Health Effects Of Smoking Research Articles

A Comment About Studying the Health Effects of Smoke Produced by Prescribed Fire.

A Comment About Studying the Health Effects of Smoke Produced by Prescribed Fire.

Reply to Myers and Rosser: A Comment About Studying the Health Effects of Smoke Produced by Prescribed Fire.

Reply to Myers and Rosser: A Comment About Studying the Health Effects of Smoke Produced by Prescribed Fire.

Mobile Phone–Based Personalized and Interactive Augmented Reality Pictorial Health Warnings for Enhancing a Brief Advice Model for Smoking Cessation: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Augmented reality (AR) is a novel modality for promoting smoking cessation (SC). AR-visualized adverse consequences for education and smoking prevention have only been evaluated in nonsmokers in previous studies. Objective To assess the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness for SC of AR pictorial health warnings (PHWs) on cigarette packs. Methods We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial in adult daily smokers in communities in Hong Kong. All participants received AWARD (ask, warn, advise, referral, do-it-again) model–guided SC advice, a warning leaflet, and referral to SC services at baseline. Interactive, chat-based SC support comprising regular messages and real-time support was provided to all participants via instant messaging apps (eg, WhatsApp) for 3 months after randomization. Participants in the intervention group additionally received 6 links to the AR PHWs showing the worsening health status of various organs caused by smoking. The level of the AR PHWs was adjustable to smoking behaviors (ie, smoking duration or daily cigarette consumption) to increase interaction. Participants could swipe, drag, or rotate the 3D PHWs to reinforce their impression of the health consequences of smoking. The primary outcome was self-reported past 7-day point-prevalence abstinence (PPA) at 3 months. The acceptability of the AR intervention was assessed by the proportion of participants who had viewed AR PHWs during the intervention. Participants who viewed AR PHWs further evaluated the perceived effect of the AR PHWs on a scale of 0 (not helpful at all) to 10 (very helpful). Intention to treat was used, and the risk ratio (RR) of the intervention effect was estimated by Poisson regression. Results From April to November 2021, 80 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to intervention (n=40) and control (n=40) groups. Most participants were male (66/80, 83%) and planned to quit beyond 30 days or were undecided (65/80, 81%). The intervention group had a higher but nonsignificant 7-day PPA (7/40, 18% vs 5/40, 13%; RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.48-4.07) and quit attempts (15/40, 38% vs 11/40, 28%; RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.71-2.60) at 3 months than the control group. In the intervention group, 17 of 40 (43%) participants viewed the AR PHWs. The AR PHWs had modest effects on knowledge of the adverse consequences of smoking on personal health (mean score 3.94, SD 3.52), reducing the frequency of buying cigarettes (mean score 3.29, SD 3.08), increasing the perceived importance of quitting (mean score 3.88, SD 3.50), and making the PHWs more disgusting (mean score 3.41, SD 3.08) and horrible (mean score 3.38, SD 3.05). The 3-month self-reported 7-day PPA was higher in those who ever (vs never) viewed the AR PHWs (5/17, 29% vs 2/23, 9%). Conclusions The mobile-based interactive AR PHWs were feasible, and the effectiveness on smoking abstinence warrants further testing. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04830072; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04830072

Developing content for a virtual reality scenario that motivates quit attempts in adult smokers: A focus group study with art-based methods.

Virtual reality (VR) could be used to deliver messages to smokers that encourages them to attempt quitting. For a VR smoking cessation intervention to be effective, the target population must find the content engaging, relevant, inoffensive, and compelling. Informed by health behaviour theory and narrative transportation theory, this study used focus groups combined with art-based methods (participant sketches) to inform the development of VR content that will appropriately address smokers' beliefs about quitting smoking. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Four in-person focus groups (N = 21) were held between July and August 2023. Just under half the sample were from an ethnic minority (42.8%) and women (42.9%), and the mean age was 33.6 years (standard deviation = 15.9). More than half the sample had a low motivation to quit (61.0%). We developed six themes concerning: the VR content suggested by participants, the rationale behind it, its technological execution and potential widescale implementation. Many participants downplayed the health consequences of smoking, prioritising the immediate rewards of smoking over quitting's long-term benefits. Therefore, participants suggested content set in the future, showing the benefits of cessation or the negative consequences of continued smoking. Family members were recommended as supporting VR characters to increase the contents' emotional salience. Participants also suggested graphic content that would trigger anxiety about smoking, suggesting that fear appeals were welcome. Participants wanted a truly novel intervention- not a leaflet about smoking statistics presented through VR. Participants suggested healthcare locations (e.g., doctors' offices) for implementation, as home ownership of VR headsets is low. Also, this would make the VR appear more legitimate as a health intervention (rather than casual entertainment) and could complement in-person advice. Future research will refine the participant-generated ideas with experts in VR design and smoking cessation.

