Headphones Research Articles

Evaluating the Reliability of 'AudiClick': A Click-Based Mobile App for Hearing Loss.

To develop and validate a click-based mobile "Audiclick" app employing click noises for hearing assessments. This prospective comparative study compares the "AudiClick" app as a hearing screening tool to pure tone audiometry. Participants listened to sounds through wired earbud headphones that were connected to an Android or iOS device. The study involved 110 participants aged between 18 to 80 years old. All degrees of hearing loss severity corresponds to pure tone average (p < 0.01) results. The app was also found to be effective at identifying hearing loss (80-99% sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy). Test-retest reliability had also shown excellent ICC scores of 0.93. This study demonstrates that a mobile app using click sounds can be as efficient as pure tone audiometry for field screenings, while being more cost-effective and easier to develop.

Ayurvedic approach towards Karnagata Rogas

The Uttamanga or head occupies the first place among the vital organs of the body. It is due to its substratum of vital and sense organs which includes eyes, ears, nose, oral cavity and CNS. Shalakya Tantra one among the Astangas of Ayurveda deals with the anatomically, physiology, pathology and management pertaining to Jyanendriyas. The ears are one of the Jyanendriya. An ear is the organ that enables hearing and body balancing using the vestibular system. The organ of ear is situated deep below the body surface and inaccessible for inspection with naked eye or palpate. It can be facilitated with the help of modern aids like head mirrors, otoscope, various speculums, mirrors etc and the disorders can be understood on Ayurvedic line i.e., site, underlying Doshas, Dushyas, Lakshanas and should be treated with Ayurvedic line of management. Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga of Indriya i.e Ayoga, Atiyoga and Mithya Yoga of Srotrendriya causes Roga. Factors that affecting ear health are prolong usage of ear phones (particularly when the volume is set close to the maximum), exposure to loud noise/sounds (movie theatres, concerts, firecrackers etc), impacted ear wax, insertion of sharp or unclean particles into the ear, instillation of contaminated solutions, swimming in polluted water, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, nutritional deficiency. Noise above 70 dB over a prolonged period of time may start to damage hearing. Loud noise above 120 dB can cause immediate harm to ears. In this article an attempt is made on the understanding Nidana, Samprapti, signs and symptoms and management of Karna Rogas mentioned by various Acharyas in Ayurveda.

Novel banana core stem fiber from agricultural biomass for lightweight textile applications

Ligno-cellulosic fiber has been extracted from the core part of banana pseudo stem and the physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the fiber have been analyzed. The fiber contains 62.24% cellulose which is the highest among the fibers obtained from other parts of the banana plant, 15.23% hemicellulose, 18.51% lignin, 0.29% wax, 5.03% ash and 11.53% moisture. The fiber’s low density (0.984 g/cc) and denier (1.53) and relatively higher tenacity (35.21 g/tex) makes it suitable for lightweight applications. The XRD analysis revealed the semi-crystalline nature of the fiber with a crystallinity index of 61.12%. TGA analysis found the fiber to be stable up to 250 °C after which the weight loss is much higher and occurred up to 550 °C. The SEM analysis found the fiber to be multi-fibrillar structure. The extracted fiber has been dyed with some natural and synthetic (reactive) dyes and found to exhibit brilliant colors. Artifacts such as candle wick, oil lamp wick and ear buds have been made with these fibers. The carbon deposit by the candle wick made with the banana core stem fiber is found to be 70% lesser than the cotton wick. Further research may find suitable applications for the banana core stem fiber.

Virtual reality and noise canceling headphone distraction during pediatric dermatologic procedures.

