Health Care Sector In Ukraine Research Articles

Modern Classification of Respiratory Diseases: Innovations in the International Classification of Diseases of the 11th Revision

A comprehensive analysis has been performed on the innovations in the classification of respiratory diseases introduced in ICD-11, comparing it with the previous ICD-10 version. This analysis underscores the critical importance of implementing a more detailed and systematic approach to categorizing diseases of the respiratory system. The enhancements found in ICD-11 have been proven to open up new opportunities for the timely and high-quality provision of medical and pharmaceutical care. This is particularly significant for patients suffering from various injuries, including those resulting from traffic accidents, participation in combat operations, and thoracic injuries. The updated classification system in ICD-11 allows for more precise diagnosis and treatment plans, which is essential for improving patient outcomes. By providing a more granular level of detail in disease categorization, healthcare professionals can better understand the nuances of respiratory conditions. This leads to more effective communication among doctors, pharmacists, and patients, thereby improving the legal and professional relationships within the healthcare system. Integrating the ICD-11 classification into educational and training programs is essential for advancing the qualifications of specialists. By incorporating it into curricula and professional development programs, medical practitioners can stay abreast of the latest advancements in disease classification and patient care. This integration is also vital for eliminating medical errors, as a more detailed classification system reduces the likelihood of misdiagnosis and improper treatment. Furthermore, adopting ICD-11 supports the ongoing development of the healthcare sector in Ukraine. It aligns the country's medical practices with international standards, facilitating better collaboration with global health organizations. This alignment is crucial for enhancing the overall quality of healthcare services provided to the population. In conclusion, the transition to ICD-11 represents a significant advancement in the classification of respiratory diseases. Its implementation is imperative for improving medical and pharmaceutical care, enhancing specialist training programs, and strengthening the doctor-pharmacist-patient relationship. Embracing this updated classification system will not only reduce medical errors but also contribute to the further development of Ukraine's healthcare sector.

The development of energy saving measures as a basis of ensuring energy efficiency in higher education institutions in healthcare of Ukraine

The implementation of efficient energy management systems (EnMS) to meet the requirements of ISO 50001 is an urgent problem, taking into account the aggravation of the issue of energy supply and energy saving in the country, especially in the conditions of martial law. The main issue facing higher education institutions (HEIs) of Ukraine when creating rational activities for the use of energy resources is the implementation of an energy management system to meet the requirements of DSTU ISO 50001:2020. The main problems faced by all HEIs now are revision of legislation, rising prices and cost of energy resources, high inflation, frequent exchange rate changes. EnMS will allow each institution to monitor energy consumption and provide an opportunity to develop and implement effective energy saving projects. Aim. To theoretically substantiate and propose practical energy saving measures for a higher education institution (HEI) in the healthcare sector of Ukraine within the framework of the implemented energy management system. Materials and methods. The research materials were data from scientific publications, statistical reports and the results of own research, in particular measures for the energy modernization of electric lighting in public areas of educational buildings of HEI. Such scientific methods as the method of content analysis, comparative analysis, the method of generalization and systematization of information, as well as the methods of mathematical and statistical calculations were applied. Results and discussion. The calculation of electricity costs and savings for lighting public areas of all educational buildings of HEI of healthcare of Ukraine has been carried out, and the need for lighting equipment has been formed. The total electricity savings during the energy modernization of lighting in educational buildings of HEI of healthcare of Ukraine and the total economic efficiency from the electricity savings have been calculated. It has been found that the energy efficiency during the energy modernization of lighting in the educational buildings of HEI is 25,126 kWh/year, and the total economic efficiency from electricity savings is 69,600 UAH/year. Conclusions. Energy saving measures have been proposed as part of the implemented energy management system, which will make it possible to significantly save electricity and reduce the financial costs for its purchase and distribution. This, in turn, will allow HEI to form its own general energy supply strategy aimed at improving both energy efficiency and overall operational efficiency.