Estimating the health impact of nicotine exposure by dissecting the effects of nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation study.

The detrimental health effects of smoking are well-known, but the impact of regular nicotine use without exposure to the other constituents of tobacco is less clear. Given the increasing daily use of alternative nicotine delivery systems, such as e-cigarettes, it is increasingly important to understand and separate the effects of nicotine use from the impact of tobacco smoke exposure. Using a multivariable Mendelian randomisation framework, we explored the direct effects of nicotine compared with the non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke on health outcomes (lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV-1], forced vital capacity [FVC], coronary heart disease [CHD], and heart rate [HR]). We used Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics from Buchwald and colleagues, the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine, the International Lung Cancer Consortium, and UK Biobank. Increased nicotine metabolism increased the risk of COPD, lung cancer, and lung function in the univariable analysis. However, when accounting for smoking heaviness in the multivariable analysis, we found that increased nicotine metabolite ratio (indicative of decreased nicotine exposure per cigarette smoked) decreases heart rate (b = -0.30, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.10) and lung function (b = -33.33, 95% CI -41.76 to -24.90). There was no clear evidence of an effect on the remaining outcomes. The results suggest that these smoking-related outcomes are not due to nicotine exposure but are caused by the other components of tobacco smoke; however, there are multiple potential sources of bias, and the results should be triangulated using evidence from a range of methodologies.

Clearing the air: evaluating institutions' social media health messaging on wildfire and smoke risks in the US Pacific Northwest.

Wildfire smoke contributes substantially to the global disease burden and is a major cause of air pollution in the US states of Oregon and Washington. Climate change is expected to bring more wildfires to this region. Social media is a popular platform for health promotion and a need exists for effective communication about smoke risks and mitigation measures to educate citizens and safeguard public health. Using a sample of 1,287 Tweets from 2022, we aimed to analyze temporal Tweeting patterns in relation to potential smoke exposure and evaluate and compare institutions' use of social media communication best practices which include (i) encouraging adoption of smoke-protective actions; (ii) leveraging numeric, verbal, and Air Quality Index risk information; and (iii) promoting community-building. Tweets were characterized using keyword searches and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out. 44% of Tweets in our sample were authored between January-August 2022, prior to peak wildfire smoke levels, whereas 54% of Tweets were authored during the two-month peak in smoke (September-October). Institutional accounts used Twitter (or X) to encourage the adoption of smoke-related protective actions (82% of Tweets), more than they used it to disseminate wildfire smoke risk information (25%) or promote community-building (47%). Only 10% of Tweets discussed populations vulnerable to wildfire smoke health effects, and 14% mentioned smoke mitigation measures. Tweets from Washington-based accounts used significantly more verbal and numeric risk information to discuss wildfire smoke than Oregon-based accounts (p = 0.042 and p = 0.003, respectively); however, Tweets from Oregon-based accounts on average contained a higher percentage of words associated with community-building language (p < 0.001). This research provides practical recommendations for public health practitioners and researchers communicating wildfire smoke risks on social media. As exposures to wildfire smoke rise due to climate change, reducing the environmental disease burden requires health officials to leverage popular communication platforms, distribute necessary health-related messaging rapidly, and get the message right. Timely, evidence-based, and theory-driven messaging is critical for educating and empowering individuals to make informed decisions about protecting themselves from harmful exposures. Thus, proactive and sustained communications about wildfire smoke should be prioritized even during wildfire "off-seasons."

Understanding the dynamics of compliance to smoke-free policy regulations: Exploring the perspectives of venue owners and staff in Türkiye.