Pain and anxiety related to medical procedures have long been recognized as a significant healthcare concern. If a patient's procedural pain and anxiety are not addressed, long-term physical and psychological sequelae including increased perceived pain, anxiety, disruptive behavior, trauma reactions, or refusal of future procedures can occur. The objective of our study was to assess the utility of a virtual reality (VR) headset or noise-canceling headphones (HP) compared to treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing pain and anxiety during pediatric dermatology procedures. Results indicated a significant difference between pre- versus post-procedure anxiety in the VR and HP groups but not the TAU group suggesting non-pharmacologic technology-based interventions such as VR and headphones may reduce patients' anxiety during pediatric dermatology procedures.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Lamaze Method in terms of Labour Pain Perception, Anxiety and Progress of Labour among Primi Mothers in active first stage of Labour

Background: Natural childbirth is a beautiful experience. Women dream of the perfect birth with less pain. But severe pain is a phenomenon embedded in the very nature of human existence. Though experiencing pain during labour is a universal feature of childbirth, the degree of pain perception can be reduced using many simple, effective, low cost non-pharmacological methods which also helps in improving labour progress and patient satisfaction. The concept of painless child birth gave rise to many scientific discoveries and research findings. Among that Lamaze method is one, which prepares mother for child birth and to tackle Labour pain. Objective: The objective of this study are to evaluate the effectiveness of Lamaze method in terms of pain perception, anxiety and progress of labour among primi mothers in first stage of labour admitted at Christian fellowship Hospital, Oddanchatram. Method: The research design used for the study was quasi experimental nonequivalent control group posttest only design. The sample size was 60 samples. Out of which 30 were in experimental group and 30 were in control group. The Samples were selected by using Non probability purposive sampling technique. Primi mothers at their term was selected and was given antenatal teaching on “Normal labor process and non-pharmacological labour pain management” in antenatal OPD for about 30 minutes. The same primi mothers who attended teaching were selected for experimental group during their labour period. During the first hour of active first stage of labour Lamaze intervention of visual stimuli was provided by showing natural sceneries during each contraction for the second hour auditory stimuli was provided by making the mother to listen to light music by using ear phone. During the 3rd hour of active first stage of labour abdominal effleurage stroke was done during each painful contractions. Followed by that hot water bag application on the sacral region was provided and was continued till delivery. Primi gravid mothers who did not undergo Lamaze teaching and interventions were selected for control group. Posttest was done on both experimental and control group after four hours of active stage of labor to assess the level of labor pain perception, the level of anxiety and progress of labor by using Universal pain assessment scale, modified Max Hamilton anxiety rating scale and Labor progress assessment scale. The level of satisfaction on Lamaze method among experimental group was assessed by using Likert scale on satisfaction of Lamaze method. Total time taken to perform posttest in both groups was 30 minutes. The gathered data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Results: Independent “t” value for level of pain perception was 16.08(table value=2.001) which was significant at P&lt;0.05 level. The independent “t” value for level of anxiety was 5.08(table value=2.001) which was significant at P&lt;0.05 level. The independent “t” value for progress of labour was 9.86 (table value=2.001) which was significant at P&lt;0.05 level. Regarding the level of satisfaction on Lamaze method of experimental group all 30(100%) primi mothers were adequately satisfied. There was no significant association existing between pain perception, anxiety and progress of labour with demographic variables such as age, education, occupation, monthly income and residence except for pain perception and demographic variables such as religion (χ2 = 45.44) and family type (χ2 = 4.33) among experimental group. The study findings revealed that Lamaze method was effective in reducing labor pain perception, anxiety and promote labour progress among primi mothers in active first stage of labour.

Unusual cause of ear wax

Sir, We were provoked to write this short piece after we encountered around 50 cases presenting to us in Otorhinolaryngology OPD (from August 2020 till May 2021) at our institution with an atypical cause of ear wax. The current COVID-19 pandemic has imposed the worldwide use of masks in addition to social distancing. With this background, we present an interesting cause of ear wax. We had 186 patients coming to the OPD with ear wax out of which only 50 adult patients never had accumulation of wax before. Patients using ear buds on regular basis, using earphones/ headphones for prolonged durations i.e., more than one hour/day, history of ear discharge or any otological surgeries in the past, using masks with strings were excluded from the study.

