Health Care In Low- And Middle-income Countries Research Articles

The case of the neonate vs. LMIC medical academia-a jury-style systematic review of 32 years of literature without significant mortality reduction.

The high neonatal mortality rate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Nigeria has lasted for more than 30 years to date with associated nursing fatigue. Despite prominent hard work, technological improvements, and many publications released from the country since 1990, the problem has persisted, perhaps due to a lack of intervention scale-up. Could there be neglected discoveries unwittingly abandoned by Nigerian policymakers over the years, perhaps locked up in previous publications? A careful review may reveal these insights to alert policymakers, inspire researchers, and refocus in-country research efforts towards impactful directions for improving neonatal survival rates. The focus was to determine the prevailed effectiveness of LMIC medical academia in creating solutions to end the high neonatal mortality rate. An unconventional systematic review protocol structure following the PRISMA 2020 checklist was designed and registered at INPLASY (registration number: INPLASY202380096, doi: 10.37766/inplasy2023.8.0096). A jury of paediatricians was assembled and observed by a team of legal professionals. The jury searched the literature from 1990 to the end of 2022, extracted newborn-related articles about Nigeria, and assessed and debated them against expected criteria for solution creation, translation, scale-up, sustainability, and national coverage. Each juror used preset criteria to produce a verdict on the possibility of a published novel idea being a potential game-changer for improving the survival rate of Nigerian neonates. A summation of the results showed that 19 out of 4,286 publications were assessed to possess potential strategies or interventions to reduce neonatal mortality. Fourteen were fully developed but not appropriately scaled up across the country, hence denying neonates proper access to these interventions. Nigeria may already have the required game-changing ideas to strategically scale up across the nation to accelerate neonatal survival. Therefore, LMIC healthcare systems may have to look inward to strengthen what they already possess. https://inplasy.com/, identifier (INPLASY202380096).

Association between achieving adequate antenatal care and health-seeking behaviors: A study of Demographic and Health Surveys in 47 low- and middle-income countries.

Antenatal care (ANC) is essential for ensuring the well-being of pregnant women and their fetuses. This study models the association between achieving adequate ANC and various health and health-seeking indicators across wealth quintiles in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We analyzed data from 638,265 women across 47 LMICs using available Demographic and Health Surveys from 2010 to 2022. Via multilevel logistic regression analyses adjusted for a series of confounding variables and country and wealth quintile fixed effects, we estimated the projected impact of achieving adequate ANC utilization and quality on a series of health and health care indicators: facility birth, postnatal care, childhood immunizations, and childhood stunting and wasting. Achieving adequate levels of ANC utilization and quality (defined as at least 4 visits, blood pressure monitoring, and blood and urine testing) was positively associated with health-seeking behavior across the majority of countries. The strongest association was observed for facility birth, followed by postnatal care and child immunization. The strength of the associations varied across countries and wealth quintiles, with more significant ones observed in countries with lower baseline ANC utilization levels and among the lower wealth quintiles. The associations of ANC with childhood stunting and wasting were notably less statistically significant compared to other indicators. Despite rigorous adjustments for potential confounders, a limitation to the methodology is that it is possible that unobserved variables may still impact outcomes. Strengthening ANC is associated with improved use of other health care in LMICs. ANC could serve as a critical platform for improving health outcomes for mothers and their children, emphasizing its importance beyond direct impact on maternal and neonatal mortality.

Unravelling the complexity of research capacity strengthening for health professionals in low- and middle-income countries: A concept analysis.

