Episiotomy Wound Healing Research Articles

Comparative Study on the Effects of Myrtle and Chamomile Essential Oils on Pain and Episiotomy Wound Healing in Primiparous Women: A Randomised Controlled Clinical

Comparative Study on the Effects of Myrtle and Chamomile Essential Oils on Pain and Episiotomy Wound Healing in Primiparous Women: A Randomised Controlled Clinical

Comparative Efficacy of Aloe Vera Gel versus Normal Saline in Accelerating Episiotomy Wound Healing: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Episiotomy is a common obstetric procedure designed to aid vaginal delivery but often complicates postpartum recovery due to wound-related issues. Traditionally, these wounds are treated with normal saline. Recent studies suggest that aloe vera gel may enhance wound healing more effectively, yet comprehensive local data is lacking. Objective: To compare the efficacy of aloe vera gel with normal saline in promoting episiotomy wound healing by the 10th postoperative day. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 60 gravid females undergoing normal vaginal delivery with episiotomy, randomly allocated into two groups: one treated with aloe vera gel and the other with normal saline. The primary outcome was wound healing, assessed on the 10th postpartum day using the REEDA score, categorized as complete (score <5), partial (score 5-9), or no healing (score 10-15). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results: Participants had an average age of 27.6 ± 5.2 years. The mean REEDA score on the 10th day postpartum was significantly lower in the aloe vera gel group (1.97 ± 1.22) compared to the normal saline group (3.57 ± 2.05; p = 0.001). The frequency of complete wound healing was 100% in the aloe vera group versus 76.7% in the saline group (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Aloe vera gel significantly outperformed normal saline in healing episiotomy wounds by the 10th postoperative day, suggesting its advantageous use over traditional saline dressings in obstetric practice.

Randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of olive and black seed oil combination on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women: A study protocol.

Episiotomy is associated with side effects, such as pain and wound infection. Additionally, discomfort after episiotomy affects the quality of life of both the mother and the baby. Medicinal herbs are one alternative method for the treatment of episiotomy wounds. This study will investigate the effectiveness of the combination of olive and black seed oil on pain intensity and the healing of episiotomy wounds in primiparous women. This randomized clinical trial will be conducted on primiparous women who have had a normal delivery with an episiotomy. There are 3 groups in this study: one group will receive a combination of olive oil and black seed oil, another group will receive olive oil alone, and the use of oils will start 24 hours after delivery. Ten drops will be applied topically 3 times a day for 10 days. The third group (control) will receive only routine care. Data will be collected through a demographic characteristics questionnaire, REEDA (Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation) Scale, and Visual Analog Scale. To determine and compare the effects of pharmaceutical interventions on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in the groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with repeated measurements will be used with SPSS version 22. The results of this study will show the effects of a combination of olive and black seed oil, as well as olive oil alone, on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women. The positive effects observed in this trial with these oils could be valuable for women who have undergone an episiotomy.

CASE SERIES ON EFFICACY OF VAPU SPRAY IN EPISIOTOMY WOUND

BACKGROUND: A surgically planned incision on the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during the second stage of labour is called episiotomy (perineotomy). In Ayurveda Samhita, the description of an episiotomy wound has not been given directly, but Vrana(wound) is described very well, and an episiotomy wound can be considered Yoni Vrana. In the present era, there are several methods for managing episiotomy wounds, such as NSAIDs, antibiotics, etc. Still, it is found to have various adverse effects like inflammation, itching, peptic ulcer, delayed wound healing and drug resistance. Hence, the prime focus is proper care and treatment to promote episiotomy wound healing and avoid complications. AIM- To evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy of VAPU Spray on perineal wound healing after episiotomy. OBJECTIVE- To analyse the effect of VAPU spray in managing episiotomy wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS- The study was conducted among a few postnatal patients with Right mediolateral episiotomy (RMLE), and four such subject evaluations are presented here. RESULTS: These patients were successfully treated with VAPU Spray, which contains Panchavalkala, Triphala, etc., and has Vrana Shodhana and Vrana Ropana qualities. The result was assessed by using the REEDA Scale and VAS scale. The considerable results were pain, oedema, discharge, redness, and tenderness in episiotomy wounds. CONCLUSION- Thus, we can conclude from the study that this Ayurveda regimen with a modified drug delivery system was influential in managing episiotomy wounds