Self-Determined Hearing Through Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Due to the wide spread of hearing disorders in the industrialized countries, (approx. 14 million cases in Germany) this is one of the most common diseases. 75% of those affected don't use hearing aids, accepting consequences such as unemployment, depression and dementia, which results in high economic damage. Studies have proven that individualized sound adjustment can result in greater satisfaction and participation. In the rapidly growing hearable market (hearable are hearing devices like head phones, head sets and hearing aids) sound personalization is an emerging trend. More and more hearables feature user-adjustable sound. Latest, high-priced developments in the field of hearing aids integrate AI based on self-adjustment of sounds. In this talk I introduce new approaches to integrating AI in hearables for more self-determined hearing. I want to discuss the opportunities of these approaches and limitations that still exist as well as the challenges for future developments.

To Study Changing Dynamics of New Supply Chain Models

The aim of this research work is to find out changing dynamics of new supply chain model. Now a days supply chain models are different for different products. Majority area of Mahad taluka is covered for this research .This research has undertaken to know the change in supply chain for different product means from offline shopping to online shopping like perishable goods ,grocery and stationary, Branded goods( i.e. Head phones, pen drive ,Memory card ,cloths, bags, cosmetics, sunglasses, watch etc.).

Hearing screening using the uHear™ smartphone-based app: reproducibility of results from two response modes.

Estimate the reproducibility of hearing screening results using the uHear™ smartphone-based app in two response modes: self-test response and test-operator. Reliability study conducted with 65 individuals aged ≥18 years assisted at the Speech-language and Hearing Therapy clinic of a public higher-education institution. Hearing screening was conducted by a single researcher using the uHear app and earbud headphones in a soundproof booth. Participants responded to sound stimuli in both self-test response mode and test-operator mode. The order in which these two uHear test modes were applied was altered according to the entrance of each participant in the study. The correspondence between the hearing thresholds obtained from each response mode was analyzed and their Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was estimated. A correspondence of ±5 dBHL >75% was observed between these hearing thresholds. The ICC values showed excellent agreement between the two response modes at all frequencies >40 dBHL tested. The two hearing screening response modes using the uHear app presented high reproducibility, suggesting that the test-operator mode is a viable alternative when the self-test response mode is not recommended.

Object Detection and Recognition for Virtual Vision: Using Text-to-Speech Conversion Technique

We see people with disabilities on a regular basis, and one of the most serious concerns is loss of sight or blindness. Blindness not only cause navigational issues for a person but also leads to the social challenges like readability. We are attempting to create a project that is inexpensive to common people who have lost their sight. To assist them in their everyday lives by providing them with a virtual vision to have a better real-life experience. It will also assist persons who are illiterate or unfamiliar with the area i.e., tourists and are unable to interpret the texts placed in front of them. Along with them, it can aid auditory learners, such as pupils, memorize notes in a unique way. The goal of our project is to support people in a variety of everyday chores by utilizing the benefits of a design. As a proof of concept, this project provides several examples of uses such as text recognition technology that can assist in reading from hard copy documents, sign boards, billboards etc., which will then be transformed to voice and audible to the user via ear buds. This research presents a developed prototype of a smart cane. The experimental results show an accuracy of 99.96%, an error rate of 0.0309%, and an average response time of 1.4 seconds.

CAN YOU HEAR ME? A MEDICAL STUDENT-LED QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVE FOR HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH HEARING LOSS

Abstract In acute care settings hearing loss (HL) is associated with impaired patient-provider communication, increased length of stay, and increased mortality. COVID-19 has exacerbated this problem with the widespread use of masks and eye shields which muffle speech and prevent lip reading. Our 800-bed tertiary care medical center lacked a standardized approach to identify patients with HL and address communication barriers. Three first year medical students spearheaded the initiative as part of a health systems improvement curriculum with support from a faculty coach and a faculty researcher. From September 2020 to October 2021, the students met with stakeholders, leadership and champions and unit staff, identified the current state and completed a gap analysis through interviews, surveys, and direct observation. The pilot in May 2021 included two week-long PDSA cycles on one hospital unit to: 1) screen patients aged 65 and older using the validated 10-item HHIE-S questionnaire, 2) implement an education and awareness campaign with bedside signage, posters, and conferences and 3) provide a personal amplifier (purchased in bulk by the medical center) with verbal and written instructions. A total of 29 patients screened positive and were given personal amplifiers. Post-pilot interviews reported increased provider awareness and knowledge around best communication practices. Patients and staff reported limited amplifier use due to poor sound quality, small dials, poorly fitting ear buds and a short battery life. Based on these results the team recommended discontinuing the personal amplifiers and identifying other communication tools including higher quality personal amplifiers and speech to text applications.

Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by Modern Cellphones on Sperm Motility and Viability: An In Vitro Study

BackgroundCellphones emit radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) for transmission of data for social media communication, web browsing, and music/podcast streaming. Use of Bluetooth ear buds has probably prolonged the time during which cellphones reside in the trouser pockets of men. It has been postulated that RF-EMR increases oxidative stress and induces free radical formation. ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of wireless-spectrum (4G, 5G, and WiFi) RF-EMR emitted by modern smartphones on sperm motility and viability and explore whether these effects can be mitigated using a physical barrier or distance. Design, setting, and participantsSemen samples were obtained from fertile normozoospermic men aged 25–35 yr. A current-generation smartphone in talk mode was used as the RF-EMR source. A WhatsApp voice call was made using either 4G, 5G, or WiFi wireless connectivity. We determined if exposure effects were mitigated by either a cellphone case or greater distance from the semen sample. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisThe semen samples were analyzed according to 2010 World Health Organization laboratory guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.28. Results and limitationsWe observed decreases in sperm motility and viability with WiFi exposure but not with exposure to 4G or 5G RF-EMR. With large variability among smartphones, continued research on exposure effects is needed. ConclusionsOur exploratory study revealed that sperm motility and viability are negatively impacted by smartphones that use the WiFi spectrum for data transmission. Patient summaryWe looked at the effect of cellphone use on sperm motility and viability. We found that cellphones using WiFi connectivity for data usage have harmful effects on semen quality in men.

An Ayurvedic Approach to Inner Ear Diseases

Ear is one among the sense organs, which keeps one connected to other and with the surroundings. Ear functions the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses and maintains the sense of balance. In the present era, increased technology has resulted in change in lifestyle like increased use of ear phones or headsets, excessive use of mobile phones, exposure to loud noise, and modern pub culture etc which has made the ears more sensitive to many problems. This can be either hearing disorders or tinnitus or vertigo which can have an adverse effect on our lives, which remains the most challenging to treat in contemporary science. Ayurveda gives detailed explanation regarding ear diseases, where in it covers all the diseases pertaining to external as well as internal ear. Therefore, while looking into the classification of these diseases, no such explanation is given separately for Abhyantara karna rogas, but a special attention is given for the explanation of ear lobe diseases (Karna pali rogas). In this article an effort is made to understand these major inner ear problems with those of ear disorders explained in ayurveda with their specific etiology, clinical features and the management with respect to the contemporary science

The Effect of Binaural Beat Audio on Operative Pain and Anxiety in Cataract Surgery under Topical Anaesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: The aim of this paper was to examine the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of binaural beat audio in patients undergoing cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial of 61 patients undergoing cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia. They were divided into two research conditions; the binaural beat audio group, and a sham-control group (ear phones with no music). Patients completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire (STAI), and their blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Intraoperative pain levels were ascertained using a visual analog scale (VAS) completed immediately after the surgery. Results: The binaural beat group had significantly lower pain scores (p < 0.001), HR (p < 0.001), diastolic BP (p = 0.003), mean arterial pressure (p = 0.007) and anxiety (p = 0.009) than the control group. Within the binaural beat group, subjects experienced a statistically significant reduction in HR (p = 0.004) and anxiety (p < 0.001) levels compared to baseline values, while all parameters, except anxiety, increased significantly in the control group. Conclusions: Binaural beat audio decreases operative pain and anxiety in cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia. It may have additional benefits in modulating the tachycardic response to stress.

