Health Organization Definition Research Articles

Under Documentation of Anemia in Older Adults in Primary Care Practices

Introduction: Anemia is prevalent in adults over the age 65 years, and its occurrence increases with age. The common causes of anemia in this population include nutrient deficiencies, acute or chronic inflammation and unexplained anemia of aging. Anemia in older adults is associated with poorer quality of life, decreased function, falls, fractures, hospitalization, long-term care placement and higher mortality. It was our hypothesis that despite these well documented adverse consequences anemia is under recognized in the primary care setting. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated patients aged 65 and older who were followed at internal medicine primary care clinics throughout northern Virginia over a one-year period from January to December 2023. The study population was identified using a slicer dicer program from the electronic health record, filtering for patients aged 65 and older who had a Medicare annual wellness exam in 2023. For this analysis, the study population was limited to approximately 1,500 patients, and chart reviews were performed on these patients. The World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of anemia, which specifies hemoglobin levels below 12 g/dL in women and below 13 g/dL in men, was used as the study definition for anemia. Any hemoglobin levels from 2022 to 2024 that met this definition was identified to have anemia. The primary objective was to identify the percentage of anemia cases correctly recognized and documented as a problem on the patients' problem list. Results: Out of the 1525 randomly-selected from a broad network of primary care internal medicine practices, there were 643 males and 882 females, and the age group breakdown was 724 patients aged 65 to 74, 629 patients aged 75 to 84, and 172 patients aged 85 and older. From this study population, 310 patients were identified to have anemia. The breakdown of the anemia patients were 154 males and 156 females, and the age group was 113 patients aged 65 to 74, 127 patients aged 75 to 84, and 70 patients aged 85 and older. The prevalence of anemia was 24% for males and 18% for females. For the age groups, the prevalence was 16% for aged 65 to 74, 20% for aged 75 to 84, and 40% for aged 85 and older. Out of the 310 patients with anemia, only 103 patients had anemia listed on the problem list. This indicates that only 33% of anemic patients had anemia correctly documented, while 67% did not. There were no significant differences in the recognition of anemia between sex and age groups. Anemia was correctly noted as a problem in 48 males (31%) and 55 females (35%). Additionally, anemia was correctly identified in 35 patients (31%) aged 65 to 74, 43 patients (34%) aged 75 to 84, and 25 patients (36%) aged 85 and older. Conclusions: There is a significant under-recognition of anemia in the geriatric population at the primary care setting. The rates of under-recognition are comparable between sexes and across different age groups. However, anemia has been found to be more prevalent in females and with increased age. This unaddressed anemia likely contributes to a chronic decline in function and quality of life, particularly in the frailer and more vulnerable population. Increased awareness and appropriate management of anemia in primary care settings can help prevent its associated negative effects.

Research Priorities in Pulmonary Rehabilitation: The Urgent Need to Increase the Portfolio of Rehabilitation Options for Chronic Lung Disease.

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) plays a crucial role in improving outcomes for individuals with chronic respiratory diseases. The most outstanding challenge in PR is the low referral, uptake, and adherence that is dramatically low in the post-hospitalization period in rural, minority, and low-income populations. Research efforts to increase the portfolio of PR through the testing and implementation of new and effective options for home-based and community-based programs are potential research targets. Other potential foci of research efforts are the pursuit of behavior-change techniques to achieve a lifestyle change during PR and the referral process to increase uptake and adherence rates. Creating new rehabilitation options for chronic lung disease that can reach more people may require expanding the definition of PR for chronic lung disease to one more flexible and perhaps concordant with the World Health Organization's definition of rehabilitation as "a set of interventions designed to optimize functioning and reduce disability in individuals with health conditions in interaction with their environment." While efforts to augment access to conventional PR are warranted, it is time to devote research efforts to reach many more individuals with chronic lung disease, particularly minorities, rural, and low-income individuals that currently have no access to any rehabilitation, a social injustice that requires action. This manuscript outlines suggested future directions in rehabilitation research with the pursuit of evidence to support feasible and effective programs that may increase the rehabilitation portfolio to accommodate most individuals with chronic lung disease.