The study aims to understand the facilitators and barriers associated with enforcing and complying with Türkiye's smoke-free policy from the perspective of hospitality venue owners and employees. A qualitative open-ended survey was conducted in Istanbul and Ankara in 2021 with 58 respondents from 3 different districts in each city from four types of venues: restaurants, traditional coffee and waterpipe houses, and European-style cafés. The open-ended survey included questions to understand the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of respondents about Türkiye's smoke-free policy and their perceptions of the facilitators and/or barriers to smoke-free policy implementation and changes after COVID-19. The data were analyzed using an inductive approach to identify patterns and categorize the data into themes. The respondents expressed that the smoke-free policy aimed to protect employees and customers from secondhand smoke (SHS), respect human health, and improve air quality. Findings suggest that the positive attitude of venue owners and staff toward the smoke-free policy serves as a facilitator. However, fear of financial impact, customers' negative attitudes, difficulties in meeting physical requirements, and insufficient enforcement were found to be barriers to implementing the smoke-free policy. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were reported as an initial increase in compliance and awareness among customers and staff, but some respondents noted negative changes due to the emotional and financial effects of prolonged restrictions. These challenges have led to decreased attention on the smoke-free policy among venue owners, staff and customers. Respondents' suggested improvements were related to building infrastructure, such as the ventilation systems and educating the public on the harmful health effects of smoking. Despite the general understanding of the dangers of secondhand smoke and the smoke-free policy, this study highlights the challenges in implementing smoke-free policy measures and the continued need to raise awareness about the importance of a 100% smoke-free venue. A comprehensive approach to addressing the tobacco epidemic as a multifaceted public health issue is essential.

Electrophysiological Evaluation of Common Peroneal Nerve in Chronic Cigarette Smokers.

Background: Researchers have identified multiple negative health effects of smoking on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It was recently reported that substances in cigarette smoke also have pathological effects on peripheral nerves, which causes neuronal impairment. The common peroneal nerve conduction study is an essential electrodiagnostic test of the lower limb for the detection of peripheral motor nerve dysfunction.Objectives: To assess the potential influence of smoking on the electrophysiological status of common peroneal nerve in young male chronic cigarette smokers.Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2017 to June 2018, including thirty male cigarette smokers aged 25 to 40 years. For comparison, another thirty age and BMI-matched healthy male non-smoker subjects were selected in the control group. The electrophysiological parameters (distal latency, amplitude, and motor nerve conduction velocity) of the left common peroneal nerve were evaluated by standard methods in the Department of Neurology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital. For the statistical analysis, an independent t-test was performed.Result: In this study, the mean distal latency of the common peroneal nerve was slightly prolonged, while the mean amplitude was slightly reduced in smokers. However, these changes were not statistically significant. However, the motor nerve conduction velocity was significantly (p ˂ 0.05) slower in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers.Conclusion: Chronic cigarette smoking causes significant impairment of common peroneal motor nerve conduction, while it does not affect the amplitude in young individuals. KYAMC Journal Volume: 14, No: 03, October 2023: 111-115.

Doing more with less: A proposal to advance cigarette packaging regulations in the United States

Cigarette packages are potent marketing tools. Following guidance from the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, many countries have sought to diminish this marketing power by mandating that (1) large graphic health warnings be affixed to the packages (i.e., text warnings combined with graphic images of the health consequences of smoking) and (2) all packages be fully “plain” in their design (i.e., all packages use the same drab/bland color and font type; no brand logos, other colors, or designs are permitted). Yet, the United States lags other countries in implementing regulations designed to blunt the marketing power of cigarette packages. This is not because of a lack of effort on the part of the Food and Drug Administration, the main governmental body charged with regulating tobacco products in the United States. Rather, it is because the regulatory options that that have been advanced in the country (e.g., graphic health warnings) have not been found - yet - to be legally feasible by its courts. This commentary works through some of the conceptual, practical, and legal issues regarding packaging regulations in the United States. It considers the political and bureaucratic risks involved with issuing new regulations. The overall intent is to prompt our field to think creatively about what is realistic in this regulatory space and to offer a novel perspective that may help move the United States tobacco control community forward in its efforts to reduce the promotional power of cigarette packages.

