fat diet.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ingestion of live (9 log CFU mL-1) and ultrasound-inactivated (paraprobiotic, 20 kHz, 40 min) Lacticaseibacillus casei 01 cells for 28 days on healthy parameters (biochemical and cardiovascular) and intestinal microbiota (amplicon sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA) of rats fed a high-fat diet. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six animals: CTL (standard diet), HFD (high-fat diet), HFD-LC (high-fat diet and live L. casei), and HFD-ILC (high-fat diet and inactivated L. casei). The administration of live and ultrasound-inactivated L. casei prevented the increase (p < 0.05) in cholesterol levels (total and LDL) and controlled the insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, it promoted a modulation of the intestinal microbial composition by increasing (p < 0.05) beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae and Ruminoccocaceae) and decreasing (p < 0.05) harmful bacteria (Clostridiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Helicobacteriacea), attenuating the effects promoted by the HFD ingestion. Only live cells could increase (p < 0.05) the HDL-cholesterol, while only inactivated cells caused attenuation (p < 0.05) of the blood pressure. Results show beneficial effects of live and inactivated L. casei 01 and indicate that ultrasound inactivation produces a paraprobiotic with similar or improved health properties compared to live cells.