Treatment of Spastic quadriplegia resulting from hypoxia in newborn through body engineering technique-hand therapy Case Report Described by Parents: Qualitative study

Objectives: Summary of Case Report on Spastic quadriplegia accompanied by several disabilities. Treatment with Body Engineering/Hand Therapy. This case report describes the successful treatment of a 4 years old girl who was diagnosed with Spastic quadriplegia and global developmental delay accompanied with relapse, slurred speech, and cognitive delay resulting from hypoxia during child birth. To report a case of a girl who suffered Spastic quadriplegia, seizures, and delay in speech and perception due to hypoxia and to highlights the critical role of body engineering techniques for the rehabilitation of children with similar cases. Methods: An informed case report was given by from the child's parents. Functional recovery was achieved through a customized rehabilitation plan according to the body engineering / hand therapy techniques We highlight: -Medical Management for such cases. -A rehabilitation plan based on body engineering/ hand therapy techniques that led to complete recovery. -Satisfaction of the patient's parents after treatment. Results: Treating the patient through body engineering (hand therapy) and rehabilitating him for a full year led to the appearance of signs of clinical and radiographic improvement. Conclusions: Hypoxia-induced spastic quadriplegia often results in multiple disabilities, as seen in this case. Early intervention using body engineering techniques can lead to significant improvements in physical and cognitive functions. Continuous monitoring and rehabilitation are recommended to sustain progress and prevent relapses (Odding et al., 2006). Based on the provided information, body engineering and hand therapy have proven to be highly effective in rehabilitating a girl with hypoxia-induced cerebral palsy. Through a comprehensive rehabilitation program, the patient's physical, cognitive, and communication abilities have significantly improved. This case report underscores the importance of early intervention in maximizing outcomes for children with spastic quadriplegia. By providing ongoing support and tailoring rehabilitation programs to individual needs, it is possible to help these children reach their full potential, aligning with the World Health Organization's definition of rehabilitation as a process to improve performance and reduce disability.

Technology beyond Biology; Isn't It Time to Update WHO's Definition of Health?

Technology is increasingly shaping human life, particularly in healthcare, where recent advancements have revolutionized patient care. Despite these advances, the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health remains rooted in traditional notions, raising questions about its adequacy in light of technological progress. This paper explores the conceptual and practical limitations of the current definition and argues for its revision to encompass the role of technology in health. This paper examines the evolving landscape of healthcare technology and its philosophical implications, drawing on theories such as the Extended Health Hypothesis and the Extended Mind Hypothesis. It claims that health extends beyond traditional biological boundaries and includes the influence of technology on well-being. This paper advocates for a re-examination of the WHO definition of health to reflect the integral role of technology in modern healthcare. Recognizing technology as part of health necessitates a broader conceptual framework that acknowledges the interconnectedness of biology, technology, and human well-being. Given technology's transformative role in healthcare, this paper argues for a revaluation of the WHO's definition of health to encapsulate the evolving relationship between technology and human well-being. At the end, we propose a new definition recognizing that health is a dynamic state of physical, mental, social, and technological well-being, wherein individuals can achieve optimal quality of life through the harmonious integration of biological, psychological, and technological factors. This state encompasses not only the absence of disease but also the effective utilization of advanced technologies.

Oral Health in Tanzania: Unmasking Its Neglected Dimension

ABSTRACTThe World Health Organization's definition of oral health underscores its holistic nature encompassing physiological, psychosocial, and functional dimensions. The current estimates of oral diseases in Tanzania and around the world underscore the urgency of intervention, particularly in light of rising sugar consumption trends. The unique challenges facing Tanzania, including inadequate knowledge, limited infrastructure, and disparities in oral healthcare access, are analyzed within the broader context of sub‐Saharan Africa's health priorities. This article addresses the multifaceted challenges of oral health neglect in Tanzania, emphasizing the imperative need for a comprehensive and integrated approach. The discussion offers a detailed exploration of determinants contributing to oral health neglect, spanning socioeconomic, behavioral, and commercial factors, with a focus on their implications for Tanzanian communities. Recommendations are presented as a strategic roadmap, encompassing public health education, integrated healthcare services, government intervention, educational programs, community engagement, financial accessibility, and research initiatives. By synthesizing these recommendations into a cohesive framework, a proactive and collaborative approach to mitigate the consequences of oral health neglect in Tanzania, emphasizing the need for transformative policies and cultural sensitivity, is therefore envisioned.

