Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II Research Articles

Healthy lifestyle behaviors among teachers working in public primary schools and affecting factors.

Healthy lifestyle behaviors have been recognized as a key strategy to achieve a policy of health for all. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of health promotion lifestyle behavior among teachers working in public primary schools. The present study also investigated the effects of selected socio-demographic characteristics on these behaviors. The research was designed using the survey model, one of the quantitative research methods. The sample of the research consisted of public primary school teachers (n = 372). Research data were collected using the Health-Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II) scale. As a result of the research, it was put forward that there were statistically significant differences in levels of health promotion lifestyle behaviors based on taking courses on health promotion, and following programs and articles about healthy living (p < 0.05). It was revealed that primary teachers' taking courses on health promotion, and following programs and articles affected their healthy lifestyle behaviors. Public primary school teachers' health promotion lifestyle behaviors were found to be moderate. It was found that the primary teachers obtained the highest mean score for the spiritual growth subscale of the health promotion lifestyle behaviors scale; however, the primary school teachers had the lowest mean score for the physical activity subscale, which indicates that they need support in improving their healthy lifestyle. Male teachers had higher mean scores in the physical activity subscale, whereas females had higher mean scores in all other subscales. Training programs to protect and improve the health of teachers should be organized.

Health Promotion Model-Based Health Education Program in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patient: An Experimental Study

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effect of a Health Promotion Model-based health education program on increasing the health-promoting behaviors of acute coronary syndrome patients.&#x0D; Methods: This is an experimental study that used a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The sample consisted of 101 patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in Turkey. The data were collected by using a Patient Monitoring Form and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II. While the patients in the control group received routine procedures, the patients in the experimental group were included in the health education program.&#x0D; Results: The health promoting-behaviors of the control group were found to be higher than those of the experimental group in the first follow-up (p

Health Promoting Lifestyle among Nurses in Indonesia

Background: Nurses are expected to be role models for the surrounding environment, both patients and families, particularly in clean and healthy living behaviours that can reduce the occurrence of obesity. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of obesity and a healthy lifestyle among nurses at the Surabaya Islamic Hospital.&#x0D;  &#x0D; Method: a cross-sectional study method with 406 nurses at Surabaya Islamic Hospital recruited by convenience sampling using questionnaires distributed via an online survey. The Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HLP-II) questionnaire was used to collect data from December 2022 to February 2023.&#x0D;  &#x0D; Results: According to the findings, 191 nurses (47.04%) were obese. A healthy lifestyle has a total score of 129.77 ± 17.89. Spiritual development received the highest score with 25.39±3.76, interpersonal relationship 23.90 ± 3.60, nutritional 20.98± 3.57, health responsibility 20.34 ±3.93, stress management 19.57 ±3.42, and physical activity 18.04 ±4.27. According to the findings of the Pearson analysis, there was a weak relationship between body mass index and physical activity (r=0.106, p-value = 0.033), as well as body mass index and interpersonal relationships (r=0.120, p-value 0.015).&#x0D;  &#x0D; Conclusion: Nurses obesity is a public health issue because nurses are not only self-sufficient individuals, but also role models for those around them. As a result, hospital and government policies to increase awareness of how dangers of obesity are required.

Factors Associated with Lifestyle Behaviors among University Students-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Lifestyle behaviors are daily habits influenced by social and environmental factors. This study examined lifestyle behaviors and their associations with sociodemographics, comorbidities, and pain in Saudi university students during the academic year 2021 and 2022. All students received the study invitation via university emails to complete an online questionnaire. The questionnaire included four sections (sociodemographics, health-related information, desired health promotion activities, and a lifestyle behavior assessment) via Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II). The associations between study variables were assessed using Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression. The study questionnaire was completed by 1112 students. No correlation was found between sociodemographics and lifestyle-behavior-related factors except for students in the College of Science who appeared to have good lifestyle behaviors (an increase in HPLP II total scores of 3.69). Students with mental health issues have poorer lifestyle behaviors and spend more time sitting (p < 0.00). Students without disabilities have lower scores in health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, and stress management, while auditory disability specifically lowers health responsibility (p < 0.00). Pain was not associated with any assessed lifestyle behaviors. This study identified several significant correlations and differences between variables such as age, sedentary behavior, sleep duration, disability status, college major, and lifestyle behaviors among PNU students. These findings provide insights into the factors that influence students' health-promoting behaviors and can help guide interventions for promoting healthier lifestyles on campus. Targeted health promotion strategies at an early age could help in decreasing overall noncommunicable disease incidents later in life. The study results should be interpreted taking into consideration that the collected data were cross-sectional and self-reported. In conclusion, the findings of this study clearly demonstrate the need for specific lifestyle and health-promoting programs that are directed toward university students.

