Head Of Household Education Level Research Articles

Analysis of Food and Non-Food Consumption Patterns Household

Purpose: This study aims to determine the influence of household income, head of household education level, and number of family members on consumption patterns in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. Methodology: The study uses quantitative descriptive analysis with multiple linear regression analysis tools. Results: The findings show that household consumption is influenced not only by regional typology but also by socioeconomic conditions. Multiple linear regression analysis reveals that household income, head of household education level, and number of family members positively correlate with food and non-food consumption patterns in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. Findings: Hypothesis testing indicates that household income significantly affects food and non-food consumption patterns. The education level of the head of household also significantly affects both food and non-food consumption patterns. However, the number of family members significantly affects food consumption patterns but does not significantly affect non-food consumption patterns. Novelty: This research provides insights into how socioeconomic factors influence consumption patterns in a specific region. Originality: The study offers a detailed analysis of the relationship between household socioeconomic characteristics and consumption patterns. Conclusions: Household income and head of household education level significantly influence both food and non-food consumption patterns, while the number of family members significantly influences only food consumption patterns. Type of Paper: Empirical Research Article Keywords: Consumption Patterns, Food, Non-Food, Household

Evaluation of Obesity Trends Among US Adolescents by Socioeconomic Status, 1999-2018

This cross-sectional study uses data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys to evaluate obesity trends among US adolescents from 1999 to 2018, stratified by household income and head of household education level.

Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Infants and Toddlers By Eating Occasion in the United States, NHANES 2011–2018

ObjectivesTo describe nationally representative prevalence estimates of any fruit or vegetable consumption among US infants and toddlers during specific eating occasions.MethodsDay one dietary recall data from NHANES 2011–2018 were used to determine the prevalence of any fruit or vegetable consumption in infants and toddlers aged 6–23 months (N = 1,544). Intake was assessed for five eating occasions: breakfast, lunch, dinner, AM snack, and PM snack. To assess differences in intake by age, sex, race/ethnicity, head of household education level, and WIC eligibility, t-tests were used in SAS 9.4, accounting for complex survey design.ResultsOn a given day, 81.3% of infants and toddlers consumed any fruits or vegetables. Fewer 6–11-month-old (62.3%) infants ate any fruits or vegetables on a given day compared with 12–17-month (90.1%) and 18–23-month-old (93.6%) toddlers. Snack times had the lowest prevalence of any fruit or vegetable consumption (AM snack: 18.8%; PM snack: 40.5%). For all age groups, any consumption of fruits or vegetables increased throughout the day by main mealtime (breakfast: 46.4%; lunch: 59.6%; dinner: 66.6%). For main mealtimes, prevalence of any fruit or vegetable intake was lower in infants aged 6–11 months compared with toddlers aged 12–17 and 18–23 months (breakfast: 6–11 months, 33.0%, 12–17 months, 55.5%, 18–23 months, 52.0%; lunch: 6–11 months, 42.7%, 12–17 months, 68.5%, 18–23 months, 69.5%; dinner: 6–11 months, 47.5%, 12–18 months, 74.3%, 18–23 months, 80.2%). At breakfast, lunch, and dinner, the percentage of infants and toddlers who consumed any fruits or vegetables was higher among families in which the head of household had a college degree or above compared with less than a high school degree. Prevalence of fruit or vegetable intake was significantly lower for those who were eligible for WIC (breakfast: 42.5%; lunch: 54.8%; dinner: 63.1%) compared with those who were ineligible for WIC (breakfast: 51.6%; lunch: 65.3%; dinner: 71.0%).ConclusionsFour out of 5 infants and toddlers consumed any fruits or vegetables on a given day. This analysis identified breakfast and AM snack as eating occasions with the lowest prevalence of any fruit or vegetable consumption. These eating occasions could be a target for introduction or increasing fruit or vegetable consumption among infants and toddlers.Funding SourcesNone.

A Household-Based Survey of Iodine Nutrition in Moroccan Children Shows Iodine Sufficiency at the National Level But Risk of Deficient Intakes in Mountainous Areas.

