Health Of Periodontal Tissues Research Articles

Clinical and laboratory evaluation of the effectiveness of children's toothpastes containing 1000 ppm fluoride

Relevance. This article presents the findings from studies evaluating the effectiveness of toothpastes containing 1000 ppm fluoride in clinical settings. The data demonstrates the cumulative benefits of these toothpastes on oral hygiene, the reduction of inflammatory oral manifestations, and their anticaries effects.Purpose. To assess the effectiveness of fluoride-containing toothpastes through laboratory tests and clinical trials.Materials and methods. The study evaluated the effectiveness of toothpastes containing 1000 ppm fluoride using the following parameters: Greene-Vermillion hygiene index, periodontal indices (PMA and SBI), enamel mineralization and resistance, presence and number of carious lesions at the white spot stage, enamel hypersensitivity, and antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus spp.Results. The analysis of hygiene indices demonstrated that the tested toothpastes were highly effective in cleaning, with a positive cumulative effect on participants' oral hygiene. The use of these toothpastes significantly reduced inflammatory manifestations, decreased gum bleeding, and improved periodontal tissue health. A reduction in the number of participants with early-stage carious lesions, as well as a decrease in the overall number of lesions, was observed. The toothpastes also enhanced enamel resistance to acid exposure, contributing to their anticaries benefits. Enamel hypersensitivity was reduced, and a dose-dependent antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus sobrinus was observed.Conclusion. Toothpastes containing 1000 ppm fluoride demonstrated strong cleaning and refreshing effects, along with a positive cumulative impact on oral hygiene and a significant reduction in inflammation. Their anticaries benefits were confirmed, and they also reduced enamel hypersensitivity. The tested toothpastes were well-tolerated, with no reports of allergic reactions or irritation.

Effectiveness of different types of toothbrushes on periodontal health in orthodontic patients with gingivitis: A randomized controlled study

BackgroundThe aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different toothbrushes in reducing gingival inflammation and dental biofilm removal in gingivitis patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.MethodsFollowing baseline clinical assessments, including the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index (TQHI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing pocket depth (PPD), all patients received nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Patients were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: conventional toothbrush (C-TB), orthodontic toothbrush (O-TB), or single-tufted toothbrush (ST-TB). Each group received tailored oral hygiene instructions based on their assigned toothbrush type. Clinical assessments were repeated and recorded in the first week, sixth week, and third month.ResultsThirty-six patients with a mean age of 23.14 ± 3.86 (18–32 years) participated in the study. All groups with twelve patients each demonstrated significant improvements in clinical parameters compared to baseline. In the sixth week, the O-TB and ST-TB groups showed significantly greater improvements in TQHI and BOP scores compared to the C-TB group (p < 0.05). By the third month, the ST-TB group maintained significantly lower TQHI and BOP scores, while the O-TB group’s scores became similar to those of the C-TB group. ST-TB and C-TB groups had significantly lower GI scores than the O-TB group in all time points. Although the effectiveness of ST-TB was significantly higher than that of other toothbrushes, all toothbrushes demonstrated lower efficacy in the posterior region.ConclusionsThe ST-TB was shown to be more effective in reducing gingival inflammation over three months, while it demonstrated similar efficacy to the O-TB in dental biofilm removal. Further research is necessary to substantiate these findings and to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in promoting periodontal tissue health in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.Trial registrationThis study was registered with the National Library of Medicine Clinical Trials Registry Platform on 19/07/2024 as NCT06510179.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE DENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH OF PREGNANT WOMEN BASED ON VISITS TO THE KEDATON BANDAR LAMPUNG HEALTH CENTER