Regulatory and legal regulation of the healtcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary: general and special

This article conducts a comparative analysis of the current state of legal regulation in the healthcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary. The significance of healthcare issues has elevated them to the level of one of the most important state tasks and an internal function of the modern state. This necessitates not only the execution of effective state governance but also the formation and implementation of state policy in this sphere. The article is dedicated to the formation and implementation of state policy concerning the legal regulation of the healthcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary, which underscores its relevance.
 During the writing process, the author researched the system of legal relations and state bodies responsible for performing relevant functions and tasks in the formation and implementation of healthcare policy. It analyzes the legislative system regulating these areas and the practice of its application in both countries. The article identifies the roles and places of the Verkhovna Rada (Supreme Council) of Ukraine and the Hungarian National Assembly, as well as the Cabinets of Ministers and the executive branch systems in both countries in the realization of healthcare policy.
 Like most contemporary scientific developments in this field, the article covers problems of three scientific disciplines – medicine, management, and law. In preparing this article, the author reviewed a considerable amount of medical literature, particularly in social medicine and healthcare organization, thoroughly exploring their scientific issues in both Ukraine and Hungary. However, it aims to illuminate the issues and problems arising in this context, specifically from the legal standpoint, particularly administrative law. Therefore, the focus of this work is primarily on legal categories and concepts – the legal mechanisms for implementing state medical and health improvement programs, ensuring the constitutionally guaranteed right of individuals in Ukraine and the Fundamental Law of Hungary to medical care, healthcare, and medical insurance, particularly the guaranteed level of free qualified medical aid.

АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ ТА ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ СФЕРИ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я УКРАЇНИ

The paper analyzes the current state of the healthcare sector in Ukraine. The development of the healthcare sector in Ukraine is analyzed, the peculiarities and prospects of reforming the healthcare system in Ukraine, methods of management in emergency situations, in particular the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the latest research on this topic is analyzed. The author assesses the development of the public and private sectors of the health care market, identifies the main trends in health care reform, and assesses the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on this process. The management of the healthcare system in wartime is defined as a complex process, and ways to improve the management of this area to organize quality medical care for the population of Ukraine are proposed. Namely, the development of e-health, telemedicine, qualified personnel, and the introduction of innovative technologies. The author characterizes the public and private sectors of the healthcare market and the medical tourism market. The article presents a classification of obstacles to reforming the health care system, substantiates the use of the Organizational Structure of the public administration system based on the cluster model, and identifies key aspects of managing the development of health care in war conditions, based on an assessment of investment attractiveness, level of economic independence and stability of the relevant structures. Prospects for further research based on the development of new management models are presented, including the study of the impact of war on the health care system, evaluation of the effectiveness of reforms and the development of new models of medical care in conflict.

Digitalization of services in the field of patients’ rights protection: current state and prospects for the development of legislation

This scientific article is devoted to the current problems of digital transformation in the field of health care and the introduction of electronic medical services. The main directions of introduction of the digitalization process in the sphere of medicines circulation in Ukraine are revealed, the attention is focused on the positive and negative moments of digitalization in the sphere of medicines circulation in Ukraine. Possible areas for improving digitalization in the field of circulation of medicines in Ukraine are identified, as well as the need to improve the legal regulation of digitalization in the field of circulation of medicines in Ukraine in order to protect the rights and interests of patients in the field of medicines. The article analyses the current state of legal regulation of digitalisation in the healthcare sector of Ukraine and the readiness to provide quality electronic healthcare services to patients. The authors have identified the need to adopt and amend regulations that would regulate the development of the electronic healthcare system, in particular, the introduction of an electronic public health system; electronic document management in the field of healthcare; implementation of measures to ensure the safety of medicines and the creation of an electronic prescription; expansion of the functions of the electronic system of state registers; automation of medical services; and legalisation of medical cannabis.
 The article examines the problems of legalisation of cannabis for medical purposes in Ukraine. International legal acts and standards in the field of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances are analysed. The authors review national legislative acts regulating the production and trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors.
 The article examines the German experience of legal support for patients’ access to the necessary medical cannabis treatment for various diseases and post-traumatic stress disorders. The article identifies the specifics of legal regulation of medical cannabis treatment services. The authors outline two types of medical cannabis treatment services - general and special, which differ in procedural features.