Health beyond biology: the extended health hypothesis and technology.

There are ethical dilemmas faced by clinicians when responding to using unregistered medical devices, such as innovative internet technologies for managing type 1 diabetes mellitus. This chronic disease significantly impacts patients' health, requiring intensive daily activities like blood glucose monitoring, insulin injections, and specific dietary recommendations. Recent technological advances, including continuous glucose monitors and insulin pumps, have been shown to improve glycemic control. Di-it Yourself Artificial Pancreas Systems are emerging open-source automated delivery methods initiated by the diabetes community, although they are not clinically evaluated and present a liability challenge for healthcare providers. To use them or not? Should parents and healthcare providers use such technology that helps, but is not proven?Having all of that in mind, we argue that the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health is outdated, advocating for the "Extended Health Hypothesis". This hypothesis claims that health extends beyond traditional biological boundaries to include essential functional structures like diabetes-related technology, making technology a part of a patient's health. This view aligns with the "Extended Mind Hypothesis," suggesting that health should include elements beyond organic material if they are vital to a patient's functions.In the commentary, we highlight that both naturalist and normative conceptions of health support the extended health hypothesis, emphasizing that human health is not confined to organic material. This perspective raises critical questions about whether devices like insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors are integral to a patient's health and whether their malfunction constitutes a form of disease. Devices are considered integral to health, there is no ethical dilemma in using unregistered medical devices for managing type 1 diabetes. Finally, we call for reevaluating the definitions of health and patients, particularly for children with type 1 diabetes using advanced technologies. It asserts that the optimal use of such devices represents a new form of health, creating a health-device symbiosis that should be evaluated with the child's best interests in mind.

Healthy lifestyle scales to assess general and clinical population: A systematic review with narrative synthesis

AbstractBackgroundAdopting a healthy lifestyle and improvements in medical care have led to an increase in life expectancy. Thus, the development and implementation of techniques for assessing healthy lifestyles have garnered more attention recently. Finding and evaluating healthy lifestyle assessment tools across all demographics is the goal of this systematic review.MethodUsing online databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and APA PsycINFO, a systematic literature review was carried out in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analyses. Registration DOI https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZD9XK for the review has been set on Open Science Framework (OSF). Using the quality standards proposed for measuring features of health status surveys, two independent reviewers evaluated the methodological quality ratings of the eligible studies.ResultsFrom 7480 studies, 47 eligible instruments were identified and included in the review. Most of the studies followed the World Health Organization's definition of healthy lifestyle to develop the scales. The instruments are categorized into those used to assess general lifestyle or healthy lifestyle in general as well as in the clinical population. Physical activity, nutrition, tobacco use, alcohol use, and stress management were the most assessed modules of healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, validity, reliability, responsiveness, floor and ceiling effects, and interpretability were among the psychometric qualities that were frequently assessed.ConclusionLifestyle questionnaires can be used to identify specific risk factors in a variety of populations, as well as to plan community‐based intervention programs, by acting as a predictive diagnostic tool and preventive measure. The majority of the assessments of healthy lifestyles that are currently accessible require improvements.

