Head End Research Articles

Examination evaluation and statistical analysis of human femoral anthropometry in Hyderabad and Secunderabad regions, India

Background: Femur, the longest and strongest bone in the human body, presents many anatomical variations, influenced by race, region, gender, occupation, and diet. Complete knowledge of its anatomy is required to understand different pathologies affecting the femur and hip joint. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osteometric measurements of the dry human femur of Hyderabad and Secunderabad population. Clinical relevance, correlation between these parameters, comparison with other population groups, along with review of literature is presented in this paper. Materials and Methods: In this study anthropometric evaluation of 50 dry human femurs was done. Twelve parametric variables related to the femur were obtained from the head, neck, shaft, and distal end of the femur. The observed measurements were subjected to statistical analysis and the results are presented in this paper. Results and Conclusion: The precise anthropometric measurements of the adult femur in the Hyderabad and Secunderabad regions are reported in this paper. This data could be helpful to understand the normal anatomy of femur, play an important role in the management of different pathologies affecting the femur and hip joint, assist in forensic cases, and contribute to demographic studies. Keywords: Femur, Head, Neck, Neck-shaft angle

Two populations of pluripotent stem cells in planarians Girardia tigrina

The positional differences in the regenerative capability of individual body parts of the planarian Girardia (Dugesia) tigrina were analyzed. The paper shows the significance of the size and positional differences of individual fragments of planarians for their regenerative capabilities, as well as the fundamental difference in the mechanisms of the head and tail blastema formation. A scheme of regeneration that includes two populations of pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts is suggested. The two populations of neoblasts differ in their role and distribution along the planarian body. Specifically, the population of neoblasts involved in the formation of any blastema migrates to the nearest blastema, and the population participating only in the creation of the head blastema migrates along the planarian body, following the gradient of biomass of the damaged axons arising after the amputation of the head end. The maximal size of the head blastema was found in the fragment obtained after cutting off the head fragment at the eye level, and the maximal portion of all pluripotent stem cells migrating into two blastemas was found in the fragment obtained by cutting the planarian above the mouth, followed by cutting off the head fragment at the eye level.

Совершенствование систем автоматического регулирования технологических параметров широкополосного стана горячей прокатки

It is observed that the contemporary trend of rolling development is widening of hot-strip mills assortment because of ultrathin hot-rolled strips production instead of cold-rolled ones. The advisability of the automatic control system of process parameters (such as tension, gauge, and roll speed) update is demonstrated on the examples of wide-strip mills 2000 and 2500 at Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works. Control algorithms for electric drives speed rates are examined, which provide proportional position control of finishing rolling speed under control and perturbation actions with corrective action transmission against rolling direction. Corrected digital algorithms of tension dynamic control enabling longitudinal grow-back decreasing due to accuracy increase of looper electric drive torque and loop size in interstand space computation are presented. The streamlined structure of automatic control system of strip gage (ACSG). The system realizes control method on base of indirect control with sensor values averaging over a specified period of time combined with direct control following exit gage signal and external correction providing perturbation actions compensation and draft redistribution in finishing trains. The developed system of automatic head end gage correction by moving rollers apart before strip enters mill with their subsequent return to specified position for main strip end rolling is demonstrated. The results of improved ACSG application investigations on operating rolling mill are presented. The method and the system of interactive tension and strip gage control are proved and examined whereby automatic correction of hydraulic roll screwdown position of the previous stand under perturbation and control actions caused by change of looper or roll screwdown of the next stand positions is implemented. The results of research and commercialization of the developed systems confirm technical-and-economic efficiency provided with reduction in input of materials, improvement in the quality of production and steadiness of the processing.

