Role In Health Education Research Articles

The Role Of Mental Health Education In Mitigating Pandemic-Related Psychological Distress In Children

Children with pre-existing conditions, such as ADHD and anxiety, are particularly vulnerable to the mental health consequences of the pandemic. Disruptions to routine and social interactions have exacerbated their symptoms, leading to increased stress and depression. This article examines the role of mental health education in schools as a critical tool for mitigating these challenges. Mental health education equips children with essential stress-management skills through evidence-based interventions such as coping skills training, emotional regulation practices, and resilience-building. The article features case studies that detail the effectiveness of programs like the Los Angeles Unified School District's teletherapy initiative, which provided virtual mental health support to over a million students, significantly reducing stress and anxiety levels during the pandemic. Programs such as the Comprehensive School Mental Health Systems (CSMHS) employ a multitiered approach, addressing prevention, early intervention, and support for severe mental health concerns in collaboration with community health professionals. The Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) framework also highlights successful integration into U.S. school systems, ensuring a supportive environment through behavioral reinforcement and targeted mental health education

Case Study of the Role of Health Education in Raising Public Awareness of the Importance of Preventing Infectious Diseases

Case Study of the Role of Health Education in Raising Public Awareness of the Importance of Preventing Infectious Diseases

An Exploration of The Path of Mental Health Education for Graduate Students in Collaboration Between Tutors and Counselors from The Perspective of Positive Psychology

At present, the mental health problems of graduate students in colleges and universities are increasing day by day, and the tutors and counselors of graduate students are indispensable roles in the training and education of graduate students, and also play a very important role in the mental health education of graduate students. From the perspective of positive psychology, this paper analyzes the advantages of mentors and counselors' participation in mental health education from the perspective of the mental-assistant cooperative education mechanism, and tries to put forward the mental-assistant cooperative education mechanism to give full play to the joint efforts of the two in the mental health education of graduate students, so as to protect the better growth of students.

A Prospective Cohort Study on Metamorphosis of Peptic Ulcer Dynamics: Insights into High Risk Paramedical Students Transformed Knowledge, Lifestyle and Symptoms Pattern

Background: This study explores the epidemiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) among resident students in Komarapalayam, India, with the aim of increasing awareness, identifying influential lifestyle factors, and assessing intervention effectiveness. Methods: A comprehensive nine-month prospective cohort study involving 404 paramedical students aged 17-28 was rigorously conducted. Data collection included a meticulously validated questionnaire, high-risk subgroup identification, and the implementation of educational interventions. Statistical analyses maintained a significance threshold at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The study findings revealed a striking contrast. While the actual incidence of Peptic Ulcer Disease was lower than anticipated, the prevalence of prodromal symptoms was surprisingly high. This underscores the critical need for early symptom identification. Tailored educational interventions exhibited great promise in improving PUD comprehension. Lifestyle choices played a substantial role in susceptibility, with hostellers experiencing the highest PUD prevalence at 10.3%— the efficacy of symptom-based assessments extended beyond healthcare domains. Conclusion: This investigation underscores the urgency of early symptom recognition, personalized education, and proactive health-oriented choices to mitigate the onset of Peptic Ulcer Disease. It highlights the merit of symptom- based assessments and emphasizes the essential role of health education within tertiary institutions. This research catalyzes future initiatives aimed at enhancing the well-being of students in the context of Peptic Ulcer Disease.