Anemia in Patients After Stem Cell Transplantation and in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the treatment of choice in various hematologic diseases, and kidney transplantation (KTx) is the best therapy for end-stage kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs relatively often after both types of transplantations. Anemia after both HSCT and KTx may be due to CKD and other reasons. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia to CKD in 156 prevalent patients after HSCT and 80 after KTx. According to the World Health Organization's definition (hemoglobin <13 g/dL for men and <12 g/dL for women), the prevalence of anemia in the studied cohort after HSCT was 13% in women and 35% in men and for those after KTx, it was29% in men and 11%. Anemia in KTx was found in 46% of patients, whereas CKD was present in 53%. After HSCT, anemia was associated with CKD in 56% of women and 17% of men. In KTx, anemia and CKD was diagnosed in 21% of patients. Patients with anemia after KTx had significantly lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hemoglobin, and significantly higher creatinine levels. Age was related to the estimated GFR (eGFR; r = -0.39, P < .001) in patients who underwent HSCT and had anemia. In patients without anemia, age was negatively related to eGFR (r = -0.56, P < .001) and the hemoglobin-to-platelet count (r = 0.62, P < .001). In KTx, hemoglobin was related to eGFR (r = 0.35, P < .001), and age was related to eGFR (r = -0.20, P < .05). The type of induction therapy immunosuppressive regimen (anti-thymocyte globulin vs basiliximab vs no induction) did not affect the prevalence of anemia in the KTx population studied. Anemia is relatively common in CKD after HSCT. In both CKD and coexistent anemia, nephrology referral is to be considered to optimize therapy, including nephroprotection.

Postpartum versus postnatal period: Do the name and duration matter?

Guidelines and other strategic documents were collated to understand the extent of the global use of terms postpartum and postnatal along with the duration and schedule of maternal care after delivery. Postpartum care guidelines and strategies published in English, by international organisations including the World Health Organization, and countries in either the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development or Group of 20 were included in this scoping review. All documents available online with unrestricted access and published before May 31, 2023, were included. The evolution of the World Health Organization's definition of the period after delivery for mothers and the changes in the schedule of routine maternal care following delivery over time were displayed pictorially. A summary table was then developed to present the level of similarities and differences in the latest available documents from the international organisations and countries belonging to either the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or the Group of 20. Ten documents from the World Health Organization, one from the European Board, and 15 country-level guidelines from six countries met the inclusion criteria. The interchangeable use of 'postpartum' and 'postnatal' is common. While the World Health Organization mentions the definitive length (six weeks) of the postpartum/ postnatal period, it is not stated in documents from other organisations and countries. Additionally, the length and schedule of routine maternal care after delivery vary substantially between organisations/countries, spanning from six weeks to one year with two to six healthcare contacts, respectively. Through this review, we make a case for a universal harmonisation of the term postpartum when referring to mothers after delivery; add clarity to the documents on the rationale for and duration of the postpartum period; and extend the routine maternal care schedule after delivery to support women in this vulnerable period.

Death after cure: Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis survivors in rural Uganda

ObjectivesTo determine the incidence of mortality and its predictors among pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) survivors treated at a rural Ugandan tertiary hospital. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of data between 2013 and 2023. We included all people that met the World Health Organisation's definition of tuberculosis cure and traced them or their next of kin to determine vital status (alive/deceased). We estimated the cumulative incidence of mortality per 1000 population, crude all-cause mortality rate per 1000 person-years, and median years of potential life lost for deceased individuals. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we investigated predictors of mortality. ResultsOf 334 PTB survivors enrolled, 38 (11.4%) had died. The cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality was 113.7 per 1000 population, and the crude all-cause mortality rate was 28.5 per 1000 person-years. The median years of potential life lost for deceased individuals was 23.8 years (IQR: 9.6-32.8). Hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 4.3, 95% CI: 1.1-16.6) and unemployment (aHR: 7.04, 95% CI: 1.5-31.6) at TB treatment initiation predicted mortality. ConclusionPTB survivors experience post high mortality rates after TB cure. Survivors who were hospitalized and unemployed at treatment initiation were more likely to die after cure. Social protection measures and long-term follow-up of previously hospitalized patients could improve the long-term survival of TB survivors.

Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children: Analysis of 17 Cases Admitted to the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital in Rome.

