Headache In Schoolchildren Research Articles

Migraine and Episodic Tension Type Headache in School Children: Prevalence and Comparative Clinical Findings

Migraine and Episodic Tension Type Headache in School Children: Prevalence and Comparative Clinical Findings

Prevalence of tension-type headache in schoolchildren and adolescents

Prevalence of tension-type headache in schoolchildren and adolescents

The relationship between bruxism, sleep quality, and headaches in schoolchildren.

[Purpose] Present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sleep bruxism and headache in school children. [Subjects and Methods] This study was conducted with 103 children aged 3–6 years. The exclusion criteria were early tooth loss, dental appliance was used, physical or psychological limitations, chronic disease and continuous medication. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed based on an indication by parents of the occurrence of teeth clenching/grinding and incisor/occlusal tooth wear, following the criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep quality was evaluated by a questionnarie, detailing the child’s sleep characteristics. [Results] Forty-nine children (47.6%) were diagnosed with sleep bruxism. Those with sleep bruxism were 3.25-fold more likely to present headache. Children whose parents were separated had a significantly greater frequency of sleep bruxism and primary headache. The relative risk of exhibiting primary headache was 13.1 among children with sleep bruxism whose parents were separated. [Conclusion] Children with SB demonstrated a greater risk of having primary headache and those whose parents were separated had a greater chance of having headache. Only sleep bruxism was associated with headache, clenching the teeth during waking hours was not correlated with primary headache.

Headache in school children: is the prevalence increasing?

The objectives of this systematic review were to examine age dependency of headache prevalence in school age children and to assess secular trends of headache prevalence in the last decade, gender and regional differences. A literature search was performed in MEDLINE to identify all prevalence studies in children and adolescents. Five hundred seventy studies were found, of which 37 studies could be included for this review. Headache prevalence in school children increases with their age as demonstrated in cohorts of identical children and cross-sectional surveys covering different age groups of children in one population. Regarding a potential general increase in the prevalence of headache in children and adolescents in the last decade, there are four studies which all show some increase of headache prevalence; however, the degree of increase is varying. Prevalence of headache in girls appears to be higher than in boys. There were no clear regional differences in the prevalence of headache.

Headache in School Children

Recurrent headache is a common problem in school children. Evaluation generally leads to the diagnosis of a primary headache syndrome (migraine or tension-type headache). This review is addressed to the question whether headaches in school children are becoming more common and, if so, what risk factors are associated with the rise in frequency. We selectively searched the PubMed database for pertinent publications that contained the terms "primary headache AND children/adolescent AND risk factors/prevalence." Articles published in either English or German up to April 2013 were considered. Articles on secondary types of headache were excluded. Headaches are becoming more common among school children. At present, 66% to 71% of 12- to 15- year-olds have at least one headache every three months, and 33% to 40% have at least one per week. Headache is often accompanied by other physical and/or emotional manifestations. Studies from Scandinavia reveal increasing prevalence in age groups from 8 years of age and upward. Various studies have identified the following risk factors for headache or for its chronification (up to 5.8-fold elevation of risk): a dysfunctional family situation, the regular consumption of alcohol, caffeine ingestion, smoking, a low level of physical activity, physical or emotional abuse, bullying by peers, unfair treatment in school, and insufficient leisure time. Headaches are becoming more common among children and adolescents. They are often associated with other physical and emotional complaints.

P101 – 1628 Body mass index and headache in school children: a nation-wide survey

P101 – 1628 Body mass index and headache in school children: a nation-wide survey

Pattern of headache in school going children attending specialized clinic in a tertiary care hospital in bangladesh.

To determine the pattern of headache and its associated symptoms in school going children. The data of all the school going children attending the Headache Clinic in the Dept. of Neurology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 1021 patients from October 1996 to September 2011 were selected. Data were collected through a predesigned questionnaire containing information on age, sex, social status, clinical features, opthalmoscopic findings, management, and in selected cases imaging results. The mean age of headache in school children was 12.6±1.08 years with relatively older age of presentation among girls. The sex ratio was 1.64:1 in favor of girls at older age. Tension type headache (71.1%) was the most common form of headache, followed by migraine (18.4%) and mixed headache (6.7%). Though the girls had more frequent headache of both tension type (59.4%) and migraine (68.1%) variety, the latter was significantly associated in girls (p<0.001). Headache was of moderate severity in 53.3%, whereas severe headache was experienced by 19.9% of the children. The children commonly had nausea and/or vomiting (47.2%), as well as photophobia (24.7%) with headache. Mental stress (34%) and sunlight (30.9%) were common triggering factors whereas a sound sleep relieved headache in the majority (59.4%). Paracetamol (83.3%) and nortryptyline (62.8%) were the most commonly prescribed drug taken by them. Headache is a major health problem in school children, apart from other common health issues at this age. With increasing age, the girls more commonly suffer not only from migraine but also with other chronic headache. The direct causal association is yet to be determined.