Historically, mountainous areas of Morocco have been affected by endemic goiter and severe iodine deficiency. In 1995, Morocco legislated salt iodization to reduce iodine deficiency. There has been no national survey of iodine nutrition in school-age children for nearly 3 decades. Our aim was to assess iodine nutrition in a national sample of 6–12-year-old children in Morocco to inform the national salt iodization strategy. In this cross-sectional household-based survey, we randomly recruited healthy 6–12-year-old children from 180 clusters in four geographic zones (north and east, central, north and south) covering the 12 regions of Morocco. A questionnaire was completed, including socio-economic status and parental level of education. In addition, anthropometric measurements were taken to assess nutrition status, and a spot urine sample was collected to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC). A total of 3118 households were surveyed, and 1043 eligible children were recruited, 56% from urban areas and 44% from rural areas. At the national level, the percentage of surveyed samples with UIC < 50 μg/L was 21.6% (19.2%; 24.2%), which exceeds the WHO suggestion of no more than 20% of samples below 50 μg/L, despite an adequate level of median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) at 117.4 µg/L (110.2; 123.3). There were no statistically significant differences in mUIC comparing urban vs. rural areas and socio-economic status. However, the mUIC was significantly lower in the central (high-altitude non-coastal) zone (p < 0.004), where the mUIC (95% CI) was deficient at 89.2 µg/L (80.8; 102.9). There was also a significant difference in the mUIC by head of household education level (p = 0.008). The mUIC in Moroccan children >100 µg/L indicates iodine sufficiency at the national level. However, the percentage of surveyed samples with UIC < 50 μg/L above suggests that a significant proportion of children remain at risk for iodine deficiency, and it appears those at greatest risk are residing in the central (high altitude non-coastal) zone. A national level mUIC value may conceal discrepancies in iodine intake among different sub-groups, including those defined by geographic region.

An Analysis of Household Foods Demand in Rural Burundi

This study was aimed to investigate the roles of income and other socioeconomic variables such as household size, land size, head of household education level, raising the animals, source of income on food demand in rural Burundi. The demands for food and nutrients among the households in rural Burundi were examined using a recent survey done by the authors. An almost ideal demand system (AIDS) was employed to estimate the price and expenditure elasticities and the impact of socioeconomic variables on food demand patterns. An econometric model was then used to analyze the determinants of food demand. The estimated expenditure elasticities for the food groups range from 0.64 for oils to 1.36 for meats. These outcomes showed that there is a higher expenditure elasticities for meats, fish, and animal products, as well as cereals and grains. The results showed that the income and other socioeconomic variables exerted significant effects on food demand. The income and other socioeconomic variables exerted a significant impact on the food demand, and higher expenditure elasticity for food group items will increase remarkably with rising income.

Added Sugars Intake among US Infants and Toddlers

BackgroundLimited information is available on added sugars consumption in US infants and toddlers. ObjectivesTo present national estimates of added sugars intake among US infants and toddlers by sociodemographic characteristics, to identify top sources of added sugars, and to examine trends in added sugars intake. DesignCross-sectional analysis of 1 day of 24-hour dietary recall data. Participants/settingA nationally representative sample of US infants aged 0 to 11 months and toddlers aged 12 to 23 months (n=1,211) during the period from 2011 through 2016 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Trends were assessed from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 (n=2,795). Main outcome measuresAmong infants and toddlers, the proportion consuming any added sugars, the average amount of added sugars consumed, percent of total energy from added sugars, and top sources of added sugars intake. Statistical analysisPaired t tests were used to compare differences by age, sex, race/Hispanic origin, family income level, and head of household education level. Trends were tested using orthogonal polynomials. Significance was set at P<0.05. ResultsDuring 2011 to 2016, 84.4% of infants and toddlers consumed added sugars on a given day. A greater proportion of toddlers (98.3%) consumed added sugars than infants (60.6%). The mean amount of added sugars toddlers consumed was also more compared with infants (5.8 vs 0.9 tsp). Non-Hispanic black toddlers (8.2 tsp) consumed more added sugars than non-Hispanic Asian (3.7 tsp), non-Hispanic white (5.3 tsp), and Hispanic (5.9 tsp) toddlers. A similar pattern was observed for percent energy from added sugars. For infants, top sources of added sugars were yogurt, baby food snacks/sweets, and sweet bakery products; top sources among toddlers were fruit drinks, sugars/sweets, and sweet bakery products. The mean amount of added sugars decreased from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 for both age groups; however, percent energy from added sugars only decreased among infants. ConclusionAdded sugars intake was observed among infants/toddlers and varied by age and race and Hispanic origin. Added sugars intake, as a percent of energy, decreased only among infants from 2005 to 2016.