This study described 17 cases of children admitted to the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital with acute hepatitis of unknown origin between mid-April and November 2022. Following the World Health Organization's working case definition of probable cases, 17 children, with a median age of 2.1 years (interquartile range: 1.0-7.1), presenting with acute hepatitis non-AE, with serum transaminase >500 IU/L, were included in the study. A pre-specified set of microbiological tests was performed on different biological specimens for all pediatric patients. All patients resulted negative for the common hepatotropic viruses. The most common pathogen detected in blood specimens was human-herpes-virus-7 (52.9%). Adenovirus was detected more frequently in stool specimens (62.5%) than in respiratory (20.0%) or blood samples (17.6%). Regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, one child tested positive two days after admission, while antibodies against spike and nucleoprotein were present in 82.3% of patients. A co-pathogen detection was observed in 94.1% of children. Overall, 16 children recovered without clinical complications, while one patient required liver transplantation. In these cases of acute hepatitis of unknown origin, adenovirus was mainly detected in stool samples. A co-pathogen detection was also frequently observed, suggesting that the etiology of this acute hepatitis is most probably multifactorial.

Post-COVID-19 syndrome, who at risk and why: an insight from Qatar 2022.

Despite the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, many people experience post-COVID-19 syndrome, which negatively impacts their health and function. This condition has become a significant public health problem that requires immediate attention. To study the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Qatar during 2022. An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted among COVID-19 confirmed cases from January 2022 to July 2022 in Qatar. A simple random sample was employed to include (n = 588) participants from the list of cases and invited to participate in a telephone survey. The World Health Organization's standard case definition for PCS was adopted. Out of 368, the prevalence of post-COVID-19 syndrome was 43.2% (n = 159). Most PCS cases were females (67.9%; n = 108), married (73.6%; n = 117), and university and higher educational level (83.6%; n = 133). However, 78.7% (n = 125) reported poor to moderate levels of social support. Only 30.2% (n = 48) of PCS patients had a history of chronic diseases, and 5.7% (n = 9) required hospital admission during acute illness. Among PCS cases, the most commonly reported symptoms were fatigue (75.5%), followed by anxiety (49.1%), forgetfulness (46.5%), mood alteration (45.3%), and general weakness (39.6%). The logistic regression revealed that female gender (AOR: 2.58 95%CI: 1.58-4.225, p < 0.0001), university and high educational level (AOR: 2.2, 95%CI: 1.256-3.98, p < 0.006), poor level of social support (AOR: 2.45; 95%CI: 1.55-4.13; p < 0.002), were significant predictors for PCS. Post-COVID-19 syndrome may go under-recognized. More efforts are needed to raise awareness and mobilize the resources to respond to this ongoing public health problem.

Unsafe child feces disposal and childhood wasting among under five children in Myanmar

Background: Wasting is a major public health problem among under five children in developing countries, including Myanmar. The distribution of wasting and its associated factors are not well known in Myanmar. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the wasting prevalence and identify the association between child feces disposal and wasting among under-five children in Myanmar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,207 under five children in Myanmar from September to December 2022. This study employed a multistage random sampling method with structured questionnaires and anthropometric measures. The World Health Organization's (WHO) definition and growth standards were used to determine the wasting. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the association. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value &lt;0.05 was used to define statistical significance. Results: The prevalence of childhood wasting among under five children in Myanmar was 11.10% (95% CI: 9.45 to 13.00). This study revealed that children from unsafe child feces disposing families were 94 % more likely to be wasted (AOR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.22 to 3.09; p-value 0.005). Other covariates to childhood wasting were water shortage (AOR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.13 to 4.16; p-value 0.02), less than four handwashing steps of mother (AOR=3.20, 95% CI: 1.93 to 5.32; p-value &lt;0.001), located in hilly region (AOR=2.27, 95% CI: 1.53 to 3.37; p-value &lt;0.001), boys (AOR=2.80, 95% CI: 1.86 to 4.23; p-value &lt;0.001), birth interval less than 3 years (AOR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.11; p-value 0.02), and eating more than 4 times per day (AOR=3.19, 95% CI: 1.93 to 5.27; p-value &lt;0.001). Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of wasting among under five children in Myanmar. Improving the safe child feces disposal practices of mothers would be a critical intervention to reduce under five children's wasting.

The Need to Widen the Concept of Health and to Include the Spiritual Dimension.