Socioecological influencers of health-promoting lifestyles in Chinese: a preliminary survey using convenient samples.

Healthy lifestyles are considered important means to reduce the burden of diseases. This cross-sectional study was conducted based on the Ecological Model of Health Behavior (EMHB) to analyze the factors associated with the health-promoting lifestyles of Chinese residents. We carried out a cross-sectional investigation in July 2023. Our investigated factors included social-demographic characteristics (including sex, age, education level, employment status, marital status, personal monthly income, and daily behavioral habits [which were measured by a questionnaire)], health literacy [which was measured by the Chinese version of the Health Literacy Scale Short-Form scale (HLS-SF12)], and family health [which was measured by the Chinese version of the Short-Form of the Family Health Scale (FHS-SF)]. Our outcome was health promoting lifestyle, which was measured by a revised version of Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-IIR). Data were analyzed using stepwise regression. A total of 1,402 participants were enrolled. Higher scores of HLS-SF12 (β = 0.467), having regular exercise (β = 0.212), and regular physical examination (β = 0.088) were associated with better health-prompting lifestyles. However, older age (≥60 years) (β = -0.046), drinking (β = -0.066), and sleeping time (5-6 h/day) (β = -0.048) were associated lower levels of health-prompting lifestyles. Living with family (β = 0.077), FHS-SF (β = 0.104), and married (β = -0.077) were significant influencers. Unemployed (β = -0.048), receiving retirement pay (β = -0.053), and economic support provided by parents (β = 0.094) were associated with better health-prompting lifestyles. There were multiple influencing factors of the six dimensions of the HPLP-IIR. Our findings indicate that community residents with higher health literacy, better family health, and health-related behaviors tend to have better health-promoting lifestyles. Our findings have confirmed the complex impacts of social-ecological factors on health-promoting lifestyles, which may help policy makers with health-promotion strategies making and also help researchers to control for confounding in study design.

Physical Activity Levels and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors of High School Students

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physical activity levels and healthy lifestyle behaviors of high school students. &#x0D; Materials and Method The study data were collected by the use of a personal information form, the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II, and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, height, weight, parents’ education levels, parents’ occupations, monthly household income level, and family type were all recorded and evaluated with the scale scores comparatively. &#x0D; Results A total of 371 high school students were included in the study. The students’ mean scores from the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II were 113.29±20.86 points. Male gender, holding healthcare insurance, having health issues, being in the tenth grade of high school, having occupied mothers, and living with their families were found to be associated with higher scores at the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II. Besides, a statistically significant positive correlation between physical activity and healthy lifestyle behaviors was identified.&#x0D; Conclusion Adolescence is an essential period in which acquired behaviors build the future’s adult life. Based on the results of this study, enhanced physical activity is one of the positive factors to develop a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, the authors conclude that promoting optimal physical activity among adolescents is cruel to improve both today’s and the future’s public health.

Latent classes of health-promoting lifestyle in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in China: A cross-sectional survey.

To identify the latent classes of a health-promoting lifestyle and examine the associations of latent class profile with individual characteristics of breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy in China in order to provide some insights and recommendations for targeted and individualized health education of health-promoting lifestyle. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used for this work. A total of 197 patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy recruited from the Breast Cancer Outpatient Chemotherapy Clinic of a Grade 3A hospital were surveyed. Health-promoting lifestyle was measured using the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II: Chinese Version Short (HPLP-IICR). Latent class analysis was used to examine respondents' health-promoting lifestyle patterns. Associations between the latent class membership and individual characteristics were examined using multinomial logistic regression. Four latent classes were identified: Class 1-Good Nutrition and Poor Physical Activity, Class 2-Poor Health Responsibility and Nutrition, Class 3-Active Health-Promoting Lifestyle, and Class 4-Medium Spiritual Growth and Poor Other Dimensions. Younger respondents and respondents with a higher score in anxiety and depression were more likely to be classified in Class 4 rather than Class 1 or 3. Respondents with low exercise self-efficacy were more likely to be classified in Class 4 than the others. Respondents in Class 4 had more chemotherapy symptom severity and interference, and cases of menopause were fewer in Class 4 rather than Class 3. Those in Class 4 were more likely to have been diagnosed with cancer within 3 months than those in Class 1.