Cannabidiol as a potential cessation therapeutic: Effects on intravenous nicotine self-administration and withdrawal symptoms in mice

Cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Due to the devastating negative health effects of smoking, many users attempt to quit, but few are successful in the long-term. Thus, there is a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches. In these investigations, we sought to examine whether cannabidiol (CBD) has the potential to be repurposed as a nicotine cessation therapeutic. In the first study, male and female mice were trained to respond for intravenous nicotine infusions at either a low or moderate nicotine dose and then were pretreated with CBD prior to their drug-taking session. We found that CBD produced a significant decrease in the number of nicotine rewards earned, and this effect was evidenced across CBD doses and with both the low and moderate levels of nicotine intake. These effects on drug intake were not due to general motor-related effects, since mice self-administering food pellets did not alter their behavior with CBD administration. The potential effects of CBD in mitigating nicotine withdrawal symptoms were then investigated. We found that CBD attenuated the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal and prevented nicotine's hyperalgesia-inducing effects. Taken together, these results demonstrate that modulation of cannabinoid signaling may be a viable therapeutic option as a smoking cessation aid.

The Effectiveness of Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packs: Examining Smokers’ Attitudes Across Personal Demographics

Innovations in cigarette smoking prevention were internationally recognized by adding Graphic health (GHW) warnings on cigarette packs. This study determines the effect of GHW on smokers in various demographic profiles employing descriptive-correlation in data analysis. Survey questionnaires were distributed to 138 smokers as respondents. Findings show that the urge to smoke begins at most 20 years old during high school. The GHW affects the attitude towards smoking quitting which could be a potential first step towards quitting altogether. However, translating that thought into concrete action remains a challenge. The relevance of the graphics to the health consequences of smoking to be more convincing is highlighted. To effectively deter smoking, graphic health warnings on cigarette packs need to be both attention-grabbing and informative. Bright colors and a variety of shocking images will initially capture smokers’ attention, breaking through complacency. However, to maintain impact, these visuals and messages require regular updates to prevent habituation. Furthermore, using clear pictures that directly depict the harm caused by smoking, like diseased lungs, can create a stronger emotional connection and encourage smokers to think twice about the consequences of their habit. Beyond grabbing attention, clear communication is essential. Large, bold text and concise language ensure everyone understands the message while offering warnings in multiple languages, breaking down language barriers, and empowering diverse populations to make informed health choices. By combining these elements, graphic health warnings become a powerful tool for raising awareness and promoting smoking cessation.

Оценка и анализ курения — вредной привычки студентов медицинского вуза

In modern society, smoking is one of the most common harmful habits. The issue of smoking among medical students and the ways to address it are particularly relevant. The study was aimed to identify the priority factors contributing to smoking as the main harmful habit. We performed a cross-sectional study of 254 students using the tailored questionnaire, D. Horn test, and Fagerstrom test. The data obtained were processed and analyzed using the mathematical statistics methods. The findings have shown that 68.4% of students are smokers. The majority of students report negative health effects of smoking: 45% of students complain of cough, 38% complain of mucus, 52% complain of the decrease in physical endurance. Furthermore, low motivation for smoking cessation has been revealed in the majority of respondents. Vaping turned out to be the smoking type most popular among students, and the majority of respondents believe that it is harmless. The identified predominant types of smoking behavior (“support”, “craving”) suggest emotional stress. The correlation between the students’ anxious emotional state and the frequency of smoking has been found (r = 0.79). Learning problems and emotional stress are the priority factors contributing to smoking as the main harmful habit of students. Thus, the issue of smoking should be considered both in medical-biological and socio-psychological aspects. It is important to shape health-saving behavior in students through hygienic training and education.

Title of the article: Cigarette smoking and its association with hiv viral load among HIV-positive opioid users in Vietnam

The study aimed to determine the smoking prevalence and explore the association between smoking and viral load among people living with HIV who are drug users (HIV+ PWID) in Vietnam. We used secondary data from a descriptive cross-sectional study of 280 HIV+ PWID in an open-label, non-inferiority trial from July 2015 to February 2018 at six HIV clinics in Northern Vietnam. The results showed that 82.1% of the participants reported daily smoking, and among them, 53.5% were classified as heavy smokers. After controlling for confounding factors, using non-smokers as the reference group, we found no association between cigarette smoking and HIV viral load. However, the study also revealed a large number of patients with co-infections such as HBV, HCV, TB, STIs (81.3%), and over half of the patients (51.4%) reported depression ranging from mild to severe. Considering the adverse health effects of smoking, it is crucial to integrate tobacco cessation programs and specialized treatments for other health issues in this key population. More longitudinal studies are needed to better understand this relationship.

