Health Of School Children Research Articles

Developing health-saving competence of pre-service teachers in Kazakhstan

This study's significance lies in the need for a perspective teacher who can solve educational objectives to preserve children's and teenagers’ health. In this context, it is crucial to cultivate the health-saving competence of pre-service teachers during the educational process at the university. The study has aimed to develop, implement and experimentally test educational conditions for developing health-saving competence of a pre-service teacher within the framework of the educational program of the pedagogical direction. The participants were 37 university teachers of physical education and 145 students from two universities in Kazakhstan. The proposed approaches and methods represent a process of future teacher training which includes the stages: initial, main and final. Instructional intervention was employed at the final stage: the authors developed and introduced a special course for prospective teachers titled "Development of Schoolchildren's Health and Modern Health-promoting Technologies”. Tests, surveys, and questionnaires have been used during the intervention to test the course efficiency. The majority of respondents (79%) consider it necessary to utilize health-promoting methods and techniques at different stages of the lesson in the process of teaching the discipline. The essential aspect in the study of the elective course was building upon students' existing knowledge in the fields of physical education, pedagogy, psychology, and subject-specific teaching methods, as well as enhancing their health-saving competencies. Keywords: health-saving, competence, physical education, teacher, activity.

The impact of digital devices on the mental and physical health of primary school children: systematic review

The use of digital technology has permeated the lives of elementary school children, affecting aspects of their mental and physical health. While these technologies offer various benefits, there are concerns about their negative impacts such as anxiety, sleep disturbances and decreased physical activity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of digital devices on primary school children's mental and physical health through a systematic review. Using the PRISMA method, literature from PubMed, and Scopus was selected based on quality, relevance, and completeness of data. Of the initial 150 publications, 7 articles were relevant after being pre-analyzed. The results showed that physical activity is important for the health of children who actively use digital devices. Some active apps and video games increase physical activity and emotional well-being, but excessive use may pose a risk for anxiety, depression and obesity. Digital device use affects the mental and physical health of primary school children. The conclusion of this study is that parents and educators should supervise the use of digital devices to reduce negative impacts and optimally utilize technology to support children's development. Keywords: Digital technology; Mental health; Physical health; Elementary school children

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Impact of Covid-19 and Lockdown on Mental Health of School Children in Selected Schools at Mysuru

Background: Child development includes the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and end of adolescence period. Childhood is classified into three stages of life which involves early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Children might be in special need for support in handling anxiety caused by the disruptive situation. The conditions probably make the situation particularly challenging for young children, which is hypothesized to lead to increased emotional and behavioral problems. The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a lot of anxiety, stress, and grief. These stressors can cause mental health problems for anyone, and they can trigger acute symptoms in persons who already have mental health problems. Methods: The aim of the study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of school children in selected schools at Mysuru. Research design adopted for the study was descriptive survey design. Non probability convenience sampling technique was adopted to select 50 school children with in the age group of 12 to 15 years. Personal Variable Proforma was used to assess the selected personal variables and Structured Knowledge Questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of school children regarding impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of school children in selected schools at Mysuru. Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that majority of the school children had negative impact regarding COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health. Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of school children were not found to be significant with the personal variables. The COVID-19 related interruptions need to be focused some key challenges and measures to control and manage COVID-19 crisis. Health care professionals play a vital role in educating and providing basic health care services to the school children.

"Ethnic disparities in the prevalence of Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation (MIH) and caries among 6-12-year-old children in Catalonia, Spain".