The impact of artificial intelligence on Ukrainian medicine: benefits and challenges for the future

The worldwide trend of digitisation across all aspects of society necessitates a fresh approach to the management system in the healthcare sector of Ukraine. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in medicine opens up opportunities for transforming the healthcare sector by creating an effective and personalised approach to medical services. Aims: The purpose of the study was a comprehensive analysis of the current role of artificial intelligence in Ukrainian medicine and the projected future impact of its development. Methodology: The work was completed by utilising several common scientific methods of cognition: logical and structural analysis, abstraction, comparison, induction, and deduction, as well as concretisation and formalisation. Results The benefits resulting from the active implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in medicine were analysed and evaluated in the article. The risks that will accompany the further rooting of AI in medical information systems were identified and a number of appropriate preventive measures were proposed. The experience of developed countries in the transformation of medicine through the use of artificial intelligence capabilities was studied. The feasibility and prospects of using AI technologies in various areas of healthcare were analysed. A number of tools and technologies were proposed to ensure an adequate level of security and protection of personal information. Scientific Novelty: The principles for adapting the existing algorithms of the medical industry in Ukraine to meet the requirements of digitalisation have been formulated, the expediency of transformation in this area was substantiated. Conclusion: It was substantiated that the increasing utilisation of artificial intelligence enables the ability to produce precise and efficient decisions within intricate analytical procedures. The results of the study may be of practical value for the process of optimising the modern medical industry in Ukraine in the context of globalisation of the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies.

ОБЛІК БЮДЖЕТНИХ АСИГНУВАНЬ В ЗАКЛАДАХ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я: ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-УПРАВЛІНСЬКІ ТА ЦИФРОВИЙ АСПЕКТИ

The healthcare sector of Ukraine needs special support at the national level of governance under martial law. An important priority in the context of the implementation of the Plan for the Recovery of Ukraine's Healthcare system from the consequences of war until 2032 is the introduction of effective governance tools that will ensure professional sustainability in the healthcare sector, as well as the formation of an effective management system for healthcare institutions in general. Building an effective management system for healthcare institutions requires high-quality accounting and analytical support for the management of budget allocations, in particular, when they are distributed and used by subordinate institutions. All stated issues determined the relevance of the chosen problem. The aim of the research is to study and substantiate peculiarities of the budget allocation accounting in health care institutions, taking into account organizational, managerial and digital aspects, in order to improve the efficiency of their activities and ensure the security of the accounting system as a whole. In the course of the study, general scientific theoretical methods of cognition were used, namely: tabular - for analytical assessment of the dynamics and structure of budget allocations of the health care institution under study; visual interpretation - for visualization of the process of organizing the accounting of budget allocations and their management system; analogy, abstraction and formalization - to reveal the features of financial and management accounting of budget allocations. The article attempts to substantiate the need to improve the synthetic and analytical accounting of budgetary allocations of a health care institution, taking into account organizational, managerial and digital aspects in the context of the post-war recovery of the national economy. Practical significance is in the fact, that based on the scientific and theoretical results of the study, actual proposals have been developed to improve the accounting of budgetary allocations of a health care institution, taking into consideration organizational, managerial and digital aspects. Prospects for further research consist in implementation of theoretical substantiation of the need to change the priorities of health care institutions within the framework of the Plan for the Restoration of the Health Care System of Ukraine until 2032, in particular, to increase medical services to meet the needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and people with special needs caused by the hostilities in Ukraine (rehabilitation, intensive care, development of "Specific Medical Guarantee Packages" for war victims) and disclosure of the peculiarities of their accounting reflection.

REGULATORY MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

The article addresses the problem of the development of nursing in the international context. Based on the analysis of regulatory documents of the World Health Organization, the WHO European Regional Office, the World Council of Nurses, information materials, resolutions of the World Health Assembly & other subjects of international policy, world trends that influence the development of the health system, determine the regulatory regulation of health workers at different levels of management have been identified. The international context of the world trends for the nursing professional development is disclosed: patient-oriented and family-centered approaches to the professional activity of a nurse, a competent approach to the continuous professional development of a person during his career, which includes continuous medical education, continuous professional education and training of medical workers at a medical institution; legal regulation of nurses’ activities for the provision of high-quality comprehensive medical services; strengthening the role of junior medical staff as an important component of human resources to improve public health; expanding the functions of junior medical staff and engaging them actively in health care management, interprofessional cooperation and joint practices; personalization, leadership development; introduction of competent models for health professionals aiming at continuing education and training. It is concluded that the defined global strategic guidelines and directions of action should be considered in the context of reforming the healthcare sector in Ukraine as imperatives of forming the latest state policy on nursing for implementation at the state, regional, local levels of management, as a guide for providers of continuous professional development of health professionals.