Assessing through a longitudinal study of dietary habits among Romanian school children: effects of COVID-19 pandemic as well as of a school based educational program for promotion of healthy nutrition.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has forced implementation of safety measures, leading to changes in people's lives. This study investigated several dietary habits among Romanian children before and during the pandemic. Also, it assessed the effectiveness of an educational program promoting healthy diet and evaluated factors influencing certain eating habits. A longitudinal study was conducted in schools. Students were assigned to Control and Intervention groups. Data were collected at baseline (T1) (October -November 2019, 880 children) and post-intervention (T2) (December 2020-February 2021, 484 students). 350 children participated in both assessments. Baseline measurements revealed inadequate consumptions of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and increased intake of soft drinks and sweets. At follow-up, the Intervention showed significant improvements on average intake of fruits and vegetables and in children eating ≥ 5 servings/day, compared to its baseline. Regarding self-perceptions on dietary habits during confinement, children from both groups reported healthier behaviors, with a significant decrease of comfort food. Compared to the Control group, Intervention increased its average intake of fruits and vegetables, consumed more ≥ 5 portions/day, reduced the number ≥ 2 cups/day of carbonated beverages and ≥ 3 portions/day of sweets. Age, gender, weight management, body mass index were associated with dietary habits at T1. Age, gender, Intervention group, weight management influenced eating patterns at T2. Eating behaviors at T1 influenced dietary habits at T2. Our program demonstrated positive changes in students' dietary habits, despite challenges of COVID-19. Results highlight the role of health education and emphasize the importance of integrating such programs consistently in schools.

The Role of Health Education in Preventing Chronic Diseases

Health education is a critical element in the preventive medicine toolkit, particularly for chronic diseases, which pose a significant burden globally. Chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, significantly impacting public health and healthcare costs. This paper reviews the impact of health education programs on preventing chronic diseases and discusses the effectiveness of various educational strategies. The review will focus on the role of technology in enhancing health education, examine implementation obstacles, and highlight successful interventions based on recent studies. Additionally, the review will identify gaps in current research and provide recommendations for future studies, emphasising the need for culturally tailored and sustainable health education programs.

Knowledge and Awareness on Aligner Treatment Protocol Among General Dentists, and Non Orthodontic Specialists: A Questionnaire study

The general dental practitioners and other non-orthodontic specialists can play the role of orthodontic health educators. Dentists have the responsibility to recognize, diagnose, and manage or refer abnormalities in the developing dentition. Hence for proper counseling and referral, general dentists and non-orthodontic specialists must have adequate level of orthodontic knowledge. Aim and objective: This study aims to determine and evaluate the knowledge and attitude of general dentists and non-orthodontic specialists towards early orthodontic treatment. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of orthodontic treatment among general dentists and non-orthodontic specialists and to compare the knowledge of orthodontic treatment between the two groups. Material and methods: 308 dental professionals were included in the study. The participants were divided into three groups; Group I included general practitioners, Group II had non-orthodontic postgraduate students, and Group III had non- orthodontic specialists. The questionnaire included 20 closed-ended, multiple choice questions. The first five questions include; general information such as gender, age, educational qualification, years of clinical experience and attachment to educational institutions. The next fifteen questions depict the attitude and awareness of principles and practices in orthodontics. Results: The study highlights the need for better education for treatment concepts in aligner therapy to the general dentist and non-orthodontic specialist. Conclusion: Conduction of Continuing Education programs to update them regularly in newer treatment protocols might be of great help to the practitioners in providing meticulous care to their patients. Overall, clear aligners have revolutionized orthodontic treatment by offering improved aesthetics, patient acceptance, and quality of life.

The Role of Health Education by Community Nurses in Reducing Smoking Habits in Adolescents

This study explores the role of health education by community nurses in reducing smoking habits among adolescents through qualitative interview methods. The background of this problem is rooted in the long-term health impact of smoking habits, which are often influenced by factors such as peer influence and advertising, as well as a lack of knowledge about the dangers of smoking. The purpose of this study is to understand how health education can affect changes in adolescents' smoking knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, as well as to assess the role of social support from the family. The method used was in-depth interviews with 20 adolescents who had participated in a health education program guided by a community nurse. The interview data was analyzed using thematic analysis techniques to identify key patterns and themes. The results showed that health education significantly increased adolescents' knowledge about the dangers of smoking and improved their attitudes towards the habit. Teens also reported gaining practical skills to resist the offer of smoking, and family support played an important role in their success in quitting smoking. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of integrating health education with family support to increase program effectiveness. Health education programs by community nurses must be continued and expanded, involving other elements of society, and adapted to the needs of adolescents and technological developments. Support from various parties, including government policies and health agencies, is critical to strengthening these programs and creating an environment that supports the overall health of adolescents Keywords : Health Education, Community Nurses, Smoking, Adolescents