Patterns of sleep quality and its influence factors: A latent class model among students of medical university in Hubei Province, China

BackgroundSleep problem among undergraduate students has become one of the most pressing public health problems. This study aimed to explore the latent class of sleep patterns and the factors affecting sleep in Chinese students of medical university. Methods3423 students participated in the cross-sectional study. The survey consisted of the reduced Morningness-Evening Questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II. Latent profile analysis and multinominal logistic regression analysis were performed. ResultsThree potential sleep categories were identified: “sleep disorder group” (1.87 %), “daytime dysfunction group” (24.42 %), and “good sleep group” (73.71 %). Compared with the “good sleep group,” the “sleep disorder group” showed monthly living expenses (RMB) ≥ 3000 yuan (OR) = 13.04), interpersonal relationships as poor (OR = 3.71), health status as poor (OR = 45.09), circadian rhythm as eveningness (OR = 6.17), and poor health-promoting lifestyles (OR = 2.090) as its risk factors (all p < 0.05). Meanwhile, sophomore (OR = 1.75), junior (OR = 1.52), interpersonal relationships as poor (OR = 1.88), health status as poor (OR = 4.62), intermediate-chronotype (OR = 2.19), eveningness chronotype (OR = 5.66), and health-promoting lifestyles as poor (OR = 1.55) were identified as risk factors for the “daytime dysfunction group” (all p < 0.05). LimitationsCausal conclusions can not be drawn and recall bias in data collection. ConclusionsSignificant population heterogeneity was found in the sleep quality. Implementing targeted interventions focusing on circadian rhythm and lifestyle is crucial to improve the sleep quality of students with different conditions.

The Effectiveness of a Health Promotion Program Based on Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) for Students with Chronic Illnesses

Background: Nursing students often struggle to maintain their health due to the rigorous demands of their curriculum, which frequently involves long hours of clinical work and exposure to stressful environments. Objective: This research study sought to investigate the effectiveness of a health promotion program based on Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) for nursing students with chronic illnesses. Methods: The study utilized a quasi-experimental design, including 105 nursing students from several institutions—55 participants belonging to an experimental group and 50 in the control group. To determine the students' quality of well-being prior- and post-treatment/phases, researchers monitored their health behaviors utilizing the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) survey tool. The program included educational activities designed around coping with chronic diseases such as nutritional counseling or exercise planning also practical tools like stress management protocols/particulars along with peer support constructs/frameworks as key components in addressing adverse effects associated with such conditions. Results: Based on the results of the paired t-tests, a significant increase in HPLP-II scores was identified after the intervention in those assigned to the experimental group. Furthermore, an independent t-test highlighted that a significant difference existed between the average HPLP-II score for experimental and control groups. Discussion: These findings were scrutinized within Pender's Health Promotion Model framework to identify which aspects of the intervention contributed most efficiently to improved health behaviors and resultant outcomes. Conclusion: This research study established compelling evidence which supports the utilization of Pender's Health Promotion Model in improving health-promoting behaviors among nursing learners with chronic ailments. This finding could help nursing educators and healthcare professionals to outline interventions for this particular demographic group.

Future Self-Continuity Predicts Health-Promoting Behaviors of Chinese Rural College Students: Evidence from Mental Imagery Intervention

The purpose of this research is to investigate the prediction effect of future self-continuity (FSC) on health-promoting behaviors (Health Responsibility, Physical Activity, and Nutritional Habits) and the impact of urban-rural differences in Chinese college students, further verifying the effect of mental imagery practice on enhancing FSC and promoting health-promoting behaviors among students from rural areas. Study 1 used the Future Self-Continuity Questionnaire and a sub-scale of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II to examine the relationship between FSC and health-promoting behaviors among 788 college students (430 from rural areas and others from urban areas). Study 2 was designed to examine the impact of intervention on FSC and health-promoting behaviors among Chinese rural students. The intervention activities lasting 4 wk. 162 freshmen were randomly divided into intervention or control groups to practice the mental imagery about the future self or meditation in the present once a week. FSC and health-promoting behaviors were tested for 3 times. The results demonstrated that: (1) Rural students had lower scores in FSC and health-promoting behaviors than urban students; (2) Urban-rural differences of students moderated the effect of FSC on health-promoting behaviors; (3) The mental imagery practiced increased FSC; and (4) FSC played a complete mediating role in the effect of condition (intervention or not) on health-promoting behaviors for rural college students. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between FSC and health-promoting behaviors, and suggest that mental imagery practice can increase Chinese rural college students’ health-promoting behaviors by enhancing their FSC.