To study the prevalence of MIH and caries in 6- and 12-year-old schoolchildren and their association with ethnic disparities and other relevant factors. In recent years, there has been uneven improvement in school children's oral health, highlighting inequalities in access to dental care and health outcomes, particularly among ethnic minorities. The most prevalent oral disease in childhood, caries, is preventable, as its risk factors are well known. However, MIH, a common condition affecting the enamel of permanent incisors and/or molars, has no established aetiology or preventive measures. A cross-sectional study among schoolchildren was conducted in 725 children from Masnou (Barcelona, 2013) and in 577 children from Sant Andreu de Llavaneres (Barcelona, 2018-2020). Data collection was carried out by means of clinical examination and a selfreferenced questionnaire. Oral health outcomes included: presence of dental caries, presence of MIH, hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM). All variables were analysed according to ethnic disparities and other variables such as socioeconomics, diet, hygiene habits, plaque and access to dental services. We performed multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance to examine ethnic disparities in MIH and caries. This cross-sectional study based in Catalonia, Spain showed that there are ethnic disparities in caries as observed with other child's diseases; however, they do not seem to follow the same pattern for MIH. More studies are needed (i) to explore how MIH behaves among populations in terms of inequality; (ii) to study the aetiological factors of MIH; and (iii) to identify potential factors associated with MIH and caries that have not been studied and that may contribute to the observed ethnic disparities.

Consumption of Milk Beverages Reduces Iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium, and B Vitamins Inadequacies in Pakistani School-Aged Children from Sindh and Punjab: A Diet Modeling Study

BackgroundOnly 47% of households in Pakistan’s Sindh and Punjab provinces are food secure. More than 80% of 5–9 y old children are below recommended intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin A and vitamin D. Although 89% consume dairy products daily, only 3% comply with Pakistan’s recommended dairy consumption of 2–3 servings/d. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the theoretical impact of substituting or adding fortified milk and/or buffalo milk in the diets of Pakistani school-aged children to address nutrient inadequacy. MethodsDairy consumption and nutrient intakes were calculated using dietary data collected from 5842 children via a 24-h diet recall in the School-age Children Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan between 2019 and 2020. Given daily intakes documented in the School-age Children Health and Nutrition Survey, 2 modeling scenarios were applied to test the impact on nutrient intakes of 1) substituting current milk (buffalo, cow, and goat) consumption (volume by volume) with a fortified milk beverage and 2) adding a fortified milk beverage or buffalo milk to current consumption to meet dairy consumption recommendations. ResultsThe hypothetical substitution of current milk consumption with fortified milk lowered nutrient inadequacies for vitamin C (by 86%), vitamin A (by 45%), thiamin (by 26%), riboflavin (by 14%), vitamin B6 (by 13%), calcium (by 8%), and iron (by 7%), compared to baseline (relative percent reduction). Among children consuming <2 dairy servings/d, theoretically adding buffalo milk had a positive contribution to calcium, phosphorous, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, and folate; theoretically adding fortified milk additionally reduced inadequacies of iron, thiamin, vitamin B6, and greatly reduced vitamin C inadequacy. ConclusionsBuffalo milk and fortified milk each have their own value in closing nutrient gaps. Increasing their consumption can be integrated into a multi-pronged public health strategy (including fortified foods, ensuring food security, and diet diversity) to tackle nutrient inadequacies in children.

Physiological concept of modern medical and biological it methods, used at school in physical culture lessons

The physiological substantiation of the use of IT methods, implemented in the form of ACS "Varicard", is given to monitor the adaptation and health of schoolchildren during classes with them in the subject "physical culture" (PK). The use of the proposed physiological and pedagogical control is aimed at using an individual approach in the selection of motor loads and means of physical activity in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard, based on the identification of types of autonomic regulation of body functions and the cardiovascular system of those involved.

“The new normal isn’t normal”: to what extent has the Covid-19 pandemic affected secondary school children’s mental health and wellbeing in the North of England?

ABSTRACT This paper reports on a study exploring the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on secondary school children's mental health and well-being in the North of England. It explores three research questions: to what extent has the Covid-19 pandemic affected secondary school children’s mental health and wellbeing in England? What did students value most for their mental health and wellbeing in a secondary school context during the Covid-19 pandemic? What are the implications for the post-pandemic future? A qualitative multi-method research design was used consisting of an online questionnaire survey (n = 605) and follow-up focus group interviews (n = 16). The findings of the study show that the pandemic and associated restrictions had a detrimental effect on the lives of a very large proportion of the young people in our study, with greater impact on girls than boys. From the analysis the resilience and ability of the participants to “bounce back” from the upheavals caused by the restrictions was apparent. However, for a significant minority the adverse impacts on their mental health and wellbeing continue to affect their lives. The idea of returning to “normal” following a period of crisis and turmoil such as the Covid-19 pandemic, emerges as an unhelpful concept because of the implied associated expectation of a smooth return to the routines prior to the pandemic crisis. This assumption is problematic as this study’s findings demonstrate. The “new” normal is experienced differently by students, especially girls, to what was “normal” experience before the pandemic and this has significant implications for schools.