The role of health education in improving student health in Indonesian schools

Health plays an important role in supporting educational success, with healthy students tending to have better concentration, endurance and motivation to learn. To achieve this, schools implement health education programmes aimed at improving students' knowledge, attitudes and skills in maintaining and improving their health. The programme includes formal and informal activities integrated in the curriculum, extracurricular initiatives and school health projects. Effective health education holds the potential to address these issues. While existing research has shown that health education can improve students' knowledge, attitudes, and skills related to health, direct evidence of its effect on students' health remains limited. The implications of health education are profound, including improved health knowledge, positive attitudes toward health, and the development of vital health maintenance skills. Additionally, it fosters a healthy learning environment, which is conducive to improved academic outcomes. Future interventions may involve the development of tailored materials, the integration of technology, and collaborative endeavors across multiple stakeholders. In conclusion, health education is a potent tool for enhancing student well-being and, consequently, educational success. By addressing health challenges and promoting healthy behaviors, health education contributes significantly to creating a brighter and healthier future for students in Indonesia and beyond.

War and peace in public health education and training: a scoping review

BackgroundArmed conflict and war are public health disasters. Public health action has a crucial role in conflict-related emergencies and rehabilitation but also in war prevention and peace promotion. Translating this into public health training and competencies has just started to emerge, especially in Europe.MethodsWe conducted a Scoping Review to map and identify the role of public health education and training of public health workforce relating to the prevention of war and promoting peace, as reflected in the scientific literature. We searched in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science Core Collections as well as the reference list of included material in English, German and Polish. Focusing initially on the European region, we later expanded the search outside of Europe.ResultsWe included 7 publications from opinion pieces to an empirical assessment of curricula and training. The educational programs were predominantly short-term and extra-curricular in postgraduate courses addressing both public health professionals in conflict-affected countries as well as countries not directly affected by war. Publications focused on public health action in times of war, without specifying the context and type of war or armed conflict. Competencies taught focused on emergency response and multi-disciplinary collaboration during emergencies, frequently drawing on experience and examples from natural disaster and disease outbreak management.ConclusionsThe scientific discourse on competences in public health education for times of war and for the promotion of peace, predominately focuses on immediate emergency response actions. The prevention of war and the promotion of peace are missing foci, that need to feature more prominently in public health training. Public Health Education and training should ensure that war prevention and peace promotion, as well as public health action in times of war, are included in their competencies for public health professionals.

Empowering Nurse Health Education: Linguistic and Cultural Validation of the Nurse Health Education Competence Instrument (NHECI) in the Italian Context.

Nurses worldwide are acknowledged for their role in health education across various settings. However, doubts often arise regarding their competence in this domain. This study aims to validate the Nurse Health Education Competence Instrument (NHECI) linguistically and culturally in the Italian context. Following Beaton et al.'s (2000) guidelines, we conducted cross-cultural adaptation to develop the Italian version of the questionnaire. The Italian version demonstrates a good internal consistency and stability, making it suitable for assessing nursing students during clinical internships and practicing nurses. The availability of Italian tools promotes healthcare research, ensuring patient-centric care. The validity and reliability of the Italian version of the instrument for assessing health education competencies, essential for self-assessment among health education nurses, are established.

The importance of family nurses' participation in the local program of cardiological prevention in Wroclaw

Abstract In Poland, cardiac prevention programs minimize the nurse's role in health education related the patient's lifestyle change. Following the experience of Swedish primary health care, the Health Department of the City Hall in Wrocław was the first local government to launch a long-term, ten-year preventive cardiology program in 1998. Aim of the study To present the participation of family nurses in the implementation of population intervention program in cardiological prevention among the inhabitants of Wrocław. Material and method The general practitioners from Wrocław and a group of 100 family nurses participated in the preventative program. The overall goal of the program was to assess risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Each patient was provided with education by the nurse. To conduct the nursing visit, a procedure was used that took into account the structure criteria and the a unified procedure criteria. The nurses analyzed the norms of laboratory test results, blood pressure, heart rate, weight, height, fiber and fat intake, and calculated BMI and WHR. The nurses used a health profile. If a patient was considered a person from a higher risk group, they provided referred the patient to a general practitioner. Conclusions In local prevention program, residents were motivated to modify health behaviors through nursing diagnosis and assessment. The close place of residence and direct contact with the patient made it possible to provide health education focused on first-degree prevention. However, patient health education requires organization, time and communication skills, which is why it is so important to prepare staff to implement preventive programs and finance them from local funds. The new role of a health educator becomes an opportunity to change the perception of the traditional role of nursing.