Research capacity strengthening (RCS) is crucial in enhancing healthcare outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which face challenges due to limited resources, unequal access to care and the need for evidence-based decision-making. We seek to move beyond a surface-level understanding of RCS, unearthing the core attributes, the factors that precede its implementation and the transformative outcomes it generates within the LMIC healthcare landscape. This study employs the Walker and Avant approach to concept analysis to comprehensively explore the dimensions and attributes of RCS as it pertains to allied and public health professionals in LMICs, propose empirical referents and suggest an operational definition. Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception to 27 July 2023, to identify studies on RCS in LMICs. The Walker and Avant approach to concept analysis was selected because it provides a framework for systematically examining and clarifying the meaning and implications of RCS. This method involves a structured process of defining RCS, identifying its attributes, antecedents, consequences and cases, and ultimately providing a clear understanding of its meaning and implications. Identifying empirical referents offers measurable indicators that researchers and policymakers can use to assess the effectiveness of RCS initiatives in LMICs. RCS for health professionals in LMICs involves a sustainable process that equips them with essential research skills, fostering the ability to conduct high-quality research and improve healthcare delivery in resource-constrained settings. RCS aims to empower health professionals to apply evidence-based practices, reduce disparities and enhance the well-being of populations in LMICs. Ultimately, a concept analysis of RCS empowers us to harness the full potential of research to enhance healthcare delivery, improve patient outcomes and advance the well-being of populations worldwide.

Problems accessing health care and under-5 mortality: a pooled analysis of 50 low- and middle-income countries.

Access to health care remains suboptimal in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and continues to hinder survival in early childhood. We systematically assessed the association between problems accessing health care (PAHC) and under-five mortality (U5M). Child mortality data on 724 335 livebirths came from the latest Demographic and Health Surveys of 50 LMICs (2013-2021). Reasons for PAHC were classified into three domains: 'money needed for treatment' (economic), 'distance to health facility' (physical), 'getting permission' or 'not wanting to go alone' (socio-cultural). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between PAHC (any and by each type) and U5M. In our pooled sample, 47.3 children per 1000 livebirths died before age of 5, and 57.1% reported having experienced PAHC (ranging from 45.3% in Europe & Central Asia to 72.7% in Latin America & Caribbean). Children with any PAHC had higher odds of U5M (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.09), and this association was especially significant in sub-Saharan Africa. Of different domains of PAHC, socio-cultural PAHC was found to be most significant. Access to health care in LMICs needs to be improved by expanding health care coverage, building health facilities, and focusing more on context-specific socio-cultural barriers.

Culturally sensitive patient-centered healthcare: a focus on health behavior modification in low and middle-income nations-insights from Indonesia.

Patient-centered, culturally sensitive healthcare acknowledges the profound impact of cultural beliefs on health behaviors and outcomes, particularly vital in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Within Indonesia, distinct cultural factors are pivotal in empowering patients, necessitating their integration into healthcare practices. For example, the cultural concept of gotong royong, emphasizing communal collaboration, presents an opportunity to foster community support networks among patients. Moreover, honoring familial ties and involving family members in decision-making enhances patient empowerment. Acknowledging and incorporating spiritual and religious beliefs, which are deeply rooted in Indonesian culture, into healthcare interventions further augments patient empowerment and well-being. In LMICs, including Indonesia, achieving patient empowerment demands implementing critical strategies. Community-based interventions harness local resources and engage the community to drive health behavior change. Culturally sensitive communication bridges the gap between healthcare providers and patients, respecting language nuances and cultural norms. Patient education fosters a comprehensive understanding of health conditions, thereby encouraging active involvement in decision-making. Tailored behavior modification techniques, aligned with cultural beliefs and practices, support the adoption of healthier behaviors among patients. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of patient-centered, culturally sensitive healthcare in LMICs, particularly in Indonesia. It delves into strategies to promote health behavior change within these unique contexts, emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity and patient-centered care. The discourse also explores the cultural landscape impacting healthcare, acknowledging the challenges faced in delivering comprehensive healthcare services within these diverse cultural contexts. Additionally, it outlines innovative approaches and success stories in implementing patient-centered care, highlighting how cultural factors intersect with healthcare outcomes. By advocating for integrating culture-specific patient empowerment practices into healthcare methodologies, this article underscores the potential for improved health outcomes, heightened patient engagement, and the delivery of culturally relevant services within LMICs.