Use of comics in the promotion of school children’s health: a scoping review

This scoping review provides an analysis of the available experiences on the use of comics to promote the health of school children. It was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) under DOI: doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z5VX6. Seventeen studies were used, including articles, theses and dissertations. The results present the main characteristics of the studies such as year; country; sample characteristics; study design; description of actions and population/sample. The target population of each selected study was children younger than 10 years. The sample number of the studies ranged between 47 and 881 children. Fifteen studies developed the interventions in schools. 44.4% of the selected studies were published between 2011 and 2020, and the continents with the highest number of publications were South America and North America, with 33.3% each. Regarding the type of study, 55.6% used the non-randomized experimental method and 35.3% had themes related to specific diseases. The experiences that were considered successful were conditioned to the organizational structure of the use of comic books and how they were offered to school children.

The Relationship between School Social Environment and Mental Health of Adolescents

The mental health of school children is gaining increasing attention, particularly concerning the social environment at school. This social environment encompasses various aspects such as peer interactions, relationships with teachers, and the overall school climate. These factors have a significant impact on children's mental health, including their emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Peer interaction is a key component of the school’s social environment. Positive relationships with peers can provide emotional support, boost self-confidence, and help children develop important social skills. Conversely, negative experiences such as bullying or social isolation can lead to stress, anxiety, and depression. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the school social environment and the mental health of adolescents. This study uses a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional design. The respondents of this study were 33 samples. The results of the statistical test showed that there is a significant relationship between the school social environment and students' mental health, with a p-value of 0.01, which is less than the significance threshold of 0.05. It can be concluded that the school social environment has a significant impact on students' mental health.

Methods of physical rehabilitation of schoolchildren aged 15-17 with cervical osteochondrosis

Background. The problem of rehabilitation of children with cervical osteochondrosis can be solved by creating a special technique and performing additional exercises at home. The objective of the study is rehabilitation of high school students with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine. Methods: boys and girls aged 15-17 who were diagnosed with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine took part in the research. A total of 38 schoolchildren took part in the study. The study was conducted from February 28 to May 26, 2023 on the basis of several secondary schools in the city of Kirov. All students in both groups studied according to the standard program 3 times a week. Children from experimental group B additionally performed sets of physical exercises from the experimental methodology. The study used tests that evaluate the static strength of the abdominal and back muscles, the flexibility and endurance of the cervical spine and the speed and strength abilities of the arm muscles. When analyzing the results, their statistical processing was carried out using the arithmetic mean, square deviation, error and difference. Confidence at p&lt;0.05. Results: According to the results of the research, it was found that children from the control group were able to slightly improve the studied indicators to 10.6%, the increase in indicators from the beginning to the end of the study on all tests turned out to be unreliable (p&gt;0.05). In the experimental group, at the end of the study, the indicators for all tests improved from 23.5% to 66.7% (p&lt;0.05). Thus, the experimental technique is more effective in the treatment of cervical osteochondrosis than the generally accepted technique.Conclusions: Systematic physical education with the use of special physical exercises aimed at eliminating problems in the cervical spine give a significant effect in the rehabilitation of cervical osteochondrosis. The indicators of the static strength of the abdominal and back muscles will improve, the flexibility and endurance of the cervical spine will also increase, and the speed and strength capabilities of the arm muscles will increase. Keywords: School children's health, Lifestyle, Rehabilitation, Joint mobility, Physical therapy.

WAYS TO PREVENT BAD HABITS THAT MAY ARISE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN

The reasons for the emergence of harmful habits among schoolchildren can be different. Studies show that the number of harmful habits is quite large. However, there are some of them that (computer addiction, nail biting, inactivity or laziness, smoking, drinking alcohol, using drugs, etc.) can have a strong negative impact on the life and health of schoolchildren. The article discusses the most common harmful habits among schoolchildren, their causes and ways to eliminate them.