Nurses' Role in Health Education and Practice among Patients with Myocardial Infarction Needs Information Regarding Adaptation Lifestyles After Discharge

Background: Nurses have effect on patient education on a heart disease. The educational role of nurses helps to improve their health. The study's goals are to determine the roles of nurses in health education. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted at selected hospitals in Erbil, from June 20, 2021, to January 20, 2022. A sample of 123 nurses was interviewed, with the questionnaire consisting of three parts: socio-demographic, educational roles for patients, and learning practices for patient adaptation. The study aimed to identify the health education and practical roles among nurses. The reliability of the questions was 0.926, indicating acceptable reliability. Results: The majority of participants were aged between 32 and 42. Female nurses comprised 55.3%, with 57.3% holding diploma. Nurses' educational role in patient care, with 65% performing well. 59.3% taught patients’ healthy habits, and 65% effectively educated patients about self-care. The study reveals a significant relationship between nurses' socio-demographic factors, their overall educational role, and nurses' overall learning role. The good educational role was significantly associated with the hospitals they worked in and their units (P <0.001). Nurses also demonstrated good learning roles in their qualifications. However, the learning role was not significant with the other socio-demographic. Conclusion: Most nurses play an important role as an educator while patients are in the hospital and after they leave. There was a strong relationship between their roles, their qualifications, and the units in which they worked.

Implementing an Oral Health Educator Contributes to Reduced MBI-CLABSI Rates for Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients

Mucosal barrier injury central line-associated bloodstream infections (MBI-CLABSIs) remain a challenge among the pediatric cancer population. These infections commonly occur by oral or gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria translocating through impaired gut or oral mucosa. Although strategies to prevent gut MBI-CLABSIs are well characterized, oral pathogen prevention strategies are lacking. The authors' oncodental collaboration quality improvement project, which included two Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, aimed to improve MBI-CLABSI rates and oral care adherence on a pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) unit. PDSA cycle 1 integrated dental residents into existing rounds every third week to screen for dental, gum, and mucosal disease and provide targeted education to patients and families. PDSA cycle 2 implemented a novel oral health educator (OHE) role in which a trained dental hygienist rounded four days per week. Monthly MBI-CLABSI rates and oral care adherence were followed from December 2020 to May 2021 (baseline), June 2021 to March 2022 (PDSA cycle 1), and April 2022 to December 2022 (PDSA cycle 2). Qualitative surveys captured patient and family perception, and a cost savings analysis was completed. A 58.8% reduction in MBI-CLABSI rate (events per 1,000 central venous line days) was detected (baseline: 5.1; PDSA cycle 2: 2.1), oral care adherence improved 41.7% (baseline: 60.9%; PDSA cycle 2: 86.3%), 100% of patients found it beneficial to receive oral care demonstrations, and an annual cost savings of $541,000 was estimated. Direct patient outcomes have measurably improved. This project suggests the implementation of an OHE in pediatric HSCT inpatient units may be valuable to patients and families and may be a cost-effective way to reduce MBI-CLABSIs resulting from oral pathogens.