An integrated knowledge translation (iKT) approach to advancing community-based depression care in Vietnam: lessons from an ongoing research-policy collaboration

BackgroundEvidence-based mental health policies are key to supporting the expansion of community-based mental health care and are increasingly being developed in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite this, research on the process of mental health policy development in LMICs is limited. Engagement between researchers and policy makers via an integrated Knowledge Translation (iKT) approach can help to facilitate the process of evidence-based policy making. This paper provides a descriptive case study of a decade-long policy and research collaboration between partners in Vietnam, Canada and Australia to advance mental health policy for community-based depression care in Vietnam.MethodsThis descriptive case study draws on qualitative data including team meeting minutes, a focus group discussion with research team leaders, and key informant interviews with two Vietnamese policy makers. Our analysis draws on Murphy et al.’s (2021) findings and recommendations related to stakeholder engagement in global mental health research.ResultsConsistent with Murphy et al.’s findings, facilitating factors across three thematic categories were identified. Related to ‘the importance of understanding context’, engagement between researchers and policy partners from the formative research stage provided a foundation for engagement that aligned with local priorities. The COVID-19 pandemic acted as a catalyst to further advance the prioritization of mental heath by the Government of Vietnam. ‘The nature of engagement’ is also important, with findings demonstrating that long-term policy engagement was facilitated by continuous funding mechanisms that have enabled trust-building and allowed the research team to respond to local priorities over time. ‘Communication and dissemination’ are also crucial, with the research team supporting mental health awareness-raising among policy makers and the community, including via capacity building initiatives.ConclusionsThis case study identifies factors influencing policy engagement for mental health system strengthening in an LMIC setting. Sustained engagement with policy leaders helps to ensure alignment with local priorities, thus facilitating uptake and scale-up. Funding agencies can play a crucial role in supporting mental health system development through longer term funding mechanisms. Increased research related to the policy engagement process in global mental health will further support policy development and improvement in mental health care in LMICs.

Terrorism's impact on low and middle-income countries' healthcare services: A perspective.

Terrorism has emerged as an increasingly pressing global issue, giving rise to escalating casualties and devastating implications for peace and security. The low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), already grappling with inadequate healthcare services and an estimated annual mortality toll ranging from 5.7 to 8.4 million, face further setbacks as terrorism exacerbates their prevailing healthcare deficiencies. Among the aspects of how terrorism affects healthcare in LMICs are high morbidity, mortality, and treatment wait times. The four principal areas of reverberation encompass amplified vulnerabilities in healthcare systems, financial shortfalls in LMIC healthcare systems, worsened personnel shortages in healthcare, and the devastating impact on healthcare facilities. In response to these challenges, international organizations and countries have played a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of terrorism on healthcare systems. Additionally, to improve healthcare in these regions, investing in infrastructure, supporting healthcare workers, and ensuring safety are paramount. Implementing mobile health interventions, traditional medicine, and mobile laboratories may enhance healthcare accessibility. Further, employing blockchain technology for data security and supply chain management may strengthen healthcare systems in these areas.

Impacts of the advancement in artificial intelligence on laboratory medicine in low- and middle-income countries: Challenges and recommendations-A literature review.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in laboratory medicine, promising significant advancements in healthcare delivery. This study explores the potential impact of AI on diagnostics and patient management within the context of laboratory medicine, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In writing this article, we conducted a thorough search of databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar within 20 years. The study examines AI's capabilities, including learning, reasoning, and decision-making, mirroring human cognitive processes. It highlights AI's adeptness at processing vast data sets, identifying patterns, and expediting the extraction of actionable insights, particularly in medical imaging interpretation and laboratory test data analysis. The research emphasizes the potential benefits of AI in early disease detection, therapeutic interventions, and personalized treatment strategies. In the realm of laboratory medicine, AI demonstrates remarkable precision in interpreting medical images such as radiography, computed tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging.Its predictive analytical capabilities extend to forecasting patient trajectories and informing personalized treatment strategies using comprehensive data sets comprising clinical outcomes, patient records, and laboratory results. The study underscores the significance of AI in addressing healthcare challenges, especially in resource-constrained LMICs. While acknowledging the profound impact of AI on laboratory medicine in LMICs, the study recognizes challenges such as inadequate data availability, digital infrastructure deficiencies, and ethical considerations. Successful implementation necessitates substantial investments in digital infrastructure, the establishment of data-sharing networks, and the formulation of regulatory frameworks. The study concludes that collaborative efforts among stakeholders, including international organizations, governments, and nongovernmental entities, are crucial for overcoming obstacles and responsibly integrating AI into laboratory medicine in LMICs. A comprehensive, coordinated approach is essential for realizing AI's transformative potential and advancing health care in LMICs.