Prediction of the healing efficiency of episiotomy wounds using hydrogel dressings with lidocaine

The objective: to study the factors affecting the healing process of an episiotomy wound and the effectiveness of using hydrogel dressings with lidocaine for its healing.Materials and methods. The prospective randomized study includes the analysis of anamnestic data from the medical cards of 123 primiparous women with episiotomy wounds who gave birth in the Kyiv City Maternity Hospital No. 5 during 2021–2022. The women were divided into two groups: a comparison group – 63 patients who received standard treatment, and a research group – 60 patients who additionally used hydrogel dressings with lidocaine on the wound.The healing of episiotomy wounds was evaluated according to the REEDA scale. Factors that may influence episiotomy wound healing were studied in patients of both groups: anthropometric indicators (age, height, body mass index), interventions during childbirth, and indicators of obstetric and gynecological history (term of gestation, volume of blood loss during childbirth, body weight of the newborn, etc.). Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher, Mann–Whitney, Student and chi-square tests of the statistical package EZR v. 1.54.Results. Age (p=0.689) and body mass index (p=0.974) of patients in both groups did not show statistically significant differences. The duration of the second period of labor on average was 72 min (57.6–86.4) in the comparison group versus 43.2 min (28.8–57.6) in the research group with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the term of delivery, the volume of blood loss, the weight of the newborn, the risk of pregnancy loss, the frequency of labor induction, the weakness of labor activity, manual revision of the uterine cavity, and vacuum extraction of the fetus. The frequency of use of different types of anesthesia during childbirth also did not differ (p=0.396).REEDA scale assessment revealed a reduced risk of high sum scores in the research group (odds ratio (OR) = 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07–0.38), that supports the efficacy of hydrogel dressings with lidocaine. Analysis of the duration of the second labor period and gestational term also revealed an association with the risk of a high sum of points on the REEDA scale (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02–1.45 per 0.01 days; OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.16–2.35 per week of pregnancy).A multivariate model which included research group, body mass index, duration of the second labor period, gestational term confirmed a reduced risk according to the REEDA scale in this group (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.08–0.47). The four-factor model had a high accuracy (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73–0.88), indicating a strong relationship between the selected factors and the risk of complications after episiotomy.Conclusions. The use of hydrogel dressings with lidocaine and taking into account some aspects of childbirth, namely, the duration of childbirth and gestational period, can contribute to the improvement of the course of healing of episiotomy wounds. Such a comprehensive approach supports the effectiveness and significance of using hydrogel dressings with lidocaine in the practice of modern obstetrics to improve the results of treatment of patients with an episiotomy wound.In the future, studies on the effectiveness of using hydrogel dressings for the treatment of episiotomy wounds are necessary.

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of infrared radiation to routine care on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal women

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of infrared radiation to routine care on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal women

Effect of Lavender Oil Drops Application on Perineal Pain Intensity and Episiotomy Wound Healing Among Primiparous Women

Effect of Lavender Oil Drops Application on Perineal Pain Intensity and Episiotomy Wound Healing Among Primiparous Women

“A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF NIMBAADI LEPA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRASUTAA YONI KSHATA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EPISIOTOMY WOUND.”

Prasutaa Yoni Kshata comes under the category of Sadyovrana, subcategorized as Chinna / Kshta Vrana (cut wound). Despite the rich blood supply of the perineum, which facilitates easy wound healing, there is still a risk of contamination by lochia, faeces, urine, etc., so there is a need for proper care of episiotomy wounds to avoid complications. Study design: An open-labelled randomised control clinical trial with pre-and post-test designs. Materials and methods: 40 Females who underwent normal vaginal delivery with episiotomy were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 each. In Group A, Nimbaadi Lepa was applied on the surface of a su-tured episiotomy wound with 1/4th Angula (0.44cms approx.) thickness, and in Group B (control) Kumari Majja with Haridra Lepa was applied two times a day for seven days. Follow-ups: on the 7th and 15th day. Results ob-tained were tabulated and statistically analysed using the Friedman, Wilcoxon signed rank, and Mann- Whitney U tests. Both groups showed statistically significant results within the group. Comparison between 2 groups shows Nimbaadi Lepa is slightly more effective than Kumari Majja with Haridra Lepa. Conclusion: Both the formulations proved effective on statistical value in terms of Vrana shodhana, Vrana ropana, Vedanasthapana, and Shothahara properties for episiotomy wound healing.