Relationship of Health Literacy and Social Support with Health-Promoting Behaviors in Women with Breast Cancer: Mediating Role of Cancer Self-Efficacy

Background: Women diagnosed with breast cancer experience high levels of psychological disorders ranging from depression, anxiety, maladjustment to the disease, and decreased self-confidence to different emotional disturbances and fears of recurrence and mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of cancer self-efficacy in the relationship between health literacy and social support with health-promoting behaviors in women with breast cancer.&#x0D; Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, the convenience sampling method was employed to select 282 women diagnosed with breast cancer in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province (Iran) in 2021. The participants were asked to answer the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II), Iranian Health Literacy Questionnaire, Social Support Survey, and Cancer Behavior Inventory. Path analysis was adopted to analyze data in AMOS software.&#x0D; Results: The results revealed there was a significant relationship between perceived social support with health-promoting behaviors (P=0.004) and cancer self-efficacy (P=0.001) in women with breast cancer. There was a significant relationship between health literacy and cancer self-efficacy in women. According to the results, the mediating role of cancer self-efficacy in the relationship between perceived social support and health literacy with health-promoting behaviors was found to be significant in women with breast cancer (P=0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: Accordingly, the research model had a desirable fit. The findings of this research showed the effective role of cancer self-efficacy in the outcome of social support and health literacy to increase health-promoting behaviors in women with breast cancer.

Development and psychometric properties of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Scale in Colorectal Cancer Survivors (HPLS-CRCS): a mixed-method study

BackgroundDetecting a health-promoting lifestyle in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors is of paramount importance to manage disease complications, prevent their recurrence, and enhance survival; however, no specialized tool has yet been provided to measure the lifestyle of these patients. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop and determine the psychometric properties of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Scale in CRC Survivors (HPLS-CRCS).MethodsThis study was a mixed study with an exploratory sequential design in two phases. Concept analysis was performed in the first phase according to Schwartz-Barcott and Kim’s (2000) hybrid model to explain the concept, identify dimensions, and generate items. In the second phase, psychometrics including validity (face, content, and construct) and reliability (internal consistency and stability) were determined. Responsiveness, interpretability, ease of use, item weighting, and scale scoring were also determined.ResultsAfter explaining the concept, an initial scale encompassing 211 items was developed, content and item analyses were conducted, and the items decreased to 89 items after the face validity assessment. For construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with a sample size of 500 survivors, and convergent validity was performed for the Persian version of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II). Accordingly, 80 items were classified into six factors: activity and rest, spiritual growth, health responsibility, nutrition, interpersonal relationships, and psychological management, with RMSEA = 0.055, χ2/df = 2.484, and χ2 = 6816.516. The reliability of the scale was confirmed, Cronbach’s alpha was between 0.865 and 0.928, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), the minimal important change (MIC), and the smallest detectable change (SDC) were 0.896, 3.36, 13.86, and 19.87, respectively.ConclusionThe HPLS-CRCS consists of 80 items in six dimensions and is a valid and reliable scale for evaluating the health-promoting lifestyle in CRC survivors. Using this scale to evaluate the healthy lifestyle in these survivors can lead healthcare providers to detect deficiencies and plan the lifestyle of CRC survivors during the post-treatment period.

Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Sociodemographic Characteristics Among Medical Students in Indonesia During the New Normal Era: A Cross-Sectional Study

This study aimed to identify medical students’ healthy lifestyle behaviors during the new normal era and to determine its relationship with sociodemographic factors, bearing in mind that, as future physicians and health role models, medical students play an important role in adopting and promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors to reduce the risk of future health problems as well as optimize communities’ health status. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the School of Medicine and Health Sciences of Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, with 111 medical students selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using sociodemographic characteristics (sex, residence, year of study, and participation in health promotion training) and the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II) questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and bivariate analyses. The results showed a moderate total HPLP-II score (2.46± 0.37). Interpersonal relations had the highest mean score, and health responsibility had the lowest. A significant difference in the total HPLP-II scores was identified between students participating in health promotion training and those who did not (p-value = 0.049). Further study is needed to explore other factors influencing healthy lifestyle behaviors among medical students.