Routine Pediatric Surgical Emergencies: Incidence, Morbidity, and Mortality During the 1st 8000 Days of Life—A Narrative Review

BackgroundMany potentially treatable non-congenital and non-traumatic surgical conditions can occur during the first 8000 days of life and an estimated 85% of children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) will develop one before 15 years old. This review summarizes the common routine surgical emergencies in children from LMICs and their effects on morbidity and mortality.MethodsA narrative review was undertaken to assess the epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes of common surgical emergencies that present within the first 8000 days (or 21.9 years) of life in LMICs. Available data on pediatric surgical emergency care in LMICs were aggregated.ResultsOutside of trauma, acute appendicitis, ileal perforation secondary to typhoid fever, and intestinal obstruction from intussusception and hernias continue to be the most common abdominal emergencies among children in LMICs. Musculoskeletal infections also contribute significantly to the surgical burden in children. These “neglected” conditions disproportionally affect children in LMICs and are due to delays in seeking care leading to late presentation and preventable complications. Pediatric surgical emergencies also necessitate heavy resource utilization in LMICs, where healthcare systems are already under strain.ConclusionsDelays in care and resource limitations in LMIC healthcare systems are key contributors to the complicated and emergent presentation of pediatric surgical disease. Timely access to surgery can not only prevent long-term impairments but also preserve the impact of public health interventions and decrease costs in the overall healthcare system.

Public-private partnership models for rehabilitation service delivery: A scoping review.

Public-private partnership (PPP) for the delivery of health services is known to improve access to healthcare, yet little is known about its utilisation for rehabilitation services, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a first step to generating evidence to develop a PPP model for physiotherapy service delivery in South Africa, our study mapped and described available research evidence on PPP models for rehabilitation services in the global literature. The Arksey and O'Malley framework guided our scoping review. Published research on rehabilitation and PPP was searched in five databases from 2000 to August 2022 using keywords, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Boolean terms. Two reviewers independently completed the titles, abstracts and full-text screening of the articles and data extraction from the included articles. A narrative synthesis was conducted, and summaries of the findings are reported. Nine articles were included from a total of 137 obtained from the evidence searches. Of these, five were from Australia and the others from Hong Kong, Denmark, Bangladesh and the Netherlands. All the included articles showed evidence of PPP models for physiotherapy service delivery. Our study suggests that PPP models for physiotherapy service delivery exist, particularly in high-income countries (HICs). It also highlights limited research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). There is a need for primary studies to generate further evidence and develop innovative PPP models for rehabilitation services for the populations who need them most as part of efforts towards improving access to healthcare in LMICs.

Principles for task shifting hypertension and diabetes screening and referral: a qualitative study exploring patient, community health worker and healthcare professional perceptions in rural Uganda

BackgroundA shortage of healthcare workers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) combined with a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like hypertension and diabetes mellitus has resulted in increasing gaps in care delivery for NCDs. As community health workers (CHWs) often play an established role in LMIC healthcare systems, these programs could be leveraged to strengthen healthcare access. The objective of this study was to explore perceptions of task shifting screening and referral for hypertension and diabetes to CHWs in rural Uganda.MethodsThis qualitative, exploratory study was conducted in August 2021 among patients, CHWs and healthcare professionals. Through 24 in-depth interviews and ten focus group discussions, we investigated perceptions of task shifting to CHWs in the screening and referral of NCDs in Nakaseke, rural Uganda. This study employed a holistic approach targeting stakeholders involved in the implementation of task shifting programs. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically guided by the framework method.ResultsAnalysis identified elements likely to be required for successful program implementation in this context. Fundamental drivers of CHW programs included structured supervision, patients’ access to care through CHWs, community involvement, remuneration and facilitation, as well as building CHW knowledge and skills through training. Additional enablers comprised specific CHW characteristics such as confidence, commitment and motivation, as well as social relations and empathy. Lastly, socioemotional aspects such as trust, virtuous behavior, recognition in the community, and the presence of mutual respect were reported to be critical to the success of task shifting programs.ConclusionCHWs are perceived as a useful resource when task shifting NCD screening and referral for hypertension and diabetes from facility-based healthcare workers. Before implementation of a task shifting program, it is essential to consider the multiple layers of needs portrayed in this study. This ensures a successful program that overcomes community concerns and may serve as guidance to implement task shifting in similar settings.