The effect of Camellia sinensis ointment on perineal pain and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial.

Episiotomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures in obstetrics. complications of episiotomy are pain, bleeding, infection, pain in the sitting position, and difficulty in taking care of the baby. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Camellia sinensis ointment on perineal pain and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women. This triple-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 primiparous women who were referred to the maternity ward of Al-Hadi hospital in Shoushtar and Ganjovian hospital in Dezful, Iran, from 2020 to 2021. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention (Camellia sinensis extract ointment) and control (placebo) with a follow-up of 14 days. REEDA scale (redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, and approximation) was used to measure wound healing and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure the pain intensity. There was no significant difference between two groups before intervention in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, pain intensity, and episiotomy wound status. Scores of pain intensity and wound healing reduced on days 7, 10, and 14 post-intervention in the intervention group compared to placebo. There was a significant decrease between the groups of intervention and control in terms of the mean score of pain intensity (VAS scale) on day 10 (1.33 ± 0.71, 1.77 ± 0.93) and day 14 (0.73 ± 0.74, 1.13 ± 0.81) post-intervention (P < 0.05). Also, on day 14 post-intervention, there was a significant decrease between the groups of intervention and control in terms of the mean score of episiotomy wound healing (REEDA index) (0.53 ± 0.77, 1.77 ± 1.46) (P < 0.05). The GLM test was applied for repeated measures. REEDA index and VAS scale changed during different times (time-variable) (p < .001). But, the studied groups (group variable) and the studied groups (interaction effect of group * time) did not affect the changes in the REEDA index (p = .292, p = .306) and VAS scale (p = .47) during different times. Our study showed that Camellia sinensis extract ointment has a small effect on the healing process and pain reduction of episiotomy wounds. to confirm its effect, a study with a larger sample size should be conducted. This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials on 04/10/2019 with the IRCT ID: IRCT20190804044428N1. Participants were enrolled between 11 April 2020 and 20 January 2021. URL of registry: https://en.irct.ir/trial/41326.

A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Crushed Ice Pack Application and Sitz Bath on Episiotomy Pain and Wound Healing Among Postnatal Mothers

An episiotomy is an incision made in the perineum- the tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus during child birth. Pain at the episiotomy site is more distressing for the mother during postnatal period. An ice pack application or warm shallow bath (sitz bath) may increase comfort and promotes healing. The main aim of this present study was to compare the effect of Crushed ice pack application and Sitz bath on episiotomy pain and wound healing among postnatal mothers. A Matched group design was adopted in this study. By using Non probability purposive sampling technique 22 postnatal mothers with episiotomy were selected as samples at Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore and 11mothers were assigned randomly to each group I and group II. Episiotomy pain was assessed by using Numerical Pain Intensity scale and Wound healing was assessed by using Davidson REEDA scale. Group I received crushed ice pack application and Group II received sitz bath. Intervention was given for 10 minutes twice a day for three consecutive days from first postnatal day. Data were analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The statistical analysis revealed that the calculated mean scores of episiotomy pain in the group I and group II was1.72 and 2.9 respectively and the mean difference is 1.2 with the standard deviation of group I and group II was 0.64 and 0.53 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value 11.3 was greater than the table value of 2.086 at 0.05 level of significance. The calculated mean scores of episiotomy wound healing in the group I and group II was 1.54 and 1.81 respectively and the mean difference is 0.27 with the standard deviation of group I and group II was 0.5 and 0.6 respectively. The calculated‘t’ value 2.6 was greater than the table value of 2.086 at 0.05 level of significance. Finally, the study concluded that the crushed ice pack application was more effective than sitz bath in reducing the level of episiotomy pain and promotes wound healing among postnatal mothers.