A qualitative study of headache in school children

Background: Despite a high prevalence and substantial impact of headache, the needs of young sufferers often remain unmet. The aim of this paper is to describe a qualitative investigation by lay researchers (school students), which explores the experience of fellow students with troublesome headache and provides information to help reduce the burden of headache in the school setting. Method: A purposeful sample participated in semi-structured interviews undertaken by students and taped for thematic analysis by students and professional researchers. The setting was a large state secondary school in Exeter, UK. Results: Four themes were identified: health seeking behaviour, emotional response to headache, attitude of others towards the problem and ideas for help. Conclusion: Useful insights can be obtained from developing a research team of patients and professional researchers. A number of children suffer with headache at school, do not get help and in general are fatalistic about their problem. An awareness of the impact of headache in schools is important and simple measures are available that could help reduce its effects. Further qualitative work is needed with teachers, school nurses and parents to reduce the burden of headache in this setting.

Use of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition, criteria in the diagnosis of primary headache in schoolchildren: Epidemiology study from eastern Turkey

We aimed to determine the prevalence of primary headache among schoolchildren in the city of Agri, located in eastern Turkey, where geographical, climatic and socio-economic conditions differ greatly from those of other regions of Turkey. A cross-sectional school-based (ages ranging from 11 to 18) study was conducted from January to April 2006. Diagnosis was based on the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. This population was evaluated by a two-stage clustered sampling procedure. In the first phase, 1385 children were asked whether they had had a headache within the past year. For the second-step interview, 540 children (38.9%) with a complaint of headache were selected. Five children who had complained of headaches in the first interview did not agree to participate in the second stage. Of the remaining 535, 473 were identified as having primary headache and 62 as having secondary headache. Overall, one-year prevalence of headache subtypes was 14.3% for migraine, 3.5% for probable migraine, 8.6% for pure tension-type headache, 4.6% for migraine plus tension-type headache, and 3.0% for probable migraine plus tension-type headache. The prevalence of migraine was higher in our study than in previous studies.

Self‐reported headache in schoolchildren: Parents underestimate their children's headaches

Most previous studies of childhood headache have used indirect parental/physician reports to estimate the prevalence of headache in children. To use direct information from children and to compare the results with data collected from parents. A cross-sectional questionnaire was sent to parents of 7-12-y-olds in Oslo, Norway. The questionnaire included retrospective reports by the parents of the presence of headache among their children during the past 6 mo. A panel study was subsequently done with daily diaries completed by the children over 6 wk. This was done at school. For 2126 children, both diary reports and parental reports were available. We found a 1-mo prevalence of self-reported headache of 57.6%. Parents, particularly fathers, reported lower headache prevalence than the children. The difference between parental reports and those of the children was larger when the child was a girl. There was a clear difference for the youngest children and parental underreporting for children with the most frequent headaches. Since indirect parental reports of child headache underestimated headache frequency compared to direct diary-based self-reports, we suggest more widespread use of diary registration of headaches in studies of child headache.

Headache in schoolchildren: Association with other pain, family history and psychosocial factors

Limited information exist about associations between different headache types and other pains, family history of pain, and psychosocial factors among children from the general population suffering from less severe headache. We interviewed 130 schoolchildren together with a parent to find out whether such factors differ between children with mainly infrequent and moderate migraine or tension-type headache as compared to those without primary headache. Children with headache, especially those with migraine reported other pains and physical symptoms more frequently than children without primary headache. Coherently, parents of children suffering from migraine reported their children to have significantly more somatic symptoms than parents of children without primary headache. In addition, first-degree relatives of children with headache suffered from more migraine, other pains, and physical symptoms compared with first-degree relatives of children without primary headache. Children with migraine visited the school nurse, used medication and were absent from school because of headache more often than those with tension-type headache. Few other differences in psychosocial factors were found between the three groups. Migraine among first-degree relatives and the total sum of physical symptoms in children were the strongest predictors of headache in logistic regression analysis. It is concluded that in schoolchildren with mainly infrequent and moderate headache, pain and physical symptoms cluster within individuals as well as their families, however, psychological and social problems are uncommon.

Prevalence and factors affecting headache in Turkish schoolchildren

Headache is a public health problem affecting life quality negatively. The present cross-sectional, selective (2nd-5th grades) study was conducted to determine the prevalence of recurrent headache in schoolchildren in Mersin, a city of Turkey. A stratified sample of 5777 students was selected to be representative of the city's schoolchildren population. After the data quality control process, the study sample was reduced to 5562 schoolchildren. The prevalence of recurrent headache was 49.2% (2739/5562). Among the studied population 24.7% had tension-type headache and 10.4% had migraine. Girls had significantly more frequent headache than boys. Binary logistic regression analysis found that increasing age, female gender, low socioeconomic status of family, low education level of mother, and positive family history of headache (father, mother, siblings, second degree relatives) had a statistically significant effect on the presence of headache in children. Additionally, having travel sickness had a statistically significant effect on schoolchildren headache (P = 0.000). Headache is a common health problem among schoolchildren in Mersin, which merits increased attention and detailed multicentre epidemiological and clinical studies.

The sensitivity and specificity of the case definition criteria in diagnosis of headache: a school-based epidemiological study of 5562 children in Mersin.