Institution of Patient’s Advance Directives in the Context of Ukraine’s Aspirations for European Integration

The development of legal science in Ukraine is connected with the processes of reform of society oriented to European values and standards of human rights. The most important among them are life and human health, which are related to the realization of patients’ rights in the health sector. In this context, the purpose of the article was to analyze the status and prospects of the legal regulation of the institution of patient advance directives, in terms of the methods of medical intervention for the future. The research methods used were: systems analysis, comparative and legal analysis, formal and logical method, prognosis. In the conclusions, the authors have offered civil means, which should create new opportunities for the exercise of subjective rights of patients during the provision of medical care. Finally, suggestions have been made for draft normative acts on improvement of legal regulation of the health care sector of Ukraine in accordance with European legal norms.

Using Swanson’s theory to improve quality of work life to strengthen the healthcare sector in Ukraine and South Africa

South Africa and Ukraine share similar challenges for staff in the healthcare sector. Health care workers in South Africa have borne the brunt of the COVID-19 pandemic whereas in Ukraine health care workers, amidst the war have had to show valour and a tough spirit in caring for their patients under very trying circumstances. Arising from the above tragedies, health care workers have shown incredible bravery both in Ukraine and in South Africa, however they display extreme burn out. In Ukraine, nurses are working in the conflict zone and have to manage complex patient mental and physical health issues. Some have even been subjected to violence from traumatized patients. This article assesses the healthcare situation both in Ukraine and South Africa and provides a descriptive report utilizing The Swanson's theory of caring. The elements of Swanson’s theory consisting of maintaining belief, knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling can be linked to characteristics such as supporting patients and colleagues, being sensitive, affectionate and empathetic while feeling a sense of responsibility towards the department and patients. The study, based at selected South African public central hospitals in two provinces, adopted a descriptive exploratory paradigm. Qualitative techniques were used to administer an interview schedule to 322 frontline participants. The results revealed that despite high commitment levels, the participants still faced challenges that impact their daily work life. The study conducted in South Africa on Quality of Work life (QWL) experiences of frontline healthcare workers leaves recommendations for the Ukrainian health care sector.

Comparative analysis of the current state of regulatory and legal regulation of health care in Ukraine and Hungary

The article provides a comparative analysis of the current state of legal regulation of health care in Ukraine and Hungary. The importance of public health issues has led to their elevation to the level of one of the most important state tasks, an internal function of the modern state, and this requires not only effective public administration, but also the formation and implementation of state policy in this area. This article is devoted to the formation and implementation of the state policy of legal regulation of the healthcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary. In the process of writing it, the author studied the system of legal relations and state bodies that perform the relevant functions and tasks in the formation and implementation of state health policy, analyzed the system of legislation that regulates them and the practice of its application in both countries. The article defines the place and role of the Verkhovna Rada in relation to health policy in comparison with the role of the Hungarian State Assembly, the Cabinet of Ministers, and the system of executive authorities of both countries in its implementation.
 The article, like most modern scientific developments in this field, covers the problems of three scientific disciplines - medicine, management and law. In the process of preparing this article, the author has processed a significant amount of medical literature, on social medicine and health care organization, and thoroughly researched their scientific issues both in Ukraine and Hungary. However, he tried to cover the issues and problems arising in this area from the standpoint of legal and administrative law. Therefore, in this work the main attention is focused not on the categories and concepts of social medicine and health care organization, but on the actual legal categories and concepts - legal mechanisms for the implementation of state medical and health programs, ensuring the human right to medical care, health care and health insurance guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and the Basic Law of Hungary guaranteed level of free qualified medical care.

METHOD OF ASSESSING THE REPUTATION OF A MEDICAL INSTITUTION (AS A MINER OF BLOCKCHAIN)