Associations of Eating Habits with Self-Rated Health and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents: A 42-Country Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to explore the associations of eating habits with self-rated health and life satisfaction in adolescents using a multiple-country sample. Cross-sectional data from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) 2013/2014 wave was used in this study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data on independent variables including breakfast on weekdays, breakfast at weekends, and consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets, and soft dirks. Outcomes included self-rated health and life satisfaction. Regression models were used to assess the associations between the independent variables and the two outcomes, separately, after controlling for covariates. Results were presented using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of all the study participants (aged 11-15 years), 50.8% were girls. Compared with no consumption of breakfast on weekdays, eating breakfast for five days had 1.22 times greater likelihood for improved self-rated health (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.19-1.25, p < 0.001). Participants who ate breakfast for both days (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.36-1.46, p < 0.001) and one day (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.08-1.17, p < 0.001) were more likely to experience improved self-rated health compared to never eating breakfast at weekends. Five or more days for fruit and vegetable consumption resulted in better self-rated health (all p < 0.001). Similar results were found in terms of the associations of breakfast, fruit, and vegetable consumption with life satisfaction. For example, a higher frequency of fruit intake was associated with enhanced self-rated health (e.g., OR for more than once daily = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.34-1.51, p < 0.001) compared to no fruit consumption. Similarly, a higher-frequency vegetable intake, such as more than once daily (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.26-1.39, p < 0.001), was associated with improved self-rated health. Healthy eating habits, especially regular breakfast and a higher consumption of vegetables and fruit, are associated with better self-rated health and life satisfaction in school-aged children. Of note, the consumption of fruit would have the greatest impact on health and wellbeing outcomes. This study offers evidence that healthy eating habits can play a vital role in school-aged children's health and wellbeing, highlighting the practical significance of educating adolescents to develop healthy eating habits.

The Longitudinal Relationship Between Diet Quality and Executive Functioning Development of Hispanic Preschoolers in Houston, Texas

BackgroundDiet quality has been found to be related to cognitive health in school-aged children. However, this relationship remains understudied among Hispanic preschool-aged children, who are vulnerable to poor dietary habits and low cognitive development due to socioeconomic, cultural, and structural disparities. ObjectiveThis longitudinal study evaluated whether the diet quality of preschool-aged children would be associated with executive functions (EFs) in later childhood. DesignThis is a secondary analysis of a longitudinal study of Hispanic preschool-aged children (age 4 and 5 years) at baseline (Time 1) and 18 months (Time 2). Participants and settingThis study included 185 mother-child dyads with complete data at Time 1, recruited through Head Start centers in Houston, TX, beginning in 2011. Main outcome measuresMothers reported on their child’s dietary intake via 3 24-hour recalls, which was used to calculate Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 component and total scores. Laboratory tasks assessed cold EFs (tapping and Flexible Item Selection Tasks) and hot EFs (delay of gratification and gift-wrapping tasks). Whereas higher scores on tapping, Flexible Item Selection Task, and delay of gratification tasks represent a high EF, higher scores in gift-wrapping task represent a low EF. Statistical analyses performedHierarchical linear regression analyses assessed the relationship between diet quality, as measured by HEI-2010 total and component scores, at Time 1 (independent variables) and EF outcomes (dependent variables) at Time 2, controlling for child sex, age, body mass index z score, and EF at Time 1. ResultsHEI-2010 component score for fatty acids (b = –.13; P = .04) and seafood and plant proteins (b = .09; P = .05), were respectively related to later cold and hot EFs of Hispanic preschool-aged children. Other HEI components or the overall score did not predict EFs. ConclusionsThis study shows that specific HEI components support cold and hot EFs development among Hispanic preschool-aged children, but total HEI-2010 score does not. Experimental research is needed to assess the influence of dietary interventions on cognitive development of Hispanic preschool-aged children.