Pregnancy brings many changes to the mother. If not handled properly, it can have a negative impact on the health of the mother and the baby she is carrying. For example, teeth that are not well cared for contain dangerous bacteria. Pregnancy brings many changes to the mother. If not handled properly, it can have a negative impact on the health of the mother and the baby she is carrying. For example, teeth that are not well cared for contain dangerous bacteria. This study aims to determine the relationship between dental and oral health in pregnant women based on visits to the Kedaton Bandar Lampung Community Health Center. The research approach (type) used in the research is cross-sectional, where data regarding the independent variable and the dependent variable or consequences are collected at the same time. The types of data used are primary and secondary data sources. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between dental and oral health in pregnant women based on visits to the Kedaton Bandar Lampung Community Health Center. Dental hygiene or OHIS for pregnant women at the Kedaton Bandar Lampung Health Center was found to have good criteria, only 15 respondents out of 50 respondents. Periodontal tissue health in pregnant women at the Kedaton Bandar Lampung Community Health Center was found to be in the healthy category for only 1 respondent out of 50 respondents. From this research it can be concluded that there is a relationship between knowledge about dental and oral health, dental hygiene and periodontal tissue health in pregnant women. For this reason, community participation is needed to increase knowledge through health education so that they can get used to carrying out dental and oral care efforts, especially for pregnant women

Periodontitis Treatment by Scaling and Root Planing with Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Solutions in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Introduction: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown cause in which patients regularly consume immunosuppressants, causing a decrease in body fluids of proteins such as mucins, immunoglobulin A and G antibodies, which causes destruction of periodontal tissue. Objective: To report a clinical case on the benefits of scaling and root planing (srp) with solutions based on hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and modified diallyl disulfide oxide (mddo) in the periodontal inflammatory process in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus patient, tubulointerstitial nephritis and periodontitis. Case presentation: A 32-year-old woman, with systemic lupus erythematosus, tubulointerstitial nephritis and, according to the 2017 global workshop on the classification of periodontal diseases and conditions, was diagnosed with Stage 2 and Grade B periodontitis. Periodontal assessment revealed a high overall dental plaque index, with high-risk plaque being the most prevalent. srp treatment was carried out by quadrants, applying a HOCl solution during periodontal debridement and periodontal pockets were irrigated with mddo solution to disinfect them. Conclusions: The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory solutions used as adjuvants to srp in this novel periodontal irrigation therapy helped to reduce gingival inflammation and high-risk plaque, which favoured healing of periodontal tissues in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Immediate and Successful Management of Avulsed Teeth: A Case Reports

Avulsion and midroot fractures of teeth present significant challenges in dental trauma management. These case reports outlines the successful management of avulsed after a lapse of 2hrs in 1st case report and 24hrs in 2nd case report and midroot fractured tooth, focusing on immediate steps, long-term strategies, and clinical considerations. Midroot fractures often present with compromised structural integrity, necessitating stabilization and protection of the tooth to prevent further damage. Splinting techniques stabilize the tooth and promote healing of periodontal tissues. However, careful monitoring is crucial to assess for potential complications such as inflammatory root resorption and external root resorption. In both the cases extraoral root canal treatment was done for avulsed tooth and then reimplanted into the socket and stabilisation was done using splinting. Followup up was done at regular intervals of one and 3 months which showed no resorption or perapical changes, lack of clinical symptoms In conclusion, the management of avulsed and midroot fractured teeth requires long-term treatment strategies. Favorable outcomes can be achieved, preserving tooth function, and esthetics in patients with traumatic dental injuries.

Exploring the Implications of Cultural Dental Mutilation on Periodontal Health: A Study on Mentawai Women's Traditional Teeth Sharpening