The healthcare sector in Ukraine has long been in need of change, and the many opportunities of blockchain technology can help it lead the transformation of this sector and ensure compliance with the requirements of efficiency, safety, novelty and economic benefits.
 Blockchain will transform medical enterprises and improve the quality of service, allowing new ecosystems and new business models to develop. Healthcare information stored in the blockchain can change the way clinical information is stored, as well as how information is shared in the organization, with healthcare partners, payers and, most importantly, patients. Blockchain decentralizes medical information by increasing the availability, efficiency, transparency, and credibility of data, but also requires careful planning to maximize the benefits it brings. With the help of the blockchain, users can store important medical data, the authenticity of which can be verified if there is a suspicion of forgery. In addition, cryptographic algorithms can be used to ensure the confidentiality of medical data (for example, an attacker will not be able to read the text if he stole data). Thus, the current challenge is the need to manage medical data based on blockchain technologies.
 The reputation of the medical institution (as a blockchain miner) is an important indicator, as the blocks are recorded by verified pre-selected validators and are in fact moderators of the system. It is to determine such validators that the value is not the number of tokens, but reputation, ie the blockchain according to a certain algorithm, taking into account the reputation, chooses a validator who will write the next block. Reputation grows with active life in the blockchain ecosystem and interaction with other participants. The better the reputation - the greater the chance of creating the next block. Therefore, the method of assessing the reputation of a medical institution (as a miner of blockchain), which allows to calculate and assess the reputation of a medical institution, was further developed in the article.
 Experiments on blockchain-based medical data management using the developed method of assessing the reputation of a medical institution (as a blockchain miner) - experiments to assess the reputation of a medical institution (for example, two different family medicine clinics) - as a blockchain miner.

COUNTERFEIT AND FALSIFIED MEDICINES: TODAY’S CHALLENGES AND SMART SOLUTIONS

In any democratic country, special attention is paid to health protection, as a result of which, through organisational, financial, economic, and legal institutions, the state ensures and maintains the health protection of the population at the sufficient level. The purpose of the study is to examine the existing problems in the field of providing the population of Ukraine with high-quality medical drugs. The research methodology is a set of cognitive tools and methods, the use of which allowed for obtaining the most objective information about the existing problem processes and phenomena in the field of providing the population of Ukraine with high-quality medicines. Considering the critical state of the health care sector of the population of Ukraine, the study analyses legal regulations that focus on problematic issues in the health care sector of Ukraine. Attention is drawn to the need to provide the population of Ukraine with affordable and high-quality medicines that must meet the best European and international standards. Statistical data on the facts of the detection of counterfeit medicines are presented, and actors on this issue are analysed. It is noted that counterfeit and falsified medicines cause irreparable harm to the health of people all over the world, such illegal actions threaten the economy and security of the state, cause economic and financial damage to manufacturers of medical medicines, undermine their image, and harm the owners of intellectual property rights. It is noted that public relations in the field under study concern legal mechanisms related to unfair competition, which negatively affects the image of the state, and the activities of both Ukrainian and foreign business entities. It is noted that since intellectual property in its nature and content is closely linked to the growth of the economy, there is a need for more effective steps by the state to prevent violations of intellectual property rights. The results of the study, and parts of it, can be useful for both lawyers and government agencies that struggle with unfair competition in the field of medicines.

METHOD OF PERFORMING THE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL DATA BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES

Today, healthcare decision-making processes are time consuming and complex. The productivity of health workers can be increased through the use of information technology. It is information technology that can reduce medical errors, provide more reliable solutions, and reduce health care costs. Today, medical information technology must meet 4 requirements: efficiency, safety, novelty and economic benefits. The healthcare sector in Ukraine has long been in need of change, and the many opportunities blockchain technology can help it lead the transformation of this area and meet these 4 requirements. Thus, increased attention to the technology of distributed registries has led to an understanding of the potential of blockchain technology in the health care system. Thus, the current challenge is the need to manage medical data based on blockchain technologies. The conducted state-of-the-art on known decisions on the use of blockchain technologies in the construction of information technology for medical data management showed that, despite a large number of different solutions, effective methods and solutions for medical data management based on blockchain technologies are currently lacking. Thus, improving the efficiency of medical data management by developing methods of medical data management based on blockchain technologies is currently an urgent problem. The aim of this study is to increase the efficiency of medical data management by developing a method of performing transactions on medical data based on blockchain technologies. A method of performing the transactions on medical data based on blockchain technologies has been developed, which consists of the stages of entering information into the blockchain and obtaining information from the blockchain. The developed method of performing the transactions on medical data provides: the ability to decide on the addition of transactions and medical data from the patient to the blockchain; the ability to decide on the issuance of data from the blockchain on request from a doctor