Hilbert–Huang transform‐based transient busbar protection algorithm

A new algorithm for busbar protection is proposed based on the Hilbert–Huang transform in this study. The algorithm decomposes currents of all lines connecting to the busbar into intrinsic-mode functions and calculates the instantaneous amplitude of the first intrinsic mode function (IMF). Then, the instantaneous amplitude is normalised to eliminate the impact of fault initial angle and transition resistance. When a fault occurs on the busbar, the initial travelling waves on head ends of the lines all have great instantaneous amplitudes; when a fault occurs on any line, the travelling wave on the faulted line is of great instantaneous amplitude, whereas the initial travelling waves on healthy lines are of small instantaneous amplitudes. Thus, through analysing the detected instantaneous amplitudes of travelling waves, a new busbar protection scheme can be constructed, which achieves a high reliability relative to other fault-travel-wave-based algorithms. According to simulation results on a 500 kV substation modelled in ATP-Draw, the graphical preprocessor to ATP-EMTP windows version, the proposed algorithm is effective in determining various types of faults.

Size does matter-a closer look on Anguillicola morphology.

The present study deals with morphological differences between two closely related parasitic nematode species (Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara et al., 1974 and Anguillicola novaezelandiae Moravec & Taraschewski, 1988) in two different experimentally infected eel species (Anguilla anguilla Linnaeus, 1758 and Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1847). Furthermore, it considers the question whether size differences between those two species are ontogenetically determined or host species-dependent. In order to analyse these questions, experimental infections with the four possible host-parasite systems have been performed, followed by precise morphometric measurements related to body size and head structures of all resulting nematodes 120 days post infection. Body size measurements (length and width) of A. crassus generally exceeded those of A. novaezelandiae, while both Anguillicola species turned out to be smaller in Japanese eels than in European eels. Comparative measurements of neck width, maximum oesophagus width, and posterior head end width were found to be highly significant with regard to the different host-parasite systems. Shape and width of neck have been identified as reliable discriminating factors for species distinction. Generally, the relation of anterior head end width and neck width proved to be distinctly species-specific and can thus serve as a decisive and easily measureable distinguishing feature.

Groundwater modelling for need assessment of command scale conjunctive water use for addressing the exacerbating irrigation cost inequities in LBDC irrigation system, Punjab, Pakistan

Bari Doab on Pakistan side of the border, about 29,000 km 2 , is one of the most productive agri- cultural regions in the Sub-continent. The surge in population has increased the competition for available water resources. Ensuing to this, a number of irrigation- related issues have gained prominence. Effects of in- creasing climate aridity towards lower part of Bari Doab have emerged in the form of accelerated groundwater depletion. Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) command, lying in the centre of Bari Doab, faces maximum spatial climate variability across its command area. This is the first model-based study of the long-term irrigation cost inequities due to successively increasing groundwater depletion towards the tail end. In the model, total water requirements of a grid cell are withdrawn from surface and/or sub-surface sources, based on rainfall and canal water availability. Groundwater pumping estimation is the most complex parameter; crop water deficit approach was adopted for the purpose. Due to excessive groundwater depletion, a tail-end farmer currently incurs 2.19 times higher irrigation costs as compared to the head-end counterpart. An additional depletion of 8-11 m is ex- pected in the lower half of the command till 2031, in contrary to stable conditions in head end. As a result this irrigation cost anomaly is simulated to be further aggra- vating to 2.36 times in year 2031. Thus, irrigation systems with significant spatial climate variability need appropri- ate command scale conjunctive management of surface and groundwater by the concerned irrigation planning and management agencies. This would help in plummeting the exacerbating irrigation inequities by reducing waterlog- ging and groundwater depletion.

Four-path multiple ∞-shaped fiber protection mechanism for cable television networks

Traditional cable television (CATV) network configuration is mainly a branch topology. When fibers break, there are always disconnections of CATV and Internet access. Meanwhile, network service providers usually cannot be instantly informed of network breakage; network problems are noticed only after the users call for services. Network breakage location detection and repair are, in general, costly and time-consuming. This paper proposes a new framework to protect CATV fiber optic networks, where a HUB with multiple optical protection switching (OPS) is constructed between the head end and the fiber nodes. The first layer ranging from the head end to the HUB forms a 1+1 protection path ring structure. The second layer ranging from the HUB to the fiber nodes forms multiple 1+1 protection path ring structures. The framework can form a four fiber optic path protection architecture with multiple ∞-shapes between the head end and the fiber nodes. When the CATV network system experiences a malfunction, such as fiber optic cable breakage or poor signal quality, OPS can immediately switch the fiber transmission path in order to maintain uninterrupted CATV network traffic. After simulation tests on fiber path switching time automatic protection switching, frame loss, packet jitter, latency, bit errors, and system traffic flow monitoring by manually switching OPS and pulling broken fiber optic cable, results show that the fiber path protection switching mechanism can react immediately, and test data results show that network traffic is unaffected, so the proposed framework can effectively enhance the survivability and quality of service of CATV network systems.