Prevalence of Childhood Dermatological and Ocular Morbidities: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Introduction: Screening many children within a certain age group for the presence of illnesses can be efficiently conducted through school surveys. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of dermatological and ocular morbidities in school children. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Government and Private schools of Latur, involving 500 school children aged between 5-14 years. Results: The prevalence of dermatological morbidities in our research was found to be 69%, with boys showing a prevalence of 50.6% and girls 18.4%. Prevalence of ocular morbidities was 7.6%, with boys showing a prevalence of 4.2% and girls 3.4%. Among dermatological manifestations, infections and infestations were the most observed (44%), followed by eczema (dermatitis) (13%). Refractive error was the most common ocular morbidity observed in boys (33.3%), followed by Vitamin A deficiency (28.57%). In girls, refractive error was the most common ocular morbidity (35.29%), followed by Vitamin A deficiency (29.41%). Conclusion: Urgent attention is needed to address these health issues early on to improve children's overall well-being. The findings contribute valuable insights for future research and targeted public health interventions aimed at promoting the health of school children.

IJCM_218A: Association between school bag weight and trunk strength among children in Mangalore

Background: School bags serve as a practical means for students to transport essential academic materials and personal items, including food. The significance of school bag weight has garnered increased attention in recent years due to its potential impact on the musculoskeletal health of school children. Excessive school bag weight has been identified as a significant contributor to various health issues, ranging from neck pain and shoulder discomfort to headaches, general fatigue, decreased muscle strength, and, notably, back injuries among children. Methods: The study involved 178 school children in Mangalore, ranging from 10-15 years, for a period of 23 days. School bag weights were measured using calibrated scales, and trunk strength was assessed using a hand held dynamometer. Statistical analysis, including Chi-square test, student’s ‘t’ test and Karl Pearson correlation test were employed to identify any significant relationships between these variables. Results: Preliminary findings revealed a positive correlation between school bag weight and trunk strength among the participants. Results indicated that a considerable proportion (83.1%) of students were burdened with an excessive load of bags. The evaluated muscular strength was discovered to be diminished in these individuals, and they experienced symptoms that were interconnected, highlighting the potential impact of school bag weight on the musculoskeletal health of children in Mangalore. Conclusion: These findings advocate measures to alleviate the burden on children’s musculoskeletal health. Further research and interventions are warranted to promote a balanced and healthy school environment for the well-being of the younger generation.

Systematic Literature Review: Pengaruh Pola Makan Kariogenik pada Anak Sekolah Terhadap Status Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut

The maintenance of dental health in school-aged children is crucial as their dental condition will impact their oral health in adulthood. Consumption habits of cariogenic foods such as sugar can increase the risk of dental caries. Therefore, regulating dietary patterns to avoid excessive sugar consumption is important in reducing this risk. The aim of this study is to elucidate the cariogenic dietary patterns in school children concerning the status of dental and oral health through article reviews. The research strategy employed was a literature review obtained from academic databases including Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Science Direct, focusing on publications within the last 5 years. Keywords used were "Cariogenic food," "Cariogenic," "School Children," and "Oral Hygiene," searched using Boolean method, yielding 4 articles for analysis. Two journals were found addressing oral health maintenance behaviors, one focusing on brushing time, five discussing cariogenic snacking patterns, one examining dental visits, and two exploring dental caries and brushing frequency. The majority of journals utilized a cross-sectional study design, with one employing descriptive analytics study design. The sample sizes varied from 40 to 550 respondents.From the results of this research, it is concluded that the consumption pattern of cariogenic foods, such as biscuits and donuts, has a significant impact on the incidence of dental caries among elementary school children and junior high school students in various regions.