The objectives of the present study were: (i) to estimate the prevalence of recurrent headaches in schoolchildren (ranging from 2nd to 5th degrees) in Mersin city of Turkey; (ii) to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and positive likelihood ratio of the diagnostic headache characteristics in children with migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) using neurologist's diagnosis as the gold standard. The stratified sample of study was composed of 5562 children. The prevalence of recurrent headache was 49.2% (2739 of 5562) and the prevalence of current headache was 31.3% (859 of 2739). TTH was more common than migraine (24.7% vs. 10.4%). The most sensitive headache characteristic for migraine was 'severity of pain' and the most sensitive definitive symptom was 'duration of headache' in children with TTH. International Headache Society-based symptom definition criteria are highly beneficial in diagnosis of childhood headache, if used together with detailed clinical assessment.

Risk factors for and sequelae of headaches in schoolchildren with clinical implications from a psychosocial perspective

Functional headache, by definition, is a headache not associated with organic diseases. It is a common symptom in school children and can cause potentially serious health problems, affecting their growth and development. Therefore, this report synthesizes the literature about functional headaches in schoolchildren from a psychosocial perspective. This report examines the research on risk factors and sequelae of headaches in children, presents a framework to guide the conceptualization of this phenomenon, and suggests an application of this framework for clinical practice. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company

Predisposing and provoking factors in childhood headache.

To study the differences in predisposing and provoking factors between childhood migraine and nonmigrainous headache. Information on the predisposing and provoking factors of headache could help to find ways to prevent it. Differences in predisposing and provoking factors between migraine and nonmigrainous headache are largely unknown. An unselected, population-based, prospective, follow-up study on the occurrence of headache in schoolchildren was carried out in 1290 children aged from 8 to 9 years. The children who had reported headache during the 6 months prior to the study (n = 725) were sent a more detailed questionnaire about factors that might give rise to headache. Six hundred twenty-two (86%) children returned questionnaires that were completed to an acceptable degree. The occurrence of familial paroxysmal headache and unhappiness in the family independently predicted the occurrence of migraine in children, but this was not the case for nonmigrainous headache. In particular, the family occurrence of paroxysmal headache increases the risk of migraine in a child. The risk is still greater if their living conditions are experienced as unsatisfactory by the family.

Genetic and environmental factors associated with migraine in schoolchildren.

The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of migraine and headache in schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates and to determine the genetic and environmental factors associated with these conditions. A cross-sectional population study was performed from October 1995 to June 1996. Subjects were selected by a multistage stratified sampling procedure. Data were collected by screening questionnaires followed by clinical interviews. Twelve primary schools and 1400 schoolchildren of United Arab Emirates nationality resident in the Al Ain City, Dubai, and Sharjah emirates were recruited for this study. A total of 1159 (82.7%) schoolchildren gave their consent to the study. The estimated prevalence rates for headache and migraine were 36.9% and 13.7%, respectively. The prevalence of headache is increased with age, the highest prevalence being in 13-year-old children (17.5%). Of the 159 children who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for migraine, 76 were boys whose mean age (+/- SD) was 10.3 years +/- 2. 8 years, and 83 were girls (mean age 9.9 +/- 2.5 years). Of the children who had migraine, 20 (12.6%) had migraine without aura, and 13 (8.2%) had migraine with aura. The most common migraine symptoms in schoolchildren had been aggravated by physical activity (47.2%) and a positive family history of migraine (46.5%). The most common illnesses were infectious illnesses (41.5%). There was a strong relationship between migraine and the timing of examinations (46.5%). The most common environmental exposure for migraine was found to be playing on a computer (45.9%), followed by loud noise (41.5%), and a hot climate (37.1%). In familial occurrence of headache among immediate relatives, the most frequently affected relative was the mother (17.6%). .-Headache and migraine are common in childhood and may be influenced by social, familial, environmental, and psychological factors.

Prevalence of Headache in School Children: Relation to Family and School Factors

Prevalence of Headache in School Children: Relation to Family and School Factors

Prevalence of Headache in School Children

The prevalence of migraine and other headaches in 7-year-old children, in 1974 and 1992, was determined by school physicians at the time of medical examinations, using the identical study design and a similar urban child population of the same age group, and the data analysed in the Department of Child Neurology, University of Turku, Finland.

Prevalence of headache in schoolchildren: relation to family and school factors.

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of recurrent headaches among schoolchildren in Göteborg and the relation of headache to school and family variables. A stratified sample of 1297 pupils was selected to be representative of the Göteborg population. Data were obtained by means of questionnaires. Twenty-six per cent had "headache once a month or more" and 6% had "headache several times a week or daily" (frequent headache). There was a gradual increase of headache with age. In the third grade there was a marked increase of frequent headache. In the highest school level (grades 7-9), girls had significantly more headache than boys. In the lower school level (grades 1-3), a greater number of pupils in the class increases the risk of frequent headache. Pupils in the intermediate school level (grades 4-6) reported more frequent headache in districts with high unemployment. It is concluded that headache among schoolchildren is a health problem which merits increased attention.

Psychological Treatment of Tension Headaches in School Children

Psychological Treatment of Tension Headaches in School Children