Simulation to estimate RF mesh parameters for the AMI in constrained bandwidth

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an important and integral component of Smart Grid. AMI requires a two way communication network to connect metering and load control endpoints spread over the residential area with the head end system. The most challenging part of AMI is to design this last leg of communication network which reliably and securely fulfills the requirement of the coverage, latency, scalability and compliance to country specific standards and regulations at the right cost. RF mesh technology is a proven way to implement the AMI network and this has been proven in the USA where the RF mesh networks have been functioning satisfactorily for more than a decade in the sub 1 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band with an available bandwidth of 26 MHz. In comparison, India has a narrow ISM bandwidth of only 2 MHz, which raises a doubt on achievement of AMI functionality within this constrained bandwidth. To carry out a high level feasibility for India, the relevant AMI data load and throughput requirements were estimated on the basis of data collected from published work and also through a survey involving Indian experts from utilities, regulatory bodies and metering companies. Based on the Pareto analysis of the estimated AMI data, the use case of ‘interval data push’ by the residential meters was considered for network simulation in a real world scenario of RF mesh AMI network. Utilizing only 20 % of the network capacity, for the estimated AMI data throughput of about 20 MB/day, the simulation exercise resulted in an estimate of size of network accommodating about 4800 endpoints per collector based on the acceptable latency of 5 s per hop.

English

English

Isolation of microtubule-based motor proteins by ATP release from paclitaxel-stabilized microtubules.

The α-β-tubulin heterodimer is asymmetric, and when asymmetric subunits assemble in a head-to-tail fashion, they produce a polymer that is itself asymmetric. Microtubules are therefore polar polymers having a head (or plus) end and a tail (or minus) end. Both ends can be distinguished kinetically because they add and lose subunits at different rates. Because of this inherent asymmetry, translocation of a particle along a microtubule from the head to the tail is a different molecular event than is translocation from the minus to the plus end. Currently, two classes of microtubule-dependent motor proteins are recognized: Those that are plus-end-directed (i.e., kinesin-like) and those that are minus-end-directed (dynein-like). The kinesin family of proteins in humans contains at least 14 classes of kinesins, a grouping based on tertiary and quaternary structure considerations, as well as on enzymatic activity. The dyneins are organized into two groups: Axonemal dyneins and cytoplasmic dyneins. This protocol provides methods for the enrichment of kinesin or cytoplasmic dynein, based on the differential interactions of each type of motor protein with microtubules in the presence of different nucleotides. For a cleaner preparation of motor proteins, the protocol includes steps for the further separation of kinesin and dynein from one another by sucrose gradient centrifugation.

Research on Peak Capacity of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation Based on Voltage Deviation Model in Distribution Network

Large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic generators will cause out-of-limit of voltage deviation. The model of voltage drop caused by loads and voltage rise caused by PV generators are established under different loads or PV distribution modes along the line, and the maximum allowable capacity of PV power injected into the grid without causing over-voltage is calculated, assuming the bus voltage deviation reaching the upper limit. The maximum PV penetration level of typical distribution lines is derived under the condition that PV generators is of the same distribution mode with loads, and the voltage margin at the head end of the line without causing over-voltage is proposed. The results show that over-headlines can carry much more PV power than cables, and over-voltage will be avoided by controlling the PV power according to the connected bus voltage, and suitably lowering the bus voltage will allow more PV to connect into the grid.