Episiotomy Wound Care through Herbal Preparations - A Case Report

The word mother itself is symbolic to God. Mother suffers much distress after childbirth due to painful perineum. Pain following episiotomy appears to be universal. Proper healing of episiotomy wound after delivery is a major concern. In Ayurvedic classics Ghritkumari (Aloe vera) has been mentioned as Varna Ropaka and Vishvataghani due to its Sheeta properties. Various studies have demonstrated the power of Aloevera on moisturizing, wound healing, fibroblast activity, collagen proliferation, angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral &amp; antioxidant effects. The application of Aloevera gel is best if extracted directly. The fresh gel from the plant has superior wound healing abilities. Allantoin, a substance in Aloevera, has considered a cell proliferant stimulant and a chemical debrider. Aloevera increases collagen content and degree of collagen cross – linkage within the wound. A 27 years female patient (Primigravida) was admitted in PTSR IPD with FTP with Labor pains. She delivered a healthy female baby with Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery with Right Mediolateral Episiotomy. To analyze the effect of Aloevera pulp dressing on perineal healing after a normal delivery with a right mediolateral episiotomy wound. Episiotomy wound was cleaned with Triphala decoction then fresh Aloevera pulp was applied every 8 hourly on episiotomy wound for consecutive seven days. This study is being done for determining the impact of fresh Aloevera pulp on episiotomy healing in a primiparous woman. The result was assessed by using REEDA Scale.

The Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract Ointment on Pain and Episiotomy Wound Healing in Nulliparous Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Episiotomy is a usual midwifery surgery. Iran is a country with an abundant source of medicinal plants. This study aimed to investigate ginger extract ointment's effects on the pain and recovery of episiotomy incisions in nulliparous women. This randomized clinical trial was conducted in a public hospital in Iran on 70 nulliparous women with an episiotomy incision. The women were randomly assigned to ginger extract ointment and placebo groups. The primary outcomes included pain and wound healing that were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS), redness, edema, ecchymosis/bruising, discharge, and an approximation scale (REEDA). The participants were followed up before discharge from the hospital and 5×1 and 10×1 days after the intervention. The secondary outcome was the number of painkillers used during the study. Data were analyzed by chi-square, independent t test, and the Mann-Whitney U via SPSS-13. The significance levels were determined to be P≤0.05. There was no significant difference between participants treated with ginger extract ointment and placebo in the pain and wound healing scores before the intervention, 5×1 and 10×1 days after the intervention. But, the pain intensity decreased, and the recovery speed increased clinically. Also, regarding the secondary outcome of this study, no significant difference between the placebo and intervention groups in the number of painkillers participants took. The ginger ointment could not significantly improve episiotomy wounds' pain and healing rate, but it was clinically helpful. So more studies with different doses of this ointment are needed.

The effect of probiotic supplementation on episiotomy wound healing among primiparous women: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial

BackgroundProbiotics increase the defense power of immune system and accelerate the wound healing process by anti-inflammatory mechanisms at the wound site. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of Lactobacillus casei oral supplementation on episiotomy wound healing among primiparous women.MethodsThis triple-blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 74 primiparous women delivered in Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Participants with mediolateral episiotomy (incision length equal to and less than 5 cm) were randomly assigned to the probiotic and placebo groups. The probiotic group received Lactobacillus casei 431 with 1.5 * 109 colony-forming unit /capsule once a day from the day after birth to 14 days. Wound healing as a primary outcome was measured by Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation and pain as a secondary outcome by the Visual Analogue Scale before discharge, 5 ± 1 and 15 ± 1 days after birth. The data were analyzed using independent t-test and repeated measures one way analysis of variance.ResultsThe mean (standard deviation: SD) score of wound healing in the probiotic group altered from 4.91(1.86) before discharge to 1.55 (0.99) during 5 ± 1 days after birth and reached to 0.95 (0.27) during 15 ± 1 days after birth. Further, the mean (SD) score of wound healing in the placebo group altered from 4.62 (1.99) before discharge to 2.80 (1.20) during 5 ± 1 days after birth and reached to 1.45(0.71) during 15 ± 1 days after birth (adjusted mean difference: -0.50, confidence interval 95%: -0.96 to -0.05, P = 0.03).ConclusionLactobacillus casei oral supplementation is effective in healing episiotomy wounds. It is suggested to evaluate the effect of topical use of Lactobacillus casei on episiotomy repair and pain in further studies.Trial registrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20170506033834N7. Date of registration: 11/08/2021.