For many, the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health does not reflect their own understanding of health, because it lacks aspects such as spiritual wellbeing. Responding to these concerns, the WHO called in 2023 for a vision of health that integrates physical, mental, psychological, emotional, spiritual, and social wellbeing. To date, medical practitioners are often reluctant to consider spiritual aspects, because of a perceived lack of statistical evidence about the strength of relations. Research on this topic is emerging. A recent study among 800 young people living with HIV in Zimbabwe showed how study participants navigated three parallel, at times contradicting health systems (religious, traditional, medical). Conflicting approaches led to multifaceted dilemmas (= spiritual struggles), which were significantly related to poorer mental and physical health. This illustrates the need for inclusion of spiritual aspects for health and wellbeing in research, and of increased collaboration between all stakeholders in healthcare.

An in-depth investigation of the widespread effects of child abuse on development and wellbeing

The problem of child abuse is an everywhere phenomenon throughout the world that leads to the most detrimental effects on the children in the question of their development and general health. This article makes an effort to convey the complexity of child abuse by focusing on its physical-emotional-sexual-neglect dimensions. The World Health Organization's exhaustive definition of the concept furnishes the basis for the acknowledgement of the injuries that one person can suffer from the relationships based on care, authority, or dependency. Approximately 40 million children around the world were abused last year regardless of whether they were wealthier, belonged to a particular culture or were badly educated. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child features childhood its age from the moment of birth until 18 years recognizing the fact that individuals at this age have specific vulnerabilities which are inherently tied to their dependence on others. The session next proceeds into addressing child abuse, with its different dynamics and levels of complexity. Brief description of different kinds of mistreatment including violence, sexual, emotional, and neglect specifying the urgent necessity to eliminate sexual abuse – especially the already existing one-in-ten girls globally. The consequences of child maltreatment on behavioral development throughout the various periods, including infant period through adolescence are considered. Stages of the syndicated approach will shed the light on the particular difficulties and bad results, promoting the application of the relevant measures. Issues concerning common behavioral signals include but are not limited to difficulty in identifying the signs and the importance of being able to sign them, which pays a big role in fighting the issue of abuse. Finally, the paper states that the world's dedication should never fail if our intentions are to end abuse among children. The main reason why every child ought to be ensured of a safe environment so that they can all flourish is that the diverse types of child abuse and the long-lasting impacts on the development of behavior need to be addressed in their entirety. Keywords: Child Abuse, Behavioral Development, World Health Organization, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Sexual Abuse, and Responsibility.

Quality of life, disease burden and healthcare need of patients with vitiligo

With aprevalence of 0.5-2%, vitiligo is one of the most common skin disorders worldwide with loss of pigment. The skin disease has adisfiguring, often stigmatising character and is often associated with psychosocial distress. To provide an overview of the psychosocial impairment, disease burden and resulting health care needs of patients with vitiligo. Narrative review based on aliterature search in PubMed for the years 1996-2022 on disease burden, quality of life and stigmatization is provided. The search yielded 175 relevant original papers including clinical studies, meta-analyses and systematic reviews (n = 65) for the search period. Alarge number of studies document that vitiligo is associated with considerable psychosocial stress and relevant losses in quality of life. Problem areas particularly concern stigmatisation, sexual dysfunction, anxiety, reduced self-esteem and problems at work. The observed increased levels of anxiety and depression correlate with the severity and activity of vitiligo. Often, comorbidity also contributes to reduced self-esteem and social isolation. These factors determine ahigh need for care in arelevant proportion of those affected. Vitiligo is not primarily acosmetic problem, but adisease requiring treatment according to the World Health Organisation's definition of health as physical, mental and social well-being. The benefits of treatment options are to be measured by their effects on patient-reported outcomes.

Impact of Political Violence on Health: The Case of Academics for Peace in Turkey.

This study examines the profound impact of political violence and repression on the mental and physical health of Academics for Peace (AfP) in Turkey. The research combines quantitative and qualitative data to explore the interplay between violence, stigmatization, and health outcomes among the affected academics. This study particularly focuses on the aftermath of the State of Emergency in Turkey in 2016, which led to the dismissal of thousands of academics. We employ the World Health Organization's definition of violence to understand the broad nature of violent acts, encompassing power dynamics and systemic repression. The findings highlight the extensive physical and mental health consequences faced by AfP due to political violence. The prevalence of diagnosed mental illness among respondents is notably high, indicating that exposure to trauma, threats, and repression leads to severe mental distress. Anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and musculoskeletal diseases are among the common health issues reported. The research underscores how political violence disrupts psychosocial pillars including safety and security, bonds and networks, justice, roles and identities, and existential meaning, and explores how these disruptions contribute to communal mental health deterioration. It also identifies the impact on well-being of economic losses, uncertainties, and isolation from social and academic networks.