Teeth sharpening is a part of the Mentawai tribe’s rich cultural legacy and is done by women upon reaching adulthood in Indonesia. However, it has been linked to negative impacts on oral health, particularly in the periodontal tissues. This paper studied the periodontal tissues of Mentawai women who have undergone teeth sharpening, considering potential specific implications. Employing a descriptive approach, this cross-sectional study was conducted across four villages in Mentawai Island, Indonesia. Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHIS) and the Gingival Index (GI) were used to assess the periodontal status of eight Mentawai women who had undergone teeth sharpening. The study revealed a notable absence of optimal periodontal tissue health among respondents with suboptimal oral hygiene practices (OHIS score 3.4) and considerable gingival inflammation (GI score 2.2). The presence of supragingival and infragingival calculus, alongside visible stains across the teeth of Mentawai women were due inadequate of oral health care behavior. In addition, the findings underscore the intricate interplay between cultural practices and gender-specific health outcomes. A deeper understanding of health behaviors, as influenced by culture, health beliefs, acculturation, and attitudes, is needed to formulate appropriate oral health promotion policies. A gender-informed perspective will encourage a broader dialogue about preserving cultural heritage as well as empowering the role of women in their family and community on oral health improvement. The implementation of this analysis would be developing the best strategy for modifying this custom in order to keep it while preserving oral health. Keywords: Cultural dental mutilation; Periodontal health; Mentawaians Women; Sharpening Teeth Tradition

An NIR-propelled janus nanomotor with enhanced ROS-scavenging, immunomodulating and biofilm-eradicating capacity for periodontitis treatment

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by bacterial biofilms, which leads to the destruction of periodontal tissue. Current treatments, such as mechanical cleaning and antibiotics, struggle to effectively address the persistent biofilms, inflammation, and tissue damage. A new approach involves developing a Janus nanomotor (J-CeM@Au) by coating cerium dioxide-doped mesoporous silica (CeM) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This nanomotor exhibits thermophoretic motion when exposed to near-infrared (NIR) laser light due to the temperature gradient produced by the photothermal effects of asymmetrically distributed AuNPs. The NIR laser provides the energy for propulsion and activates the nanomotor's antibacterial properties, allowing it to penetrate biofilms and kill bacteria. Additionally, the nanomotor's ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modulate the immune response and create a regenerative environment, promoting the healing of periodontal tissue. Overall, this multifunctional nanomotor offers a promising new approach for treating periodontitis by simultaneously addressing biofilm management and immune modulation with autonomous movement.

Nonionizing diagnostic imaging modalities for visualizing health and pathology of periodontal and peri-implant tissues.

Radiographic examination has been an essential part of the diagnostic workflow in periodontology and implant dentistry. However, radiographic examination unavoidably involves ionizing radiation and its associated risks. Clinicians and researchers have invested considerable efforts in assessing the feasibility and capability of utilizing nonionizing imaging modalities to replace traditional radiographic imaging. Two such modalities have been extensively evaluated in clinical settings, namely, ultrasonography (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Another modality, optical coherence tomography (OCT), has been under investigation more recently. This review aims to provide an overview of the literature and summarize the usage of USG, MRI, and OCT in evaluating health and pathology of periodontal and peri-implant tissues. Clinical studies have shown that USG could accurately measure gingival height and crestal bone level, and classify furcation involvement. Due to physical constraints, USG may be more applicable to the buccal surfaces of the dentition even with an intra-oral probe. Clinical studies have also shown that MRI could visualize the degree of soft-tissue inflammation and osseous edema, the extent of bone loss at furcation involvement sites, and periodontal bone level. However, there was a lack of clinical studies on the evaluation of peri-implant tissues by MRI. Moreover, an MRI machine is very expensive, occupies much space, and requires more time than cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or intraoral radiographs to complete a scan. The feasibility of OCT to evaluate periodontal and peri-implant tissues remains to be elucidated, as there are only preclinical studies at the moment. A major shortcoming of OCT is that it may not reach the bottom of the periodontal pocket, particularly for inflammatory conditions, due to the absorption of near-infrared light by hemoglobin. Until future technological breakthroughs finally overcome the limitations of USG, MRI and OCT, the practical imaging modalities for routine diagnostics of periodontal and peri-implant tissues remain to be plain radiographs and CBCTs.

Pyroptosis: A major trigger of excessive immune response in the gingiva.