Conveying The Negative Health Consequences of Smoking For The Development of School-Based Social Marketing Programs: An Experimental Study

Cigarette products certainly have a negative impact on health, especially for teenagers. Although there is a growing body of literature on the positive social influence of peers as a preventative measure, it is unclear how they react when convinced of the truth of its negative impact on health. This experimental study aims to examine the impact of negative health consequences on adolescents' emotions and behavior. Through an online invitation and randomization process, 78 high school students from South Sumatra Province, Indonesia were eligible to participate in the online experimental study. We compared two groups (experimental vs. control) to examine the impact of negative health consequences on their emotions (empathy) and behavior (prosocial behavior). Our findings show that, as compared to adolescents in the non-convincing health message condition (n=40), adolescents in the convincing negative health message condition (n=38) had higher empathy (sign=0.005) and prosocial behavior (sign=0.028) to assist their smoking peers. Our findings provide a valuable information to sustainability development in the future through reducing underage smokers. We suggest that the use of convincing method to develop a school-based social marketing program for handling adolescent smoking problem

A COM-B analysis of facilitators of and barriers to smoking cessation among Chinese smokers: A qualitative study.

Smoking prevalence remains high in China with a low cessation motivation level, despite the government's tobacco control efforts. There is a lack of research specifically examining perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors related to smoking cessation in this region, particularly from a theory-based deductive perspective. Utilizing the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior) model as a theoretical framework, this study aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to smoking cessation among Chinese smokers. The study employed semi-structured individual interviews with 40 participants. Each interview spanned approximately 30 minutes. The participants, constituting both current and former smokers, were all aged ≥18 years (n=40). Interview data were then examined using a directed content analysis approach. Analysis revealed three interrelated themes. Capability: Smokers face challenges when resisting peer pressure and dealing with life after quitting. They also lack knowledge about smoking, quitting techniques, and withdrawal symptoms. Opportunity: Changing societal attitudes towards smoking create opportunities for quitting, but these are hindered by inadequate cessation services and a lack of family support. Motivation: Smokers' motivation to quit is mainly driven by health concerns. Resistance to quitting often stems from the belief that smoking is a personal choice or just a habit. Excessive emphasis on willpower may hinder motivation to quit. To enhance smoking cessation efforts in China, three key aspects should be considered: capability, opportunity, and motivation. Publicity and educational campaigns should target common misconceptions about smoking as a personal freedom, correct the overemphasis on willpower, and widely promote available cessation services. A crucial aspect is shifting societal norms to foster anti-smoking sentiments. Effective strategies may involve using real-life stories to illustrate smoking's health consequences, disseminating information about cessation services in maternity centers, enhancing services through mobile health initiatives, and empowering families to support smokers in their quit attempts.

Parents Role in Providing Health Care for Their Children (Analytical Study of Smoking Parents and Children)

The health consequences of smoking are well-known, and yet, children continue to smoke, placing their health and well-being at risk. Parents of smoking children play a crucial role in facilitating healthcare for their children and promoting healthy habits. However, caring for smoking children can be challenging, and parents who smoke face several unique challenges when providing healthcare for their children. This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by parents of smoking children when providing healthcare for their children and to identify potential intervention strategies that can facilitate better healthcare provision. A qualitative research design was used, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 parents who had smoking children. Thematic analysis was performed to identify common patterns and themes in the data. The study found that parents face several challenges when caring for their smoking children, including difficulty in communicating with their children about smoking, worry about the negative health effects of smoking, difficulty in accessing healthcare services, inadequate parental education, and limited availability of family-friendly work environments. Parents highlighted the need for multi-pronged approaches to address these challenges, including parental education programs, health promotion campaigns, policy advocacy, and the use of technology. Parental education programs can empower parents by providing them with knowledge and skills to manage and prevent smoking in their children. Health promotion campaigns can reinforce the benefits of healthy habits and promote a smoke-free environment. Policy advocacy can facilitate changes in policies and regulations to improve healthcare access and support family-friendly work environments. The use of technology, such as telemedicine, can provide parents with access to healthcare services from the comfort of their homes. In conclusion, caring for smoking children can be challenging for parents who smoke. This study highlights the need to develop tailored intervention strategies to address the challenges faced by parents and to improve healthcare provision for smoking children. The recommended intervention strategies can help parents to better manage and prevent smoking in their children and promote healthy habits, leading to improved health outcomes for smoking children. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these intervention strategies in improving healthcare provision for smoking children.