Urdu Translation and the Validation of a 14-Item Measure to Assess Stress Management Skills in Healthcare Workers: Measurement Invariance Across Gender

This study aims to conduct an Urdu translation and a validation of the ISBF Stress Management Skills Scale in two distinct phases. The first phase includes the forward-back translation method for ISBF. The second phase includes cross validation and the establishment of psychometric properties for the ISBF scale. A sample of 500 adults working in health care was taken from different hospitals and dispensaries. The first phase of the study includes the forward-back translation method. The second phase includes exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with invariance measurement. The total reliability of the scale is reported to be .812. EFA revealed a two-factor structure for ISBF scale, with configural, metric and scalar invariance across males and females, and comparable latent mean scores for males and females. CFA showed goodness-of fit indices for the two factors. The scale showed good internal consistency values. The model fit value includes the value for the goodness of fit index, which was .979, for the adjusted goodness-of fit index: .961, for the comparative fit index: .993, for the incremental fit index: .993, and for the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value: .033. Good values of composite reliability and convergent validity were measured for both dimensions of the scale. The scale shows that this diagnostic tool can help to assess the skills used to manage stress. For criterion validity, the coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS-21) was used, which showed positive correlations. The subscale of stress management was taken from the Health Promoting Life Style Profile II (HPLP-II), which also showed positive correlations. Significant mean differences were found between scores of healthcare workers with stress management skills and with those without stress management skills. The group of mean differences indicated the females have greater stress management skills as compared to men. The Urdu translated and validated instrument will be helpful in understanding behavior in healthcare settings.

Evaluating Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile among Menopausal Women: A Meta-analysis

Background: Menopause is one of the most drastic experiences in a woman's life because of a spectrum of vasomotor symptoms which affect the quality of life and lifestyle. Although many treatments for these symptoms are available, they can be used for only a short duration. The nonpharmacologic therapies associated with healthy lifestyle behaviors are increasing. Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile- II (HPLP-II), a self-report questionnaire designed to assess an individual's engagement in health-promoting behaviors, has focused on six dimensions of behavioral health promotion. This study aimed to review the degree of lifestyle modification in menopausal women based on the questionnaire HPLP-II. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted for articles using HPLP-II after literature as the identified instrument for menopausal women's lifestyle, followed by a meta-analysis. Results: Among 8525 unique titles, 13 studies with 2648 participants were included. Quality assessment was “good” for most of them. The summary effect of participant age was 55.78 years and 49.1 years for menopausal age. Analysis of the pooled studies yielded a mean HPLP total score of 127.69. There was no evidence of publication bias. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed a moderately rated health-promoting behavioral profile in menopausal women. The spiritual growth subscale received the highest score, whereas physical activity received the lowest score and was at the lower limit of the moderate range. Health policymakers, patients, and healthcare providers can use these results to improve the healthy lifestyles of menopausal women.

Religious Coping and Health-promoting Lifestyle Among Iranian Infertile Women

Background: Infertility is recognized as a stressful and critical experience worldwide and across cultures and disrupts individual, marital, family, and social stability. Religion serves as a source of support in dealing with health-related problems. This study investigates the relationship between religious coping mechanisms and health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) among Iranian infertile women. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 177 infertile women referring to the Sarem Sub-specialized Infertility Treatment and Research Center in Tehran City, Iran, 2019. The subjects were recruited by continuous sampling. The data in this study were collected using a demographic information form, the Iranian religious coping scale (IRCS), and the health-promoting lifestyle profile-II (HPLP-II). Statistical analyses, including the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient, were performed using SPSS software, version 22. The significance level was set at P&lt;0.05. Results: The highest mean was related to active religious coping (7.86±2.39), while passive religious coping (2.89±1.76) and negative feelings towards God (3.95±2.07) had the lowest mean scores. The Mean±SD score of health-promoting lifestyle was 128.34±13.46; the score range was 52-208, lower than the median score of the scale. A weak but significant inverse relationship was observed between negative feelings towards God and HPL (r=-0.19; P=0.013) and its three subscales: Physical activity (r=-0.18; P=0.019), nutrition (r=-0.21; P=0.011), and interpersonal relationships (r=-0.21; P=0.01). Also, a weak yet statistically significant inverse association was observed between passive religious coping and interpersonal relations (r=-0.18; P=0.029). Conclusion: Considering that the mean HPL score of infertile women was lower than the median score of the scale, community-oriented education and care programs are recommended to improve HPL in infertile women. Teaching and strengthening positive/active religious coping strategies to improve HPL are also advised.