Effectiveness of Betadine Versus Neem Extract Sitzbath on Episiotomy Wound Healing Among Post-Natal Mothers

Post-partum period lasts from delivery to six weeks afterward, it is also known as fourth trimester. The post-natal mothers experience various physiological and psychological changes when she makes the transition from the pregnant woman to a mother. Episiotomy wound can cause a considerable discomfort and pain the perineum is extremely tender area and the muscles of perineum are involved in many activities. e.g sitting, walking, controlling urination and defecation. This discomfort interferes with the rest and sleep. Sitzbath is one of the oldest, cheapestand safest treatments for curing many common ailments. The technique exploits the reaction of the body to hot stimulus. Povidine - Iodine is an antiseptic solution that is usually used in Iran for episiotomy wound healing. Neem extracts is a powerful insects repellent, anti- bacterial, anti- fungal, anti- viral, anti- inflammatory, anti- diabetic and also strengthens the body’s over all immune responses. Materials and Methods: Quasi-Experimental design, two groups pre-test, post-test only design was used to assess the effectiveness of Neem extract and Betadine sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among post-natal mothers. The study conducted on 60 samples. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and REEDA scale assessment of episiotomy wound healing. Results: The findings shows that the mean wound healing score in experimental group I in before betadine sitzbath is 9.3 (SD±1.104) and after Betadine sitzhbath is 0.56 (SD±0.670) respectively. The paired t- test value is 38.870which is significant at P&lt;0.05 level. And the mean wound healing score in experimental group II, before Neem extract sitzbath is 9.2 (SD±0.959) and after Neem extract sitzhbath is 0.23 (SD±0.424) respectively. The paired t-test value is 53.926which is significant at P&lt;0.05 level.The mean post-test wound healing score in group I is about 0.56 (SD±0.670) and group II is about 0.23 (SD±0.424) respectively. The independent t-test value 2.537 which is significant at p&lt;0.05. The results shows that there is a significant difference between the mean post test score of betadine sitzbath and mean post test score of neem extract sitzbath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. Therefore it is clearly proved by this study that Neem Extract Sitzbath is effective more than betadine sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing. Conclusion: After the detailed analysis of the study findings showed that neem extract sitzbath is more effective in episiotomy wound healing than Betadine among postnatal mothers. Regarding the association the findings revealed that there was no significant association between the level of wound healing and their selected demographic variables in experimental group-I and experimental group-II..

Effect of boron-based gel on postpartum episiotomy wound healing in primiparous pregnant women

Effect of boron-based gel on postpartum episiotomy wound healing in primiparous pregnant women

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Infrared Radiation Lamp Therapy on Episiotomy Wound Healing among Postnatal Mothers Admitted in Era Hospital Lucknow (U. P.)

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Infrared Radiation Lamp Therapy on Episiotomy Wound Healing among Postnatal Mothers Admitted in Era Hospital Lucknow (U. P.)

Effect of Dry Heat Application on Perineal Pain and Episiotomy Wound Healing among Primipara Women.

Women who undergo perineal episiotomy can be affected by several complications such as bleeding, infection, perineal pain, dyspareunia, reduction of sexual desire, as well as urinary and anal incontinence. Perineal pain related to episiotomy has been reported to interfere with women's daily activities postpartum and can prevent proper breastfeeding, proper rooming-in, and maternal-infant bonding. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dry heat application on perineal pain and episiotomy wound Healing among primipara women. A quasi-experimental, two-group, pre-post-test research study was conducted at the postnatal inpatient ward and the outpatient clinic of the El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital in Alexandria. A sample of 100 parturient women was divided into the following two groups at random: dry heat and moist (control) heat. Women in the moist heat group were advised to sit in a basin (tub) of warm water for 10 minutes, while those in the dry heat group were instructed to set an infrared light (230 volts) at a distance of 45 cm from the perineum after 12 hours post episiotomy. Both interventions were applied twice a day for ten consecutive days. They evaluated the severity of their perineal pain at baseline and repeated it on the 5th and 10th days after obtaining the interventions while the episiotomy wound healing was assessed on the 5th and 10th days. It was discovered that the dry heat group had a significantly improved episiotomy wound healing as regards perineal redness, edema of the perineal area, ecchymosis, wound discharge, and approximation of wound edges on the 5th (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.007, P < 0.003, and P < 0.001, respectively) and 10th day after intervention (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.005, and P < 0.001, respectively) than the moist heat group. The primipara women had significantly lower perineal pain intensity in the dry heat group on the 5th and 10th days after intervention than in the moist heat group (MH P < 0.001 for the dry heat group and MH P = 0.004 for the moist heat group). The application of dry heat promoted episiotomy wound healing among primipara women and reduced their perineal pain during early postpartum days than moist heat.