Trend over time on knowledge of the health effects of cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use in Bangladesh: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Bangladesh Surveys.

Cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) use are prevalent in Bangladesh. This longitudinal study examined how knowledge of the health effects of smoking and ST use in Bangladesh has changed overtime with the country's acceleration of tobacco control efforts. Data were analysed from the International Tobacco Control Survey, a nationally representative longitudinal study of users and non-users of tobacco (aged 15 and older) in Bangladesh, across four waves conducted in 2009 (n = 4378), 2010 (n = 4359), 2012 (n = 4223) and 2015 (n = 4242). Generalised estimating equations assessed the level of knowledge about harms of tobacco use across four waves. Multivariable logistic regressions assessed whether knowledge of health effects from cigarette smoking and ST use in 2015 differed by user group. In 2015 survey, most tobacco users were aware that cigarette smoking causes stroke (92%), lung cancer (97%), pulmonary tuberculosis (97%) and ST use causes mouth cancer (97%) and difficulty in opening mouth (80%). There were significant increases in the total knowledge score of smoking related health harm from 2010 to 2012 (mean difference = 0.640; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.537, 0.742) and 2012 to 2015 (mean difference = 0.555; 95% CI 0.465, 0.645). Participants had greater odds of awareness for ST health effects from 2010 to 2015. The results suggest that increasing efforts of awareness policy interventions is having a positive effect on tobacco-related knowledge in Bangladesh. These policy initiatives should be continued to identify optimal methods to facilitate behaviour change and improve cessation of smoking and ST use.

Is nicotine bad for long-term health? Scientists aren't sure yet.

As e-cigarettes grow in popularity, the lack of knowledge about whether nicotine contributes to the damaging health effects of smoking is becoming more worrying. As e-cigarettes grow in popularity, the lack of knowledge about whether nicotine contributes to the damaging health effects of smoking is becoming more worrying.

Efektifitas Permainan Ular Tangga Untuk Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Tentang Bahaya Rokok Pada Siswa SMKS Mathla’un Nawakartika Pandeglang

Smoking is one of the main risk factors for several chronic diseases that can lead to death. The negative health effects of smoking are considerable. Education about the dangers of smoking needs to start from school age. Fun educational media can be used to increase students' awareness of the dangers of smoking, one of which is the use of snakes and ladders game media. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of snakes and ladders game media on increasing knowledge of the dangers of smoking in students of SMKS Mathla'un Nawakartika Pandeglang. This community service approach is delivered through various activities, including site preparation methods, counseling methods, pre and post test methods, and the use of snakes and ladders games about the dangers of smoking. The results of the service showed that students of SMKS Mathla'un Nawakartika had low knowledge and awareness about the dangers of smoking before counseling. After counseling and snake and ladder games have been proven effective in increasing the average knowledge about the dangers of smoking in SMKS Mathla'un Nawakartika students, so that it can be used as an alternative learning media innovation in an effort to increase student knowledge.

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme (Stp) on Knowledge Regarding Cigarette Smoking and Its Selected Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders among College Students

Tobacco is an agricultural product derived from the leaves of several species of Nicotina Plants. When combined with nicotina tartrate, tobacco becomes one of the most commonly abused recreational drugs. Nicotine, a naturally occurring stimulant in tobacco, can be poisonous if taken in sufficiently high doses, which is not the amount of nicotine absorbed by tobacco use. Nicotine is an addictive substance that makes the use feel alert at first, then relaxed with continued use. Harmful health effects of smoking cigarettes are numerous. Dangers of smoking are well-known and can have serious detrimental effect on the quality of your life besides diseases. Teenagers are attracted by the smoke and the smoking style, which tempts them to smoke. Friends and colleagues also encourage non-smokers, to smoke just once. Among young people, the short-term health consequences of smoking include respiratory and non-respiratory effects. The results showed that the overall knowledge score before and after structured teaching programme it gives the clear picture of the pretest and posttest mean and standard deviation. It shows that Pre test mean is 18.20 and standard deviation is 17.49 whereas Post test mean is 33.28 and standard deviation is 16.40 at 0.05 levels of significance. Result shows the value of paired t- test which is 36.12 at 0.05 levels of Significance. This indicates that the structured teaching programme was effective in increasing the knowledge on cigarette smoking and its selected comorbid psychiatric disorders among college students.