The gingival mucosal barrier, an important oral cavity barrier, plays a significant role in preventing pathogenic microorganism invasion and maintaining periodontal tissue health. Pathogenic microorganism invasion of the gingival mucosa produces a large number of cytokines. Among them, pyroptosis is an important player in exacerbating immune-inflammatory responses, leading to tissue destruction. However, the mechanism of pyroptosis and the immune response it triggers have not been fully elucidated. We provide an overview of recent advances in understanding gingival physical barrier pyroptosis and inflammation-induced hyperimmunity. PubMed, Web of Science databases were searched for articles, reviews, and clinical studies published until March 2024. We summarised the importance of the gingival barrier in terms of the functions of different cells, described the progress in research on gingival epithelial cell and gingival fibroblast pyroptosis and the immune-inflammatory response it induces, and discussed the relationship between pyroptosis and systemic diseases, association of multiple cell death systems. Finally, we propose future directions for pyroptosis research. Pyroptosis often triggers a range of inflammatory immune responses that lead to associated diseases. Therefore, further study of the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and the immune responses is warranted.

Periodontal Health and Its Relationship with Psychological Stress: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Studies suggest that chronic psychological stress can lead to oral health deterioration, alter the immune response, and possibly contribute to increased inflammation, which can impact the physiological healing of periodontal tissues. This cross-sectional study seeks to assess and improve clinical understanding regarding the relationship between perceived stress, mindfulness, and periodontal health. Methods: A total of 203 people were analyzed from December 2022 to June 2023. The Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) score and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), and Plaque Control Record (PCR) of every patient were registered. Subsequently, participants completed the Sheldon Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Mindfulness Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS) questionnaires. The collected data underwent statistical analysis, encompassing the evaluation of correlations and dependencies. Applying Welch’s t-test to assess the relationship between MAAS and the variable indicating the presence or absence of periodontitis, a noteworthy p-value of 0.004265 was obtained. Results: This underscores a significant distinction in MAAS scores between patients affected by periodontitis and those unaffected by the condition. Additionally, Pearson correlations were computed for GBI and perceived stress, PCR and perceived stress, PCR and MAAS. The resulting p-values of 2.2–16, 3.925–8, and 2.468–8, respectively, indicate a statistically significant correlation in each instance. Conclusions: These findings contribute valuable insights into the interconnectedness of these variables, emphasizing the significance of their associations in the study context. Despite the limitations, the findings of this study suggest a significant relationship between psychological stress, mindfulness, and periodontal tissue health. Clinical trials are necessary to incorporate the assessment of a patient’s psychological status as a new valuable tool in the management of periodontal health.

Evaluation of Alterations That May Occur on Root Surfaces after Root Planing Procedures with a Scanning Electron Microscope

Background: The aim of root debridement procedures in non-surgical periodontal treatment is the elimination of etiologic factors that cause periodontal disease, as well as the removal of cement affected by the disease. However, root debridement procedures for the treatment of periodontal diseases produce root surface irregularities that can adversely affect the healing of periodontal tissues. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the surface texture of a root after instrumentation, including an ultrasonic instrument, a Gracey curette, or a double Gracey curette. Methods: A total of 26 single-rooted teeth were used in this study; two specimens were used as controls, and the remaining 24 specimens were equally divided into three groups. Specimens from each group were then subjected to root planing using one of the following instruments: (1) an ultrasonic instrument; (2) a Gracey curette; or (3) a double Gracey curette. The control group was treated with no instrumentation. The extracted teeth were analyzed under a scanning electron microscope and graded in terms of the “roughness and loss of tooth substance index” and the “exposed dentin tubule index.” The SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) V.21 program was used to conduct a statistical analysis of the data obtained in this study. While evaluating the data, in addition to descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation), a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was carried out to compare the quantitative data and evaluate normally distributed parameters between groups, while a post hoc multiple comparison test was carried out for subgroup comparisons. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the roughness and material loss on the root surfaces in the samples treated with the ultrasonic instrument or the Gracey curette, and no exposed dentine tubules were observed. Meanwhile, it was observed that the double Gracey curette caused more roughness and material loss on the root surface, and exposed dentine tubules were observed in some samples. The time required for treatment using a double Gracey curette was significantly shorter than that required with the Gracey curette and ultrasonic instruments. Conclusions: The double Gracey curettes produced a relatively rougher root surface than the Gracey curettes or the ultrasonic instrument.