The influence of athletics on the development of speed abilities of younger adolescents

Issues of maintaining and strengthening health are relevant especially in current wartime, since psychological stress and harsh war conditions lead to negative dynamics in the health of schoolchildren. Special studies have determined that the age of 11-12 years is optimal for the development of various manifestations of speed abilities. The purpose of the study is to experimentally test the effectiveness of using athletics in the process of developing the speed abilities of schoolchildren aged 11-12 years in a school section. Methodology. To solve the problems, the following research methods were used: theoretical analysis of the problem based on the study of scientific and methodological literature; analysis of software, methodological and regulatory documents; pedagogical observation, testing, pedagogical experiments; methods of mathematical statistics. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the improvement of the methodology for using athletics to develop the speed abilities of younger adolescents. Research results. The experimental methodology for developing speed abilities contained the following requirements for athletics equipment: their technique must be so simple that it allows performing exercises at maximum speed; their duration should not exceed 30s; they must correspond to the specific manifestation of speed and the conditions for performing motor actions; they should be varied and interesting for younger teenagers. The peculiarity of this methodology was that the definition of tasks and the choice of methods and means of athletics corresponded to the current level of physical development of schoolchildren, their preferences and the material and technical base of the school. Conclusions. A quantitative analysis of indicators of speed abilities of schoolchildren in grades 5-6 showed that the absolute increase in the results of students in experimental classes reliably (P 0.05) exceeded the indicators of control classes in most test tasks, which proves the effectiveness of the implemented methodology.

Development of motor skills of children aged 9-10 years with visual analyzer impairment

The objective is to increase the level of coordination abilities of schoolchildren diagnosed with myopia. Methods: The study was conducted in the period from September 2022 to June 2023 at secondary school number 13 in the Kirov region. A group (n=21) of 4th grade students was formed to conduct a pedagogical experiment. These are boys and girls aged 10-11 years with a mild degree of myopia (up to 3 diopters) – myopia of the first degree. The level of development of coordination abilities was determined by a 3x10 meter Shuttle run, a long jump from a place with the right and left sides, Balance on 1 leg and Dynamic coordination of movements. Results: In experimental group in the shuttle run test, the indicators became higher from 9.36±0.16 to 8.72±0.09 (p&lt;0.05), an increase of 6.8%. The long jump with the right side increased by 10.4% (p&lt;0.05), and with the left side by 7.3% (p&lt;0.05). In the balance on one leg test, the indicators became 13.3% higher (p&lt;0.05), and in the dynamic coordination test, the indicators improved from 8.83±0.89 to 10.05±0.16 (p&lt;0.05), the increase in indicators was 13.8%. Conclusion: The results obtained allow us to conclude that our proposed method of using general developmental exercises with objects as a means of developing coordination abilities in children 9-10 years old diagnosed with myopia is effective, which is achieved through regular use of exercises in physical education lessons, as well as by stabilizing the course of myopia during the school day. Keywords: School children's health, Physical education, Myopia, Visual impairment, Coordination abilities.

The relationship between gadget use and eye health in school-age children at the elementary school of Alun-Alun Kalijati

Background: Currently, the use of gadgets has increased drastically in all sectors, especially among school-aged children. Improper use of gadgets, such as ignoring time limits, short distances, and the wrong positions, can have an impact on eye health. Unhealthy eyes will affect a child's learning process and can lead to serious eye problems. Purpose: To analyze the relationship between gadget use and eye health in school-age children at the elementary school of Alun-Alun Kalijati. Methods: This research used a descriptive correlational research design, with the approach used in this research being a cross-sectional approach. The sample for this study consisted of 68 students from grades 1 to 6 at Alun-alun Kalijati State Elementary School through stratified random sampling. Results: These findings showed that the majority of respondents often used gadgets; 38 respondents (68%) and 37 respondents (54%) had poor eye health. analysis of the relationship between gadget use and eye health obtained a p-value score of 0.000. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between gadget use and eye health in school-aged children at Kalijati Square Elementary School. Schools and parents need to be aware of and initiate rules for using gadgets for students.

The Role of the School Nurse in Addressing Climate-Associated Illnesses: Heat.

Extremely hot or humid days are anticipated to continue, occur more often, and intensify over time. School-age children are especially vulnerable to extreme heat. The primary acute health effects of heat on children can range from heat exhaustion to heatstroke. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of the impact some acute heat-related illnesses have on school-age children's health and to provide school nurses with information on the signs and symptoms of heat-related illnesses as well as prevention tips to share with parents and school administrators. This is the fifth article in a series meant to inform school nurses about illnesses linked to the climate and provide them with the tools they need to safeguard children' health.