Simulation of Gaseous Oxygen/Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Hybrid Rocket Flowfields and Comparison with Experiments

Numerical simulations of the flowfield in a gaseous oxygen/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene hybrid rocket engine are carried out with a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver including detailed gas/surface interaction modeling based on surface mass and energy balances. Fuel pyrolysis is modeled via finite-rate Arrhenius kinetics. A simplified two-step global reaction mechanism is considered for the gas-phase chemistry to model the combustion of 1,3-butadiene in oxygen. Results are compared with the firing test data obtained from a laboratory-scale hybrid rocket in which gaseous oxygen is fed into axisymmetric hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene cylindrical grains through an axial conical subsonic nozzle. With the oxidizer fed by this injector, which generates nonuniform conditions at the entrance of the fuel port, the fuel regression rate is shown to increase several times with respect to the case of homogeneous injection of the oxidizer through all the grain port area, in agreement with the experimental findings. The spatial distribution of the regression rate is substantially different from the one expected in a turbulent developing flow through a pipe because of the presence of a strong recirculation zone at the motor head end. Numerical simulations, although not capturing the absolute regression-rate values, are fairly able to predict the main ballistic features: that is, the regression rate’s weaker dependence on the mass flux, the influence of port diameter, and the pressure evolution over time, as well as the general trends of different firing tests.

Temperature Distribution on a Gas Turbine Shaft Exposed to Swirl Combustor Flue

A gas turbine shaft is generally exposed to high-temperature gases and may seriously be affected and overheated due to temperature fluctuations in the combustion chamber. Vortex flow in the combustion chamber may increase the heat release rate and combustion efficiency, as well as control the location of energy release. However, this may result in excessive temperature on the combustor equipment and gas turbine shaft. In this study, a new gas turbine combustion chamber implementing a liner around the shaft and the liquid-fuel feeding system is designed and fabricated. The influences of parameters such as the Reynolds number and the equivalence ratio are studied. Experimental results are compared with a numerical simulation using OpenFOAM, which is an open-source computational fluid dynamics software. The results show that the heat transfer to the liner at the head end of the combustion chamber is high enough; and at the outlet of the combustion chamber, it is relatively low. The effects of parameters such as the equivalence ratio and the mass flow rate of the oxidizer on the temperature of the liner without cooling are investigated and compared with the numerical solution. Also, in the numerical simulation, the swirl intensity along the chamber is provided. These types of combustion chambers can be used in gas turbine engines due to their low weight, short length, and better mixing.

Effect of Stream Sizes and Furrow Geometry on Furrow Irrigation Erosion in Samaru, Northern Nigeria

Furrow irrigation is one the most widely used means of water application to crops in Samaru and environs. Erosion created by furrow irrigation is threatening the sustainability of furrow irrigation in Samaru. The continuous loss of soil rich in plant nutrients depresses the productive capacity of soils. This study explored the effects of three irrigation stream sizes (2.5, 1.5 and 0.5 l/s) two furrow lengths (90 and 45 m) and two furrow widths (0.75 and 0.9 m) on furrow irrigation-induced erosion. Measurements of runoffs and sediment concentrations in furrows during irrigation events were made in the dry irrigation seasons of 2009/2010 (trial 1) and 2010/2011 (trial 2) on an area of 0.36 and 0.2 ha respectively. Soil erosion in each furrow was computed from the runoff, sediment concentrations and the furrow wetted area. Wooden profilometers were used to examine the Original Research Article Dibal et al.; JAERI, 2(1): 69-79, 2015; Article no.JAERI.2015.008 70 dynamics of soil erosion along the furrows. The variations in soil erosion among the treatments were significant at P<0.001. The application of 2.5 l/s stream size induced the highest soil erosion of 0.4697 t/ha/season and runoff volume of 104.47 l/season. The use of 45 m-long furrow length resulted into the highest soil erosion of 0.4986 t/ha/season. And soil erosion of 0.4700 t/ha/season was recorded in 0.75 m-wide furrows. The results evidently showed that stream size was principally responsible for the erosion losses during furrow irrigation. Short furrows that limit redistribution of eroded soil particles, were more prone to erosion than long furrows. The result also pointed that increasing furrow width from 0.75 m could be a means of limiting furrow irrigation erosion. The infield soil erosion measurements showed that bulk of the soil erosion occurred from the head end of the furrows and deposited on the lower portions of the furrows.