The Aga Khan Development Network’s (AKDN) approach to supply chain carbon foot printing for healthcare providers

Very few examples of footprints exist for lower-middle-income countries and none for low-income countries. Where footprints do exist, they suggest that healthcare in LMICs is more carbon intensive per unit of expenditure than in high-income or upper-middle-income countries. At the same time, delivery of global commitments on Universal Health Coverage implies that healthcare provision in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) must grow more rapidly than anywhere else in the word.There has been little or no access to appropriate, comprehensive but affordable support to enable operations in LMICs to calculate full Scope 1,2 and 3 footprints. Without this it has been challenging for operations in LMICs to effectively target actions to reduce their emissions.With this in mind this paper sets out to demonstrate an approach to carbon foot printing healthcare in LMICs that is sufficiently robust to support targeted action, while using tools, resources and data that are freely accessible in all countries.This paper describes and discusses a 4-tiered ‘hybrid’ approach, developed using the international Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The approach was used successfully by staff to generate carbon footprints for healthcare organisations in 8 LMICs in South and Central Asia and East Africa. The organisations covered all fall within the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN); specifically, the Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS) and the Aga Khan Universities (AKU)The principles discussed in this paper, have been used to build a comprehensive carbon management tool in Microsoft Excel. The use of the approach and the tool has enabled AKDN healthcare providers to effectively, baseline, target and structure their carbon reduction activity.This work has had to pragmatically balance accuracy with deliverability in an LMIC context. While footprinting for Scope 1 and 2 has followed standard protocols, proxy data has been used to generate high level supply chain footprints, this has then been refined with data from suppliers.The tool and its accompanying guide are published and available, free to use, from AKDN to support other healthcare organisations in footprinting and reducing their own carbon emissions.

Global obstetric anaesthesia: bridging the gap in maternal health care inequities through partnership in education

Maternal mortality rates are unacceptably high globally. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face challenges of an inadequate anaesthesia workforce, under-resourced healthcare systems and sub-optimal access to labour and delivery care, all of which negatively impact maternal and neonatal outcomes. In order to effect the changes in surgical-obstetric-anaesthesia workforce numbers advocated by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery to support the UN sustainable development goals, mass training and upskilling of both physician and non-physician anaesthetists is imperative. The implementation of outreach programmes and partnerships across organisations and countries has already been shown to improve the provision of safe care to mothers and their babies, and these efforts should be continued. Short subspecialty courses and simulation training are two cornerstones of modern obstetric anaesthesia training in poorly resourced environments. This review discusses the challenges to accessing quality maternal healthcare in LMICs and the use of education, outreach, partnership and research to protect the most vulnerable women from coming to harm in the peripartum period.

Impact of Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Healthcare in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) played a significant role in the digital health platforms that influenced and supported modern medicine. However, there is a shortage of MRI in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The International Society of Radiology offers a detailed plan for LMICs to advance imaging quality in the global health agenda. The overarching objective of this scoping review was to determine the impact of MRI in healthcare in LMICs. This scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify available evidence. We systematically searched four academic databases for peer-reviewed literature published between 2018 and 2021, namely, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as Google Scholar as a source for gray literature. The search identified 54 articles. We identified a range of reasons for introducing MRI in LMICs. Nonetheless, some challenges to accepting MRI as a method of healthcare have been reported, including technological, regulatory, and economical challenges.To implement the proposed plan, the involvement of professional and international organizations is considered crucial. The establishment of an International Commission on Medical Imaging under the umbrella of international organizations is suggested and collaboration with other diagnostic disciplines is encouraged to raise awareness of the importance of upscale diagnostics at large and to foster its integration into the care pathway globally.