A subnational profiling analysis reveals regional differences as the main predictor of ITN ownership and use in Nigeria

BackgroundTo reduce the malaria burden in Nigeria, the country is scaling up prevention and treatment interventions, especially household ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Nevertheless, large gaps remain to achieve the goals of the National Malaria Strategic Plan 2014–2020 of universal access to ITNs and their increased use. To inform the targeting of intervention strategies and to maximize impact, the authors conducted a sub-national profiling of household ITN ownership and use in the general population to identify key predictors of ITN ownership and use, and the sub-groups that are at higher risk of low ITN coverage and use.MethodsThe authors conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2015 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey. Using the Chi square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) and multiple logistic regression analysis, the authors examined the key predictors of ITN ownership and use in the general population throughout Nigeria.ResultsThe CHAID models identified region of the country as the best predictor of household ownership of at least one ITN and its use in the general population, with higher ownership and use observed in the northern regions. The odds of a household owning an ITN were five times greater in the North West region compared with the North Central region (odds ratio [OR] = 5.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.46–6.72, p < 0.001). The odds of ITN use were two times greater for those living in the North West region compared with the North Central region (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.73–2.41, p < 0.001). Other significant predictors were household size, head of household education level, household wealth quintile, and place of residence. The CHAID gain index results identified households in the South West, North Central and South Central regions with low ITN ownership, and the general population in the South South, South East and North Central regions with low ITN use.ConclusionsThis study reveals regional differences in ITN ownership and use in Nigeria. Therefore, the findings from this analysis provide evidence that could inform the NMEP to better target future campaign and routine distribution of ITNs, to achieve universal access and increased use by 2020 in Nigeria.

Allergic Sensitization Is Associated with Decreased Risk of ED Visits and Hospitalizations for Pain in Sickle Cell Disease

Rationale: Lower airway disease is common in pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD) and is often diagnosed as asthma. This condition may be a risk factor for acute chest syndrome (ACS) and pain episodes. There are conflicting data about whether SCD-associated lower airway disease is due to allergic inflammation, as is typical in non-SCD childhood asthma. However, transgenic SCD mouse models have suggested a propensity toward allergic inflammation, and a recent study in children with SCD suggested allergic sensitization was associated with increased risk of acute chest syndrome (ACS). Allergic sensitization may be a risk factor for pulmonary inflammation and may trigger pain episodes. We hypothesized that allergic sensitization to a panel of indoor allergens would be associated with more frequent ED visits and hospitalizations for pain, ACS, and asthma symptoms in children and adolescents with SCD.Methods: Patients were recruited from two large academic children's hospitals. Ninety-nine participants with SCD ages 5-21 who were not receiving chronic exchange transfusions completed pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry and allergy testing at a baseline visit. Allergen-specific IgE in blood was measured to Alternaria, Aspergillus, cat, cockroach, dog, dust mite (D. farinae), and mouse urine protein; we examined baseline characteristics by stratified groups (not sensitized vs. sensitized to one or more allergens) via t-tests, chi square, and Mann-Whitney U tests; we created a count variable with number of sensitizations. ED visits and hospitalizations were reviewed retrospectively two years prior to study entry. Asthma was defined as physician diagnosis in medical records plus at least one home asthma medication (albuterol or controller/preventative medication). We used negative binomial models to examine relationships between atopy [number of positive specific IgE (³0.35kU/L)] and the number of ED visits and hospitalizations, adjusting for age, sex, hydroxyurea use, and head of household (HOH) education level. FEV1 and positive bronchodilator response (³10%) were compared via multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression.Results: Participants were 41% male, 66% HbSS or HbSb0 genotype, 52% on hydroxyurea, and 32% had a HOH with a high school education or less [Table]. Twenty-eight percent had a physician diagnosis of asthma, and 57% (N=56) were sensitized to at least one allergen. Allergic sensitization was associated with decreased risk of total ED visits1 (IRR 0.80[0.66-0.97] p=0.022), ED visits for pain (IRR 0.80[0.67-0.97] p=0.019), and fever (IRR 0.63[0.45-0.88] p=0.007), but not associated with a significant difference in ED visits for asthma or ACS. Allergic sensitization was neither associated with differences in rates of hospitalization (total, or for pain, fever, ACS, or asthma) nor with differences in FEV1 percent predicted, FEV1/FVC ratio, or positive bronchodilator response.Conclusions: In a population of children with SCD, allergic sensitization was associated with decreased risk of ED visits (total, for pain, and for fever). The mechanism for an association between atopy and a less severe phenotype of SCD is unclear. These findings point to potential differences in immunologic endotype/phenotype and add support to the hypothesis that lower airway disease in children with SCD has a different mechanism than typical childhood atopic asthma. Further investigation into the immunologic phenotypes and mechanisms of lower airway disease in children with SCD is warranted.1All IRR presented are per allergen, adjusted for age, sex, hydroxyurea use, and HOH education level; 95% confidence interval. [Display omitted] DisclosuresStrouse:Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy.