Edaravone combined with Schwann cell transplantation may repair spinal cord injury in rats.

Edaravone has been shown to delay neuronal apoptosis, thereby improving nerve function and the microenvironment after spinal cord injury. Edaravone can provide a favorable environment for the treatment of spinal cord injury using Schwann cell transplantation. This study used rat models of complete spinal cord transection at T9. Six hours later, Schwann cells were transplanted in the head and tail ends of the injury site. Simultaneously, edaravone was injected through the caudal vein. Eight weeks later, the PKH-26-labeled Schwann cells had survived and migrated to the center of the spinal cord injury region in rats after combined treatment with edaravone and Schwann cells. Moreover, the number of PKH-26-labeled Schwann cells in the rat spinal cord was more than that in rats undergoing Schwann cell transplantation alone or rats without any treatment. Horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing revealed that the number of horseradish peroxidase-positive nerve fibers was greater in rats treated with edaravone combined withSchwann cells than in rats with Schwann cell transplantation alone. The results demonstrated that lower extremity motor function and neurophysiological function were better in rats treated with edaravone and Schwann cells than in rats with Schwann cell transplantation only. These data confirmed that Schwann cell transplantation combined with edaravone injection promoted the regeneration of nerve fibers of rats with spinal cord injury and improved neurological function.

Approach and management of children with raised intracranial pressure

Raised intracranial pressin e (ICP, > 20 mm Hg) is often seen in children with acute brain injury of various etiologies and often complicates the clinical picture and management; it may progress into herniation syndrome and death. The volume of intracranial compartments is tightly regulated, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) is kept constant despite fluctuations in systemic blood pressure by [4]cerebral autoregulation’. Symptoms and signs of raised ICP are neither sufficiently sensitive nor specific; hence identifying patients at risk of developing raised ICP is a crucial for preventing seonday brain injury Persistent elevation of ICP above 20 mm Hg for greater than 5 minutes in a patient who is not being stimulated should be treated immediately Immediate goal of management is to prevent/reverse herniation and to maintain good cerebral perfusion pressure. The therapeutic measures include stabilization of airway, breathing and circulation, along with neutral neck position, head end elevation by 30°, adequate sedation and analgesia, minimal stimulation, and hyperosmolar therapy (mannitol or 3% saline). Short-term hyperventilation, to achieve PC02-30 inin Hg, using bag ventilation can be resorted to if impending herniation is suspected. CPP targeted therapy (targeting CPP > 60 mm Hg) is associated with better clinical outcome. Decompressive craniotomy may improve the outcome in raised ICP unresponsive to medical treatment. However, indiscriminate use of this surgery is not advised as the procedine and subsequent cranioplasty are associated with a number of complications.

Management of an accidental superior vena caval transection during a right pneumonectomy- A case report and assessment of different management options with review of literature

We present a rare case of management of accidental transection of superior vena cava (SVC) during a right sided pneumonectomy for a tuberculous destroyed lung in an eighteen year old girl. While dissecting the right pulmonary artery (RPA) in a densely adherent and grossly distorted field for a planned right pneumonectomy, the SVC got transected resulting in torrential hemorrhage and severe hypotension. The ragged ends of the SVC were clamped. Fluids and inotropes were directly transfused into the right atrium (RA) which was exposed by opening the pericardium. Soon, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) could be stabilized around 50 mm Hg which had dropped to 25 mm Hg. To protect the brain from effects of increased intra cranial venous hypertension (ICVH) due to SVC clamping, the head end of the table was elevated, injection thiopentone (1000 mg) was given directly into RA and the head was wrapped with ice bags. Since the cut ends of the SVC was far apart and ragged, we could not bring them together for an end to end anastomosis. After heparinisation, a SVC to RA veno atrial (VA) shunt using venous cannulae was made and the SVC remained clamped for 20 minutes. With the establishment of the shunt, MAP increased to 80mm Hg. Pneumonectomy was completed. Since no graft could be procured, the upper end of the SVC was anastomosed end to end with the cut end of the RPA and the lower end of SVC towards the RA was closed. Post operative recovery was uneventful and the girl is doing well 6 years after the procedure. Angiograms have shown a patent SVC to RPA anastomosis with a substantial retrograde flow through the intact azygos vein (AzV).