Prevalence of Obesity and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Among Nurses in a Tertiary Hospital, Malaysia

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of obesity and health-promoting lifestyles among nurses in a tertiary hospital, Malaysia. Descriptive cross-sectional study of 417 nurses was conducted between July and August 2022 using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) scale. The study found majority of the respondents were obese (n = 233, 55.9%). The total score of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) was 142.46±22.70. Body Mass Index and health responsibility were statistically correlated (r = 0.129, p = 0.009). Obesity among nurses is prevalent. Body weight management and exercise programs should be implemented to achieve healthy lifestyle among nurses.

A Study on the effect of lifestyle educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on promoting quality of life of middle-aged women

The present study aimed to determine the effect of lifestyle educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on promoting the quality of life of middle-aged women. The present quasi-experimental study examined 80 middle-aged women and randomly divided them into two groups (intervention and control). Data collection tools included the demographic information questionnaire, the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II), the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the author-developed questionnaire based on constructs of the theory of planned behavior. Data were collected via WhatsApp twice (before and three months after the educational intervention). Five 45-minute training sessions were held for the intervention group and a 60-minute session for a family member regarding physical activity and spiritual growth over two months via WhatsApp. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and the results were considered significant at a statistical level (p < .05). The implementation of the educational intervention significantly increased the mean scores of quality of life, physical activity and spiritual growth, knowledge regarding physical activity and spiritual growth, attitude toward physical activity and spiritual growth, subjective norms toward spiritual growth, perceived behavioral control for physical activity, and behavioral intention to perform physical activity and spiritual growth in the intervention group in comparison with the control group. The educational intervention, which was designed based on constructs of the theory of planned behavior, was influential in promoting the lifestyles and quality of life of middle-aged women. Therefore, it is suggested to use the educational program of the present study in addition to other middle-age health care.

Health behaviors of adults living in Turkey during the covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

Objective: It is thought that the restrictions that significantly disrupt the routine life of individuals during the Covid-19 pandemic process pose a potential threat to their health behaviors. This research was conducted to identify adults’ health behaviors during the process of the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: The descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 508 adults residing in Turkey, who were not diagnosed with Covid-19, between October and December 2020. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II. Results: The mean of adults’ Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II scores was found as 123.96±23.75 points, and adults obtained the lowest and highest mean scores successively from the Physical Activity Sub-scale and the Spiritual Growth Sub-scale of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II. Besides, it was identified that, first, adults with incomes below expenses obtained a lower mean Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II score than those with incomes equaling expenses and those with incomes above expenses, second, adults residing in the district obtained a lower mean Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II score than those residing in the province center, and third, adults perceiving their health as good obtained a lower mean Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II score than those perceiving their health as satisfactory were statistically significant. Conclusion: It was discerned that adults performed health behaviors inadequately during the process of the Covid-19 pandemic, and income level, place of residence, and health perception affected adults’ health behaviors.

Diet quality as a mediator in the relationship between perceived stress and depression among family caregivers of patients with chronic illness in Saudi Arabia.

The purpose of this research was to examine the correlation between caregivers' perceived stress and depression and the mediating role of diet in this relationship. A cross-sectional survey was performed from January to August 2022 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Utilizing the Stress Scale, the Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II questionnaire, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, researchers assessed levels of perceived stress, diet quality, and depression. A bootstrap approach and the SPSS PROCESS macro were used to assess the importance of the mediation effect. The target population was family caregivers of patients with chronic illness at Medical City in Saudi Arabia. Researchers surveyed a convenience sample of 127 patients, with 119 providing complete data for a response rate of 93.7%. A significant correlation was found between depression and perceived stress (β = 0.438, p < 0.001). Diet quality mediated the relationship between depression and perceived stress (β = 0.187, p = 0.018). The importance of the indirect effect of perceived stress through diet quality was supported by the nonparametric bootstrapping method (95% bootstrap CI = 0.010, 0.080). The indirect effect of diet quality explained 15.8% of the overall variation in depression. These findings help to clarify the mediating effects of diet quality on the relationship between perceived stress and depression.