Стан професійного стресу у медичних працівників, протидії та його подолання

Objective. To determine the manifestations and the level of predictors of the development of emotional burnout (PREV) among medical workers in the Vinnytsia region and develop preventive measures to prevent it. Materials and methods. The study involved 324 respondents - healthcare workers in the Vinnytsia region. Among the respondents were women – 82,4%, men – 17,6%. The average age of respondents among doctors was 44,06+12,2 years, among nurses – 37,2+11,4 years. The length of service in professional activities was: among doctors – 19,7 + 12,3 years and SMPs – 15,5 + 11,1 years. The psychodiagnostic method of emotional burnout by V.V. Boyko was used in the study and the adapted technique of N.E. Vodopianova. Statistical processing of the study results was performed in the licensed standardized package Statistica 6.1 for Windows with the calculation of the arithmetic mean value, the standard mean arithmetic error. The significance of the difference was assessed using Student's t-test (t). The work used content analysis of domestic and foreign scientific sources, biblio-semantic, analytical and statistical research methods. Research Results. The article analyzes the state of professional and emotional burnout/stress among medical workers in the healthcare sector in Ukraine and abroad. The chief causes of professional burnout/stress, their factors, and their consequences are highlighted. Conclusions. These research results indicate inappropriate working conditions and the presence of harmful professional factors leading to a high level of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a reduction in professional achievements, which negatively affects the performance of their professional duties by every second health worker and requires them to be provided with outpatient treatment to prevent the transition of PREV syndromes and professional burnout into illness. The prospect of further research is to study the problem of professional burnout/stress, counteraction, and an effective system of mental health prevention both for medical personnel and the population of Ukraine.

EFFECTIVENESS ENSURING OF PRIVATE MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS

The study shows the importance а health care sector in Ukraine in the context of the pandemic Covid-19. The paper presents the results of study of the of medical services effectiveness. The object of research is an identification the features of the functioning of medical institutions in the conditions of the pandemic Covid-19 in Ukraine and recommendations for improving their effectiveness development. Main problems of health care sector are defined. The main features of medical institutions in Ukraine have been revealed in the work. The study deals with the key aspects of medical institutions functioning. The paper shows the importance of improving the efficiency of medical institutions. The private medical institutions complex characteristic in Ukraine are described on the basis of a detailed analysis of the problems. The results also showed the importance of private medical institutions. The study identified the requirements for them. The specificity of medical institutions in Ukraine analyzed in Ukraine. The paper deals with problems of the stimulation medical staff in Ukraine. General and specific problems for medical institutions effective development have been examined. The paper shows an effectiveness concerning the private healthcare systems in Ukraine. The study illustrates the importance of improving the efficiency of medical institutions. Proposals for healthcare systems in Ukraine are developed. The key aspects and directions of their functioning are analyzed due to the analysis of problems in Ukraine.The healthcare systems’ efficiencies recommendations is proved. This study deals foreign experience in reforming medical sector for improving its efficiency. The effective private medical services to the population in Ukraine has been shown in the presented work.

Methods of medical data management based on blockchain technologies.

The healthcare sector in Ukraine has long been in need of change, and many opportunities of blockchain technology can help it lead the transformation of this sector and ensure compliance with the requirements of the efficiency, safety, novelty, and economic benefits. State-of-the-art on known decisions on the use of blockchain technologies in the information technology for medical data management showed that, despite a large number of different solutions, effective methods and solutions for medical data management based on blockchain technologies are currently lacking. Therefore, improving the efficiency of medical data management by developing methods of medical data management based on blockchain technologies is currently an urgent problem. The paper developed a method for assessing the sufficiency of medical data, which provides: the ability to analyze a variety of medical data for their sufficiency; the ability to quantify the sufficiency of medical data; in case of insufficiency of the medical data, formation of recommendations on supplementing the medical data to be able to upload them to the "Block Data" section of the blockchain block. The paper developed a method of performing transactions on medical data, which consists of the stages of entering information into the blockchain and obtaining information from the blockchain. The developed method of performing transactions on medical data provides the ability to decide on the addition of transactions and medical data from the patient to the blockchain; the ability to decide on the issuance of data from the blockchain on request from a doctor.

How to understand modern digital technologies so as not to fall into the traps of cybercriminals and misinformation online

The digital world with all its gadgets, sites and useful services has become too comprehensive and comprehensive to fundamentally ignore it. The digital world offers significant opportunities for both individual users and institutions. Reforming the health care sector in Ukraine involves a significant emphasis on not using an increasing number of digital tools in the daily work of both medical institutions and doctors. Every day patients try to communicate with doctors through messengers, sending the latter their questions, test results, and other medical data. And although such online consultations are mostly not institutionalized, patients are primarily guided by the logic of convenience, accessibility and time saving, pressing the «send» button in the messenger to send a message to the doctor. At the same time, the use of digital technologies in health care is gaining more and more expressive forms due to the introduction of telemedicine, electronic prescriptions, or the availability of publicly available dashboards from the National Health Service. The dashboards contain arrays of data on the provision of medical services at the level of hospitals and the corresponding payments under contracts with the National Health Service. Access to all these benefits of the digital space requires at least a basic understanding of digital technologies to use them effectively. The article explains principals of digital literacy with emphasize on health care providers and explains how to understand modern digital technologies and not to fall into the traps of cybercriminals and misinformation online.