Integrating Depression and Alcohol Use Care Into Primary Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of integration of depression and alcohol use disorder care into primary health care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. The authors aimed to quantify the effectiveness of integrating mental health care into primary care by examining depression and alcohol use disorder outcomes. The study updates a previous systematic review summarizing research on care integration in LMICs. Following PRISMA guidelines, the authors included studies from the previous review and studies published from 2017 to 2020 that included adults with alcohol use disorder or depression. Studies were evaluated for type of integration model with the typology developed previously. A meta-analysis using a random-effects model to assess effectiveness of integrated interventions was conducted. Meta-regression analyses to examine the impact of study characteristics on depression and alcohol use disorder outcomes were conducted. In total, 49 new articles were identified, and 74 articles from the previous and current studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Overall random effect sizes were 0.28 (95% CI=0.22-0.35) and 0.17 (95% CI=0.11-0.24) for studies targeting care integration for depression or for alcohol use disorder, respectively, into primary care in LMICs. High heterogeneity within and among studies was observed. No significant association was found between country income level and depression and alcohol use outcomes. However, differences in effect sizes between types of integration model were statistically significant (p<0.001). Integration of mental health care into primary health care in LMICs was found to improve depression and alcohol use disorder outcomes. This evidence should be considered when designing interventions to improve mental health screening and treatment in LMICs.

Limb Injuries and Disability in the Southwest Region of Cameroon.

Extremity injuries are a leading cause of morbidity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), often resulting in marked short-term and long-term disabilities. Most of the existing knowledge on these injuries originates from hospital-based studies; however, poor access to health care in LMICs limits these data because of inherent selection bias. This subanalysis of a larger population-level cross-sectional study in the Southwest Region of Cameroon aims to determine patterns of limb injury, treatment-seeking behaviors, and predictors of disability. Households were surveyed in 2017 on injuries and subsequent disability sustained over the previous 12 months using a three-stage cluster sampling framework. Subgroups were compared using the chi square, Fisher exact, analysis of variance, Wald, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Logarithmic models were used to identify predictors of disability. Of 8,065 subjects, 335 persons (4.2%) sustained 363 isolated limb injuries. Over half of the isolated limb injuries (55.7%) were open wounds while 9.6% were fractures. Isolated limb injuries most commonly occurred in younger men and resulted from falls (24.3%) and road traffic injuries (23.5%). High rates of disability were reported, with 39% reporting difficulty with activities of daily living. Compared with individuals with other types of limb injuries, those with fractures were six times more likely to seek a traditional healer first for care (40% versus 6.7%), 5.3 times (95% CI, 1.21 to 23.42) more likely to have any level of disability after adjustment for injury mechanism, and 2.3 times more likely to have difficulty paying for food or rent (54.8% versus 23.7%). Most traumatic injuries sustained in LMICs involve limb injuries and often result in high levels of disability that affect individuals during their most productive years. Improved access to care and injury control measures, such as road safety training and improvements to transportation and trauma response infrastructure, are needed to reduce these injuries.

Leveraging Stakeholder Engagement and Virtual Environments to Develop a Strategy for Implementation of Adolescent Depression Services Integrated Within Primary Care Clinics of Mozambique.

Psychiatric disorders are the number one cause of disability in adolescents worldwide. Yet, in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where 90% of adolescents reside, mental health services are extremely limited, and the majority do not have access to treatment. Integration of mental health services within primary care of LMICs has been proposed as an efficient and sustainable way to close the adolescent mental health treatment gap. However, there is limited research on how to effectively implement integrated mental health care in LMIC. In the present study, we employed Implementation Mapping to develop a multilevel strategy for integrating adolescent depression services within primary care clinics of Maputo, Mozambique. Both in-person and virtual approaches for Implementation Mapping activities were used to support an international implementation planning partnership and promote the engagement of multilevel stakeholders. We identified determinants to implementation of mental health services for adolescents in LMIC across all levels of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, of which of 25% were unique to adolescent-specific services. Through a series of stakeholder workshops focused on implementation strategy selection, prioritization, and specification, we then developed an implementation plan comprising 33 unique strategies that target determinants at the intervention, patient, provider, policy, and community levels. The implementation plan developed in this study will be evaluated for delivering adolescent depression services in Mozambican primary care and may serve as a model for other low-resource settings.