Static magnetic fields from earphones: Detailed measurements plus some open questions

Earphones (EP) are a worldwide, massively adopted product, assumed to be innocuous provided the recommendations on sound doses limits are followed. Nevertheless, sound is not the only physical stimulus that derives from EP use, since they include a built-in permanent magnet from which a static magnetic field (SMF) originates. We performed 2D maps of the SMF at several distances from 6 models of in-ear EP, showing that they produce an exposure that spans from ca. 20 mT on their surface down to tens of μT in the inner ear. The numerous reports of bioeffects elicited by SMF in that range of intensities (applied both acutely and chronically), together with the fact that there is no scientific consensus over the possible mechanisms of interaction with living tissues, suggest that caution could be recommendable. In addition, more research is warranted on the possible effects of the combination of SMF with extremely low frequency and radiofrequency fields, which has so far been scarcely studied. Overall, while several open questions about bioeffects of SMF remain to be addressed by the scientific community, we find sensible to suggest that the use of air-tube earphones is probably the more conservative, cautious choice.

EFFECT OF MENTAL RELAXATION ON OFFICE BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT BY OSCILLOMETRY

Objective: Automated office Blood pressure (AOBP) has become the standard of care method of measuring blood pressure. ESC/ESH Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension 2018 specifies that Patients should be seated comfortably in a quiet environment for 5 min before beginning BP measurements. However, a variety of visual and auditory stimuli during this period can still result in higher BP recordings. Mental Relaxation induced by reducing visual stimuli and soothing sounds can potentially have an effect on the AOBP recordings. The study aims to evaluate this effect and compare it to the standard protocol of BP measurement. Design and method: 198 consecutive patients were evaluated in the outpatient department. BP was measured by oscillometric method using Microlife BP device following the ESC/ESH guidelines. Patients were seated in a comfortable posture with back and feet supported for a period of 15 minutes before BP measurement. Mental relaxation was induced by reducing visual stimuli using eye shades and ear phones playing soft natural sounds and second set of BP and pulse recordings were done at the end of 5 minutes of relaxation time. Unpaired t test and Chi-Square test were utilized for the statistical analysis. Results: There were 96 males and 102 females with mean age of 53.13 ± 13.95 yrs History of hypertension was present in 105 subjects Using standard BP measurement protocol the mean systolic BP was 142.33 ± 18.85 mm hg, mean diastolic BP was 83.22 ± 8.5 mm hg and mean pulse rate was 84.55 ± 15.27 per minute. The mean change after Mental relaxation augmented period was 6.71 ± 13.66 mm hg in systolic BP (p value 0.0001), 2.85 ± 7.67 mm hg in diastolic BP (p value 0.0001) and 2.81 ± 8.71 per minute in pulse rate (p value 0.0001) Conclusions: Mental relaxation augmented physical rest before measurement of BP by oscillometric method in outpatient clinic results in significant reduction in BP (both systolic and diastolic) and pulse rate compared to standard BP measurement protocol. These values may be more realistic as they are likely to have reduced white coat effect and environmental influences.

Traumatic Perforation of Tympanic Membrane

Introduction: Traumatic perforation of tympanic membrane (TM) is caused by increase in air pressure due to slapping, road traffic accident, blast injury, syringing, trauma by ear buds, etc., The incidence has been increased in recent times due to increased domestic violence and road traffic accidents. Hence, there is a need for early identification, evaluation, and management to reduce the morbidity. Objectives: The objective of the study was to describe etiologies of traumatic perforation of TM, to assess the findings of pure tone audiometry (PTA) among patients with traumatic perforation of TM, and to determine the outcome. Materials and Methods: This study was done between November 2017 and May 2019 in the department of ENT at Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute on 88 patients with traumatic perforation of TM who were subjected to otoscopic examination, tuning fork tests, and PTA. Patients were followed up on weekly basis. Results: Out of 88 patients, 33 patients (37.5%) were in the age group of 21–30 years. Fifty-four were males (61.36%) and 34 were females (38.63%). Slapping is the most common mode of injury with 50 (56.8%) patients. Left ear 55 (62.5%) was more commonly involved than right ear 33 (37.5%). Small perforation 55 (62.5%) was more common followed by medium-sized perforation 25 (28.4%) and large perforations were the least 8 (9.1%). Multiple quadrants were involved in 33 patients (37.5%). Posteroinferior quadrant was most commonly involved. Deafness (75%) was the most common symptom involving 66 patients. Average time taken for spontaneous healing was 37 days. Mean hearing improvement compared between hearing loss at the time of trauma and after 3 months was 13.18 ± 7.05 dB, which is statistically significant (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Traumatic perforation of TM spontaneously healed in 80 participants (90.90%), whereas eight participants (9.09%) underwent surgery, i.e., tympanoplasty.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY IN CONTROLLING POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ANXIETY AMONG SURGICAL PATIENTS (MAJOR ABDOMINAL SURGERY) IN RMMCH, ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY

Pain is a universal human experience,yet no two individuals experience and respond to pain exactly the same way and also pain is the predominant complaint patients have after surgery. Anxiety is an emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension, discomfort, restlessness, or worry. Music therapy is one of the non-pharmacological interventions to reduce postoperative pain and anxiety.AIM: To assess the effectiveness of music therapy in controlling postoperative pain and anxiety among surgical patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental design Time series with multiple institutions of treatment) was adopted. A total of 40 patients 20 in experimental and 20 in control group chosen by convenient sampling technique. The instrument consisted of two sections: First section comprises of demographic and clinical variables of the patient. Second section was Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale Form Y-1 and Numerical Pain Rating Scale.Reiki instrumental music was selected for intervention. Music therapy was provided through head phone on second and third postoperative day to the experimental group in two sessions in each day totaling four sessions lasting for 30 minutes each. Assessment was done periodically for two sessions at a interval of 2 hours per day after music therapy. RESULTS: The postoperative pain intensity score of the experimental group was significantly reduced from severe to mild level,where as in the control group pain intensity score was reduced from moderate to mild level. (p&lt; 0.001).The postoperative anxiety level reduction for experimental group was from moderate to mild level, where as in the control group anxiety level remained constantly at moderate level. (p&lt; 0.001). There was no significant association between preoperative anxiety with previous experience of surgery. CONCLUSION:Music therapy is a simple,safe and effective method for reducing postoperative pain and anxiety

Removal of rubber earphonecover inside nose after 2 years in a general practitioner setting during covid-19 pandemic

Inserted a big size of rubber ear phone cover into the nose is a rare case.Foreign body regarding children is common and need to be seriously considered.Nowadays, using an earphone for music players and games isverycommon among children that need to be more cautious.In general practitioner’s practice, several limitations seen with no fully equipped and emergency trolley, no general anaesthetic set up and no X ray. In this case report, we reported a 10-year-old child with bad smelling breath for 2 years with on and off pain and difficulty in breathing. It has become worsened until the child informshis mother regarding this incidence last weeks. Last 2 weeks, the child was examined in dental clinic for this bad smelling breath and no dental problem identify. The parents were refused to bring the child to the hospital because of this Covid-19 situation worsening in this state currently. They decided to cometo nearby general practitioner where the smelly and soaked with pus in this ear was removed without any complication in that clinic without any anaesthesia using blunt crocodile forceps. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 02 April’22 Page : 467-469

Smart Aid for Blind People

Abstract: Eyesight is one of the most useful living organisms, but visually impaired people do not realize that sense. They are unable to see the beauty of nature. Not all the problems of the visually impaired can be solved but with the help of modern technology life could be made easier for them. In this era, where everybody tends to be independent in order to survive, people with lack of visuality find it almost not possible. Blindness is a very common disability across the world. Our project is designed in order to give blind people a helping end in overcoming their daily life challenges. The “Smart Aid for Blind People” project consists of Ultrasonic sensors for detection of obstacles like a car, staircase and alert the person with the help of in-built buzzer and a voice module. It also detects the motion of the object by Sensors. We have also used vibrating motor and voice module for sending alert message to the blind person. The overall aim of the project is to provide a safety and convenience to blind people. Keywords: Blind People, Ultrasonics sensors, Voice Module, Arduino Microcontroller, Wearable Device, Ear Phone, Buzzer, Obstacle.