Carbon Nanotubes Induce Mineralization of Human Cementoblasts

IntroductionCarbon nanotubes (CNT) are 1 of the allotropes of carbon with unique properties. CNT shows good bone-tissue compatibility and has been reported to induce osteogenesis; therefore, it is regarded as an ideal material in a wide range of applications. However, the therapeutic effect of CNT-containing materials in the healing of apical periodontal tissue is unknown. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of CNT on the proliferation and mineralization of the human cementoblast cell line (HCEM). MethodsThe proliferation of HCEM cells with CNT stimulation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay performed from 24–72 hours. Calcium deposition levels were evaluated by alizarin red S staining on days 7 and 10, and mineralization-related gene expression was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction on days 3, 7, and 10. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the culture with CNT on day 14. ResultsCNT showed no cytotoxicity to HCEM cell proliferation. Treatment was performed with mineralization medium, CNT-induced HCEM mineralization on day 7, and increased calcium deposition on days 7 and 14. Messenger RNA expression of alkaline phosphatase was significantly increased throughout the experimental period, and bone sialoprotein was significantly increased on day 3 by CNT, whereas no effect was found on mRNA expression of type I collagen. CNT was observed in attachment to the cell surface on day 14. ConclusionsCNT promotes the mineralization of HCEM cells, indicating the potential as a new bioactive component for apical periodontal tissue regeneration materials through the regulation of cementoblast mineralization.

Advances in the Study of the Relationship Between Orthodontics and Periodontitis

This comprehensive study employed a multifaceted research methodology encompassing a systematic review of existing literature, clinical case analyses, and a series of controlled clinical trials to explore the complex relationship between orthodontic treatments and periodontal health. The study focused on evaluating the biomechanical impacts of orthodontic procedures on the periodontium, including risks such as gum recession and bone loss, particularly in patients with varying periodontal biotypes and pre-existing periodontal conditions. The research methodology involved detailed assessments of periodontal health pre- and post-orthodontic intervention, monitoring changes in gingival and bone structures using advanced imaging techniques, and recording patient-reported outcomes regarding oral health quality. The findings of this study revealed a significant correlation between orthodontic force application and changes in periodontal tissue health, highlighting the necessity of personalized treatment planning that incorporates the patient's periodontal status. Preventive measures, including the use of controlled orthodontic forces, meticulous monitoring of tooth movement, and enhanced oral hygiene practices, were shown to be effective in minimizing periodontal complications. This study contributes significantly to the dental field by providing a deeper understanding of the orthodontic-periodontal relationship and offers practical guidelines for dental professionals in managing orthodontic treatments for patients with periodontal considerations. The study's findings underscore the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in dental care, advocating for closer collaboration between orthodontists and periodontists to optimize treatment outcomes and ensure comprehensive oral health care.

COMBINATION OF REGENERATIVE THERAPY AND FREE GINGIVAL GRAFT IN STAGE IV PERIODONTITIS: CASE REPORT

Introduction: Periodontal regenerative therapy can be used to repair damaged periodontal tissues caused by periodontitis. The combination of regenerative periodontal surgery and FGG (Free Gingival Graft) is expected to accelerate the regeneration of periodontal tissue. Case : A 37-year-old woman came with complaints of loose lower front teeth, frequent bleeding and pain when eating and drinking. The complaint was felt since 1 year ago. Clinical examination obtained an average pocket depth of 6 mm and an average second degree of tooth mobility. On radiographic examination found bone damage horizontally. Case Management: The patient received root planing scaling and occlusion adjustment, followed by dental periodontal surgery 42,41,31,32. Stage II surgery for recession closure therapy with FGG was carried out three months after stage 1 surgery was performed. Discussion: Regenerative periodontal surgery is performed to produce new periodontal tissue growth and restore connective tissue attachment to the teeth. Free Gingival Graft is performed to increase gingival keratinization and improve patient esthetics. Conclusion and Suggestions: The combination of regenerative periodontal surgery and FGG for the treatment of periodontitis cases involving severe bone destruction gives good results of periodontal tissue healing by alveolar bone healing and regeneration and quite good aesthetics.