Investigating the Adequacy of Counterpart Information in Routine Registration of Victims of Interpersonal Violence: A Study in an Emergency Department of Tertiary care Hospital Hyderabad

Objective: To assess the thoroughness of information regarding the counterpart during the routine registration of victims of interpersonal violence in the emergency department. Methodology: A study conducted at the emergency department of Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad and Department of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology, LUMHS Jamshoro from January 2022 to December 2022, spanning a year, documented a total of 700 victims who reported injuries. In accordance with the World Health Organization's definition, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) was identified. Victims were classified as IPV victims if they reported their injuries as resulting from IPV. Data collection was from the emergency department, and only the initial contact for each incident was recorded. Results: A total of 700 victims of violence were recruited, with 474 (67.7%) cases attributed to family violence, 185 (26.4%) cases to community violence, and 41 (5.9%) cases lacking information regarding the source of violence. The majority of violent incidents occurred over weekends (Friday to Sunday) across all categories (p&lt;0.001). Family violence predominantly occurred in domestic settings, while community violence was more common in outdoor areas. Domestic violence was notably prevalent among cases with no available information (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The study emphasizes the significance of reliable information about the counterpart in distinguishing between various forms of interpersonal violence, such as family violence and community violence, enabling analysis, monitoring, evaluation, and the formulation of appropriate preventive strategies or interventions against violence.

Diagnosis of differentiated dysplasia as a variant of oral epithelial dysplasia.

The World Health Organization's definition of oral epithelial dysplasia includes differentiated dysplasia, which is defined by purely architectural abnormalities of oral mucosa without cytological changes. We analysed differentiated dysplasia's frequency, progression risk and correlation with oral brush cytology. Cytoarchitectural criteria and expression patterns of keratin 13/17 and ki67 were studied in oral biopsies clinically diagnosed with leukoplakia. Biopsies were assessed for dysplasia and its grade. Available brush cytology findings were obtained from clinical records. We included 159 biopsies from 112 patients (33% differentiated dysplasia; 27% keratosis without dysplasia; oral epithelial dysplasia with atypia of mild, moderate and severe degree including invasive cancers in 9%, 8% and 7%, respectively). Keratin 13 loss and keratin 17 gain were higher in differentiated-dysplasia cases (p < 0.0001), which had the highest hypergranulosis frequency. Keratin 17 expression was associated with higher malignant-transformation rates (p = 0.0028). The transformation rate and time were comparable between dysplasia with atypia and differentiated-dysplasia cases, which had higher progression rates and shorter time periods than keratosis cases without dysplasia (p = 0.08). Cytology prior to differentiated dysplasia all indicated normal oral mucosa. Keratin 17 but not oral brush cytology can help identify patients with differentiated dysplasia with higher risk for malignant transformation.

Prediction of Elementary School Students' Mental Health using Decision Tree Algorithm with K-Fold Cross-Validation in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province

Mental health is a fundamental component of the World Health Organization's definition of health, encompassing not only freedom from illness but also well-being in physical, mental, and social dimensions. In today's modern society, mental health has become a paramount issue, as its soundness enables individuals to realize their own potential, cope with normal life pressures, work productively, and contribute effectively to their communities. In Indonesia, mental health-related challenges are associated with the absence of a reliable mental health detection tool. Conversely, abroad, there has been a substantial amount of research focused on innovative technology-based mental health detection using Machine Learning. This study aims to predict mental health using the Social Emotional Health Survey-Secondary (SEHS-S) as the evaluation criterion for prediction through Machine Learning. The Decision Tree algorithm is employed, and the prediction model is tested using K-Fold Cross-Validation, resulting in 8 folds with an accuracy rate of 78.61%.