The effect of a self-learned virtual learning package on knowledge, attitude, and self-care behaviors of COVID-19 in people referred to health and treatment centers

BackgroundCOVID-19 is one of the most common diseases in recent years, the most important way to prevent is through self-care behaviors; therefore, it is important to these behaviors in people. According to the importance of promoting self-care behaviors of this disease, and according to the characteristics and effectiveness of interventions based on behavior change, this study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention on self-care behaviors of COVID-19 in a group of patients.MethodsThis quasi-experimental study was conducted on 164 people who referred to health and treatment centers in Dehdasht City, Iran. The cluster sampling method divided the participants into experimental and control groups at random (82 people for each group). Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire completed by the control and experimental groups before and three months after the intervention. The intervention program in this training group is to form a WhatsApp group and send messages in the form of audio files, text messages, text messages with photos, video messages, and PowerPoints. After creating the group and adding the participants, according to the agreement with the group members, every day of the week (8:00 am to 12:00 pm) to send educational files through the WhatsApp application. Also, the group members could ask their questions and problems to the researcher during the designated hours. The control group was also given routine care and follow-up at the centers, and no training was given regarding self-care behaviors. After entering the SPSS 24, data were analyzed by independent t, chi-square, and paired t statistical tests.Results164 individuals working in healthcare services from health and treatment centers were included in this study. Before the intervention, demographic characteristics such as marital status, education level, medical history, and smoking history were similar between the two groups (P > 0.05), as indicated by the results of chi-square tests. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and self-care behaviors between the experimental and control groups prior to the intervention (P > 0.05), according to independent t-tests. Following the intervention, notable changes were observed. The post-intervention analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of knowledge, attitude, and self-care behaviors (P = 0.001). Specifically, the experimental group exhibited significant improvements in these variables compared to the control group.ConclusionIn this study, education led to the improvement of self-care behaviors in people who referred to health centers. Considering the importance of the role of health education in promoting self-care behaviors as well as preventing infectious diseases such as COVID-19, it is suggested that educational interventions focus on self-care behaviors in other diseases.

Effectiveness of teaching motivational interview technique to third professional year medical students to improve counseling skills – An interventional study

Abstract Background: Effective patient–provider communication was recognized as essential to providing high-quality medical care. In medical practice, motivational interviewing (MI) is a vital communication method. By assisting patients in exploring and resolving ambivalence and resistance to change, this directive the patient-centered counseling approach seeks to elicit behavior change. Health behavior change counseling skills were taught as a learning objective in medical curricula worldwide. However, in many medical colleges, this area of health-care education was frequently unstructured and informal. Objective: This study aimed to find out if teaching medical students how to conduct motivational interviews helped them feel more confident about their ability to advise patients on changing their health-related behaviors, such as their breastfeeding habits in the present study. Methodology: All 200 third-year medical students of a medical college participated in MI sessions for health behavior change. Antenatal and postnatal mothers completed a pre- and posttest questionnaire before and after being educated by trained medical students; later, the students completed a perception questionnaire regarding their confidence. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17, and student perceptions were presented as percentages. Results: The mean score (knowledge) of posttests (12.53) is higher than the mean score of pretests (9.23) which is statistically significant (P = 0.000). There was a role of health education for behavioral change in improving mothers' knowledge regarding breastfeeding, (antenatal and postnatal). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that teaching MI methods to third-year medical students could increase student confidence in giving patients advice about changing their health-related behaviors.

The Critical Role of Health Educators: Findings from the 2021 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS).

This analysis of governmental health educators from the 2021 Public Health Workforce Interest and Needs Survey (PH WINS) examines demographic and workplace characteristics, COVID-19 pandemic activities and beliefs, job satisfaction, training needs, mental health, and engagement in health equity. Participants were public health staff in public health agencies who completed the 2021 PH WINS. Chi-square and means tests were used to compare job satisfaction, mental health status, training needs, and health equity concepts between health educators and other disciplines in the governmental public health workforce. Like PH WINS 2017 findings, health educators were significantly younger, more likely to be female, more diverse, and more likely to work in regional/local health departments than the national governmental public health workforce. About 70% of health educators played a role in responding to the pandemic. Only 46.1% of health educators rated their mental health as excellent or very good as compared to 48.2% of other disciplines. About 31% considered leaving the organization due to stress, unsatisfactory opportunities, and lack of mentoring. Health educators expressed the need for training in financial and change management. Both health educators and other governmental workers expressed high levels of awareness of and confidence in addressing social determinants of health and health equity, but less confidence in addressing environmental justice. Certified health education specialists (CHES(R)) were significantly more likely to be aware of concepts of health equity, social determinants of health (SDOH), and structural racism than non-CHES(R). Overall, the training needs and job satisfaction of health educators changed little between the two surveys. However, COVID-19 had a significantly greater impact on their mental health status compared to other public health disciplines. They also are addressing racism in their communities and are more aware of health equity concepts than other public health disciplines. Implications for strengthening public health infrastructure, as well as recruitment/retention, professional preparation, and practice are provided.