Vacuum laser therapy as part of combined treatment for plaque-induced gingivitis

Relevance. The increasing prevalence of plaque-induced gingivitis among the working-age population worldwide is leading to more cases of tooth loss and diminished quality of life, highlighting the need for early intervention in periodontal inflammation. Given the rising resistance of periodontal flora to pharmacological treatments and the potential for macroorganism sensitization, exploring the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions that stimulate adaptive mechanisms in periodontal tissues becomes crucial for managing plaque-induced gingivitis effectively.Materials and Methods. This investigation details the findings from young adults who consented to participate after being informed about the study's protocol. The focus was on evaluating the clinical and functional health of intact periodontal tissues showing early signs of inflammation at the beginning of the treatment, upon completion, and one month after treatment. In addition to standard periodontal treatment, subjects in the experimental cohort underwent daily vacuum laser therapy sessions using a 650 nm wavelength red laser at a pulse rate of up to 10 Hz. Functional monitoring was performed utilizing vital computer capillaroscopy and dynamic vacuum sampling to evaluate capillary resistance in the microcirculation of periodontal tissues.Results. Vacuum laser therapy demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits in treating plaque-induced gingivitis, notably reducing the diameter of capillaries by approximately 14.5%. This reduction was attributed to enhanced capillary resistance and normalized microvascular wall permeability. Notably, the time to petechial formation doubled following dosed vacuum application to periodontal tissues, indicating enhanced reticuloendothelial system activity and capillary network regeneration. Patient assessments using the oral health index showed notable improvements in oral hygiene and the absence of inflammation signs.Conclusion. The study's results affirm the effectiveness of combining vacuum laser therapy with conventional treatment modalities for plaque-induced gingivitis, highlighting its benefits in improving periodontal health without relying on pharmacological interventions.

Comparative analysis of LDF phase portraits in periodontal microcirculation among patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Relevance. Periodontal diseases are among the most prevalent conditions affecting the oral cavity, often leading to tooth loss. Comorbid conditions, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), can significantly influence the health of periodontal tissues by altering microcirculatory dynamics.Materials and methods. This study aimed to evaluate periodontal tissue health in patients with chronic periodontitis, both with and without DM2 comorbidity. Periodontal microcirculation was examined using the Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) technique, specifically with a LAKK-M device (Russia). A total of 106 patients were recruited and categorized into four groups based on their DM2 status and the severity of chronic periodontitis.Results. The study revealed group-specific differences in periodontal microcirculation parameters, analyzed through nonlinear dynamics. Notably, patients with chronic periodontitis and comorbid DM2 exhibited the most significant alterations. A phase portrait analysis further delineated the microcirculation health disparities between groups.Conclusion. There were marked differences in microcirculation health among chronic periodontitis patients with and without DM2 comorbidity, as evidenced by significant changes in the nonlinear dynamics-based phase portraits.

Genetic analysis of impaired healing responses after periodontal therapy in type 2 diabetes: Clinical and invivo studies.