ОБЛІК ДОХОДІВ НЕПРИБУТКОВИХ КОМУНАЛЬНИХ МЕДИЧНИХ УСТАНОВ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЙОГО УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ

The implementation of an effective healthcare system is the main task of state administration because it is through the healthcare system that the state fulfils the basic constitutional law and respects human rights. A legal and democratic state with a socially-oriented market economy actively ensures the quality of medical services to the population, therefore, the financial resources that are allocated from the state budget for medicine and health care require constant study and improvement. Particularly acute is the issue of financial support for non-profit communal medical institutions, this problem is of particular relevance in the fight against the global COVID 19 pandemic, which actualizes the search for ways to improve income accounting. As of today, Ukraine has taken a number of effective steps towards reforming the healthcare system, namely, in accordance with the Concept of Health Care Financing Reform and a number of laws signed by the President of Ukraine in December 2017. Since 2018, the implementation of a large-scale transformation in the financing the healthcare system has started. The proposed financing model is a patient-centred focus and is also aimed at ensuring the implementation of state guarantees for medical care and allows for clearly defining the roles and obligations of the Government, local governments and management of medical institutions. Available debatable issues in the activity of non-profit communal medical institutions concerning their income accounting are connected with the introduction of the medical reform in Ukraine. Organizing income accounting remains problematic, including its documentation, analytical and synthetic accounting, which determined the goal, objectives, subject and structure of scientific research. The priority areas for the development of non-profit communal health care institutions are increased rates of income, expanding the range of services provided, as well as their timely confirmation and recognition in the accounting system. The question of the sufficient budget financing level for the healthcare institutions remains relevant since the proper quality of medical care depends primarily on financial support. Volumes of the budget financing are determined according to scientifically based standards per capita, the State Budget of Ukraine, budgets of local and regional governments finance the public healthcare institutions. The article examines the income accounting of non-profit communal health care institutions and identifies ways to improve it under the influence of reforms in the health care system of Ukraine. In the study of the current state of financing the healthcare sector in Ukraine, the methods of observation and detailing were used; in the study of statistical material and data of the enterprises surveyed the methods of grouping and comparison were implemented, as well as the methods of synthesis and analysis.

Morbidity analysis of pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic (a literature review)

The aim of the work is to analyze and summarize the literature data regarding the morbidity of pharmacists in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the prospects for further research in this direction. Results. The catastrophic spread of the coronavirus infection (COVID-19) across the planet has become a challenge to the resilience of healthcare systems around the world. Pharmacists, as part of the healthcare professional team, have a unique role in the ongoing global fight against the pandemic. At the same time they are directly influenced by adverse environmental factors. Based on the literature data integration, it was determined that pharmacists are exposed to psychological stress, they are susceptible to allergic, oncological diseases, as well as diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and to primary varicose veins of the lower extremities. In addition, when providing pharmaceutical care, pharmacists may be at a very high risk for COVID-19. A review of scientific professional literature over the past 5 years has shown the lack of targeted research concerning the structure and level of morbidity with temporary disability of pharmacists in Ukraine and in other countries of the world. This fact and previously conducted studies give grounds to assert that there are significant difficulties in providing, collecting, accumulating and analyzing indicators of morbidity with temporary disability of pharmacists in Ukraine both at the state level and at the level of individual pharmaceutical enterprises. Today, we need to develop a methodology for assessing the relationship between the morbidity of pharmacists and their working conditions, and to find fundamentally new approaches to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. This should result in improvement of the working conditions in the pharmaceutical sector and in the health care sector in Ukraine. Conclusions. Analysis and summary of literature data on the morbidity of pharmacists in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have revealed the need for further scientific research regarding the substantiation of factors affecting the structure and level of their incidence. The pandemic has created a need to develop scientifically based measures to increase the resilience of workers in the pharmaceutical health sector of Ukraine to the negative factors of the working environment impact on their life andhealth.