Foregone healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic: early survey estimates from 39 low- and middle-income countries.

In addition to the direct health effects of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the pandemic has increased the risks of foregone non-COVID-19 healthcare. Likely, these risks are greatest in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where health systems are less resilient and economies more fragile. However, there are no published studies on the prevalence of foregone healthcare in LMICs during the pandemic. We used pooled data from phone surveys conducted between April and August 2020, covering 73 638 households in 39 LMICs. We estimated the prevalence of foregone care and the relative importance of various reported reasons for foregoing care, disaggregated by country income group and region. In the sample, 18.8% (95% CI 17.8–19.8%) of households reported not being able to access healthcare when needed. Financial barriers were the most-commonly self-reported reason for foregoing care, cited by 31.4% (28.6–34.3%) of households. More households in wealthier countries reported foregoing care for reasons related to COVID-19 [27.2% (22.5–31.8%) in upper-middle-income countries compared to 8.0% (4.7–11.3%) in low-income countries]; more households in poorer countries reported foregoing care due to financial reasons [65.6% (59.9–71.2%)] compared to 17.4% (13.1–21.6%) in upper-middle-income countries. A substantial proportion of households in LMICs had to forgo healthcare in the early months of the pandemic. While in richer countries this was largely due to fear of contracting COVID-19 or lockdowns, in poorer countries foregone care was due to financial constraints.

Theorizing community health governance for strengthening primary healthcare in LMICs.

In recent years, community health governance structures have been established in many low and middle-income countries (LMICs) as part of decentralization policies aimed at strengthening primary healthcare systems. So far, most studies on these local structures either focus on measuring their impact on health outcome or on identifying the factors that affect their performance. In this paper we offer an alternative contribution that draws on a sociological interpretation of community health governance to improve understanding of how the government’s policy vision and instrumentation translate to interactions that take place within local spaces at field level. We study 13 Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs) in Karnataka, India, from 2016 to 2018 focusing on sanitation, nutrition and hygiene which remain impediments to improving primary healthcare amongst poor and marginalized communities. Three local governance mechanisms of horizontal coordination, demand for accountability and self-help help to explain improvements that have taken place at village level and contribute to the creation of a new theory of community health governance as evolving phenomenon that requires a constant process of learning from the field to strengthen policymaking.

Implementation, effectiveness and monitoring of telemedicine program in Bhutanese refugees camp in Eastern Nepal.

Background:Telemedicine, a part of Medical Informatics used to consult patients from remote places either via videoconferencing or transferring data and resources via the Store and Forward method, makes the quality of healthcare in low-and middle-income countries more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible. The objectives of this study were to determine its effects on the health of refugees and its efficacy in terms of referrals and cost reduction for healthcare service providers among Bhutanese refugees in eastern Nepal.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study done retrospectively from the records of patient data of Bhutanese refugees from AMDA, Damak, and prospectively by asking the questionnaire to the healthcare providers of Beldangi PHC of AMDA, Damak.Results:The total percentage of patients that were seen via teleconsultation in the primary center was 58% male and 42% females, whereas from the secondary center, males were 43% and females constituted 57%. The referral rate from those primary centers and secondary centers were decreased to 31% and 39%, respectively, from 72% and 61% from previous records. The budget expenditure was also decreased to 13.65% from 29.41%.Conclusions:Telemedicine is beneficial in those types of refugee camps where there are chains of referring patients from primary health centers to tertiary care centers via secondary healthcare centers. As it not only decreased the referral rate but also save the budget expenditure, which are needed when referring those patients to other centers.