This study aims to investigate the mechanisms underlying the impaired healing response by diabetes after periodontal therapy. Outcomes of periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes are impaired compared with those in patients without diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying impaired healing response to periodontal therapy have not been sufficiently investigated. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and lean (ZL) rats underwent experimental periodontitis by ligating the mandibular molars for one week. The gingiva at the ligated sites was harvested one day after ligature removal, and gene expression was comprehensively analyzed using RNA-Seq. In patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D), the corresponding gene expression was quantified in the gingiva of the shallow sulcus and residual periodontal pocket after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Ligation-induced bone resorption and its recovery after ligature removal were significantly impaired in the ZDF group than in the ZL group. The RNA-Seq analysis revealed 252 differentially expressed genes. Pathway analysis demonstrated the enrichment of downregulated genes involved in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. PPARα and PPARγ were decreased in mRNA level and immunohistochemistry in the ZDF group than in the ZL group. In clinical, probing depth reduction was significantly less in the T2D group than control. Significantly downregulated expression of PPARα and PPARγ were detected in the residual periodontal pocket of the T2D group compared with those of the control group, but not in the shallow sulcus between the groups. Downregulated PPAR subtypes expression may involve the impaired healing of periodontal tissues by diabetes.

Acellular Extrinsic Fiber Cementum Is Invariably Present in the Superficial Layer of Apical Cementum in Mouse Molar.

The cementum is a highly mineralized tissue that covers the tooth root. The regional differences among the types of cementum, especially in the extrinsic fibers that contribute to tooth support, remain controversial. Therefore, this study used second harmonic generation imaging in conjunction with automated collagen extraction and image analysis algorithms to facilitate the quantitative examination of the fiber characteristics and the changes occurring in these fibers over time. Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) was invariably observed in the superficial layer of the apical cementum in mouse molars, indicating that this region of the cementum plays a crucial role in supporting the tooth. The apical AEFC exhibited continuity and fiber characteristics comparable with the cervical AEFC, suggesting a common cellular origin for their formation. The cellular intrinsic fiber cementum present in the inner layer of the apical cementum showed consistent growth in the apical direction without layering. This study highlights the dynamic nature of the cementum in mouse molars and underscores the requirement for re-examining its structure and roles. The findings of the present study elucidate the morphophysiological features of cementum and have broader implications for the maintenance of periodontal tissue health.

Advances in the relationship between periodontopathogens and respiratory diseases (Review).

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory and destructive disease in the mouth and is considered to be associated with systemic diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that periodontitis is a risk factor for pulmonary diseases such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) and lung cancer. The presence of common periodontal pathogens has been detected in samples from a variety of pulmonary diseases. Periodontal pathogens can be involved in lung diseases by promoting the adhesion and invasion of respiratory pathogens, regulating the apoptosis of respiratory epithelium and inducing overexpression of mucin and disrupting the balance of immune systemin respiratory epithelium cells. Additionally, measures to control plaque and maintain the health of periodontal tissue can decrease the incidence of respiratory adverse events. This evidence suggests a close association between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to review the clinical association between periodontitis and pneumonia, COPD, asthma, COVID‑19 and lung cancer, and propose a possible mechanism and potential role of periodontal pathogens in linking periodontal disease and lung disease. This could provide a direction for further research on the association between periodontitis and lung disease and provide novel ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment management of these two diseases.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates periodontal tissue regeneration

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide composed of 37 amino acids secreted from the sensory nerve endings, reportedly possesses various physiological effects, such as vasodilation and neurotransmission. Recently, there have been increasing reports of the involvement of CGRP in bone metabolism; however, its specific role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, particularly in the repair and healing processes, remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate dynamic expression patterns of CGRP during the destruction and regeneration processes of periodontal tissues in a mouse model of experimental periodontitis. We also explored the effects of CGRP on periodontal ligament cells, which can differentiate to hard tissue-forming cells (cementoblasts or osteoblasts). Our findings demonstrated that CGRP stimulation promotes the differentiation of periodontal ligament cells into hard tissue-forming cells. Experimental results using a ligature-induced periodontitis mouse model also suggested fluctuations in CGRP expression during periodontal tissue healing, underscoring the vital role of CGRP signaling in alveolar bone recovery. The study results highlight the important role of nerves in the periodontal ligament not only in sensory reception in the periphery, as previously known, but also in periodontal tissue homeostasis and tissue repair processes.