Children's experiences during their first dental visit: A qualitative study.

While the child's first dental visit can shape his/her attitude towards further treatments, little consideration has been given to exploring this experience from the child's perspective. Therefore, the aim of the study was to delineate the experiences of the first dental visit of children based on self-written stories in their own words. Qualitative study conducted as part of the oral health promoting school program in Isfahan city, Iran. Data collection was based on the responses to a question included in the programme's printed educational content. Schoolchildren were asked to explain about their experiences of their first dental visit in a story. Two researchers read the stories separately and identified concepts and themes. In a discussion panel gained consensus about the main themes. Then the researchers integrated and grouped together similar themes to new categories. Categories originating in the data provided insights into and explanations of factors that might influence the schoolchildren's experience in the dental office. Sampling continued until saturation, when no new codes appeared in the data. The childrens' stories were imported in the MAXQD software and analyzed to retrieve the main categories and themes. Factors that influenced experiences appeared to be idiosyncratic, but could be classified into three categories: the person accompanying the child, child and dentist-related factors. Two sub-categories of the person accompanying the child were the role of person in their treatment and the types of persons accompanying them. Dentist-related factors included three more sub-themes of applied behavioral management techniques, their role in oral health education, and organization of the office environment. The three sub-themes of children's related factors were experiencing fear, remembering the details of their experience, and type of care received. Although the method was limited to the qualitative written stories of children and there was no opportunity to explore more and consider the detailed opinions by face-to-face interviews, some noticeable elements were mentioned by children. The person accompanying the child, child and dentist-related factors were three main categories obtained from the data.

The application of chessboard game based on integrated learning and UCT algorithm in mental health and emotional regulation

Go plays a very prominent role in quality education and mental health education. Go can cultivate character, make friends, improve interpersonal relationships, and promote mental health. To apply it to mental health and emotional regulation, the AlphaGo series algorithms are analyzed. To address the unstable deep reinforcement learning training, low training data utilization, model sensitivity to hyper-parameters, and heavy parameter tuning burden, the algorithm is optimized by combining ensemble learning and advanced deep reinforcement learning. Then, the weighted voting method is applied to the selection step of sub nodes in the Monte Carlo tree search process. At the same time, asynchronous parallelization improvements are implemented to improve the efficiency of the Monte Carlo tree search algorithm. Finally, a board game based on ensemble learning and improved Monte Carlo tree search algorithm is obtained. Through experimental analysis, the average winning rate of the system was 93.36 %. The number of users who were very satisfied with the game was 83.96 %. After intervention, the depression and anxiety scores of the experimental group students were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). The designed game can effectively alleviate user anxiety and depression, providing new ideas for the psychotherapy.

Harnessing Health Education: An Overview of Strategies and Impact During the COVID-19 Era

ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic, a multifaceted crisis, affected all dimensions of human health, necessitating a multifaceted intervention to direct and modify public behavior. Purpose This study aimed to explore the role of health education in achieving this goal during the pandemic. Methods We conducted a Rapid Narrative Review using a quantitative lens to evaluate the impact of health education research and modeling in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. Five databases – PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, SCOPI, and MEDLINE – were searched for articles published from 2019 to 2022. Results Throughout the pandemic, Certified Health Education Specialists (CHES) have been pivotal, dynamically adjusting their roles to the evolving situation. Their contributions can be divided into three main phases: the initial outbreak, the vaccine development period, and the post-pandemic recovery stage. The Health Belief Model (HBM) emerged as the predominant theory employed to encourage preventive behaviors. Discussion In the face of global threats such as the COVID-19 pandemic, health education is a critical ally to other medical and clinical disciplines, providing vital leadership and guidance. Translation to Health Education Practice This study provides valuable insights for health educators, helping them select more effective models and strategies for their intervention programs.