Impact of Distributed Generation Capacity on the Voltage of Distribution System

Abstract. Large-scale grid-connected distributed generation (DG) will cause out-of-limit of voltage deviation. The model of voltage drop caused by loads and voltage rise caused by distributed generators are established under different loads or DG distribution modes along the line, and the maximum allowable capacity of power injected into the grid without causing over-voltage is calculated, assuming the bus voltage deviation reaching the upper limit. The maximum DG penetration level of typical distribution lines is derived under the condition that generators is of the same distribution mode with loads, and the voltage margin at the head end of the line without causing over-voltage is proposed. The results show that over-headlines can carry much more DG power than cables, and over-voltage will be avoided by controlling the DG capacity according to the connected bus voltage, and suitably lowering the bus voltage will allow much more DG to connect into the grid.

Commentary: Minimising intraoperative exposure of ionising radiation to anaesthesiologists.

The anaesthesiologists and radiologists constitute the high-risk personnel getting exposure to radiation during diagnostic and therapeutic radiological procedures.[1] It has become the need of the hour for the anaesthesia providers to be in close contact with the patient both inside and outside the operative room. The unit of radiation is known as grey (Gy) (1 Gy = 100 rad) and when absorbed that dose is termed as Sievert (Sv). The dose limit for the exposure stays in the range of 150Sv-500Sv/year.[2] Multiplying and metabolically active cells are most sensitive to radiation hazards. The exposure hazards range from the simplest skin injury and cataract to the most lethal hazard, malignancy.[3] The harmful effect of radiation is more pronounced in pregnant women when the exposure is continuous, and more intense with dose greater than 0.5 Gy.[4] Monitoring at the thyroid collar, inside and outside the protective gear of lead apron is advisable for all staff.[5] The education and awareness about the risk involved, care that needs to be exercised are to be highlighted to all the susceptible health care personnel. The infrastructure plan and safe positions so as to minimise the effects are to be understood.[6] The basic principle of prevention such as limiting the time of exposure keeping a safe distance and use of proper protective shield should be strictly adhered to.[7] Since the radiation beam is most often directed perpendicularly, the anaesthesiologists when standing at head end of the patient, may receive lesser dose of radiation. Hence proper positioning of anaesthesiologist is essential to minimize the risk of radiation. Anaesthesia workstation could be used as an additional shield by rotating it to 180° such that the back of the equipment is facing the operative field thus giving the anaesthesiologist an additional cover.[8]

Incidence of Bedsore among the admitted Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveBedsore is a disruptive and often disabling condition affecting bedridden, infirm, debilitated and malnourished patients. We looked at the incidence of bedsores among the admitted patients in a tertiary care hospital.Materials and methodsThis was an observational cohort study covering 2408 patients. The patients were followed up every alternative day from the day of admission till their discharge/ death from the hospital. Katz index of independence in activities of daily living was used to evaluate the level of functional dependence of patients. Braden scale was used to assess the risk factors for the formation of bedsores.ResultsA pooled incidence of 5.9% was estimated. The incidence of bedsore was maximum in intensive care units (9.4%), followed by orthopedic units (8%), emergency wards (7.7%) and neurosurgical units (6%). Mean age was 44.6 ± 17.56 (14-90 years). Unconscious patients, those admitted through emergency, and those who stayed longer in emergency and on IV fluids had a significantly higher chance of developing bedsores. This was also true for patients on Jejunostomy/Gastrostomy feed or total parenteral nutrition (TPN); who needed elevation of the head end of the bed; for whom assistance was required to change their position; and the patients whose position was changed less frequently (p &lt; 0.05). The sacrum was the most common site for all the four stages of bedsores.ConclusionA bedsore incidence of 6% mandates an urgent need to improve the quality of patient care in various units of the hospital. Appropriate equipment, adequate manpower and administrative concern and accountability is the need of the hour.How to cite this articleKaur S, Singh A, Dhillon MS, Tewari MK, Sekhon PK. Incidence of Bedsore among the Admitted Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(1):26-31.