Effect of Topical Application of Breast Milk on Episiotomy Wound Healing: A Quasi-experimental Study

Introduction: Many mothers are given an episiotomy during a normal vaginal delivery. There are many alternative interventions used by the community to heal the episiotomy wound. Applying breast milk topically to a wound is simple, free of charge and has no side-effects. Breast milk contains therapeutic qualities that aid in the healing of wounds. Aim: To evaluate the effect of topical breast milk application on postpartum women’s episiotomy wound healing. Materials and Methods: This pretest, post-test quasi-experimental study was conducted in three selected health centres of Central Gujarat from February 2022 to March 2022. Using a pretest, posttest control group design, the quantitative quasi-experimental study design was used. A total of 40 postnatal women were recruited for experimental (20) and control group (20). Intervention of topical application of breast milk was offered two times a day for seven continuous days in experimental group and routine care was provided to participants in control group. Participants of experimental and control group was assessed using Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge and Approximation (REEDA) scale on 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day. Descriptive and inferential statistics was applied to analyse the data. Results: A total 40 postnatal mothers participated in the present study with mean age of 23.05±3.80 years. Topical application of breast milk displayed positive effect on episiotomy wound healing in experimental group. The result exhibited that the experimental group’s episiotomy wound healing significantly improved (before: 14.75±0.55, after: 4.55±1.32) as compared to the control group (before: 14.65±0.59, after: 9.35±1.46). Conclusion: The study proved that there was a significant gradual healing of episiotomy wound after the use of breast milk topically in postpartum women. This also indicates that human breast milk can be an alternative strategy for accelerating episiotomy wound healing process.

Раціоналізація підходів до ведення епізіотомної рани

Episiotomy is a surgical manipulation that has become one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in the world. According to World Health Organization recommendations, the overall frequency of episiotomy use should not exceed 10% of vaginal deliveries. However, in some developed countries, there are significant discrepancies in clinical experience with the use of episiotomies, with rates ranging from 5.2% (USA), 9.7% (Sweden) to 100% (Taiwan), including both primiparous and multiparous women. Purpose - to evaluate global data on the appropriateness of routine episiotomy use, the importance of studying wound healing and methods of managing episiotomy wounds. Considering that episiotomy continues to be used by physicians worldwide, there is a need for more detailed assessment of the appropriateness of performing episiotomy, wound healing, search for new approaches to managing episiotomy wounds, and prevention of complications. Conclusions. The results of numerous studies indicate the importance of more detailed study of the issue of episiotomy wound repair and methods of treatment during the postpartum period. However, given the significant achievements reflected in publications on the study of episiotomy management, there is a need to search for an optimal approach to management, predicting success and risk factors affecting episiotomy wound healing. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

The effects of lavender oil and ice applications used in episiotomy care on episiotomy pain

Aim: The present study investigates the effects of lavender oil and ice applications on episiotomy pain and wound healing. Materials and Methods: This study was organized as a semi-randomized controlled type of research. A total of 96 term pregnant women who gave birth in the delivery service of Nazilli State Hospital and underwent episiotomy at birth, had a Visual Analog Skala (VAS) value greater than 3 and agreed to participate in the study were included in the study. The patient information form, the Visual Analog Scale, and the REEDA Scale were used for data collection. The research data was analyzed using number, percentage, the chi-square test, the Kruskal Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U test, One-Way Anova test, Tukey HD test, and the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. Results: The mean VAS values of the groups before the application were 7.90±0.92 for the lavender group, 8.29±1.03 for the ice group, and 8.00±1.00 for the control group. In addition, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the VAS values between the groups after the application (p&amp;lt;0.05), and the mean VAS values in the intervention groups decreased (Lavender group 6.84±1.08, ice group 5.70±1.53). While there was no statistically significant difference in the mean REEDA recovery scores between the groups before the application (p=0.912), there was a statistically significant difference in the REEDA recovery scores of the intervention groups and the control group after the application (p=0.000). Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, lavender oil and ice applications used after labor reduce perineal pain and accelerate wound healing.