Prevalence of Obesity Among Youths by Household Income and Education Level of Head of Household - United States 2011-2014.

Obesity prevalence varies by income and education level, although patterns might differ among adults and youths (1-3). Previous analyses of national data showed that the prevalence of childhood obesity by income and education of household head varied across race/Hispanic origin groups (4). CDC analyzed 2011-2014 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to obtain estimates of childhood obesity prevalence by household income (≤130%, >130% to ≤350%, and >350% of the federal poverty level [FPL]) and head of household education level (high school graduate or less, some college, and college graduate). During 2011-2014 the prevalence of obesity among U.S. youths (persons aged 2-19 years) was 17.0%, and was lower in the highest income group (10.9%) than in the other groups (19.9% and 18.9%) and also lower in the highest education group (9.6%) than in the other groups (18.3% and 21.6%). Continued progress is needed to reduce disparities, a goal of Healthy People 2020. The overall Healthy People 2020 target for childhood obesity prevalence is <14.5% (5).

Nutritional status of urban adolescents: individual, household and neighborhood factors based on data from The BH Health Study.

The increasing prevalence of overweight in young people suggests that adolescent nutritional status is influenced by environmental factors. Using hierarchical modelling, this study aimed to analyse the association between individual, household and neighborhood factors and adolescent nutritional status and well-being. The study used data from a population-based household survey conducted in Belo Horizonte, the capital of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. Data was obtained from an adult and adolescent in each household using a confidential questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Adolescent nutritional status was evaluated using multinomial regression analysis considering distal and proximal influences. The prevalence of overweight and thinness among the sample of 1,030 adolescents was 21.9% and 4.6%, respectively. Although variables from all blocks remained in the final model, head of household education level, family habits and family nutritional status were shown to strongly influence adolescent nutritional status. New approaches to public health are needed which focus on raising awareness and promoting health education targeting teenagers and their social context.

Socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence publics' awareness on the different forms of renewable energy sources

Public awareness of renewable energy sources can offer multiple benefits, as it can contribute to the social acceptance of projects based on these energy sources and to the overall improvement of consumers' energy behaviour. The objective of the present study is to examine the demographic and socioeconomic factors that determine someone's knowledge on different forms of renewable energy, based on data from a survey that took place in the summer of 2012 in Greece. The most known renewable energy forms are solar and wind energy, followed by geothermal, hydropower and biomass. The lesser known forms are tidal, wave and ocean thermal energy. Factors having a statistically significant relation with the different forms of renewable energy are gender, age, education level, head of household education level, environmentally friendly behaviour and having an occupation, studies or interests related to environment, technology or engineering.

Abstract P254: The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Childhood Obesity and Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a global epidemic with implications of future health problems including dyslipidemia. Recent studies suggest that socioeconomic status (SES) is inversely associated with adolescent weight in developed countries. No such patterns have been found linking SES with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH), which is an inherited disorder of high low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The goal of this study was to explore parental SES associations with childhood obesity and FH in a rural Appalachian population. Methods: Data included 52,002 5th grade children from the Coronary Artery Risk Detection in Appalachian Communities (CARDIAC) project. Body Mass Index (BMI) was defined as the percentage difference from median BMI (BMI%diff) corrected for age and gender. LDL was obtained via fasting lipid profiles. FH was defined as LDL ≥190mg/dl. SES was determined by self-reported head of household education level (including 8th grade education, some high school, high school graduate or GED, some college, college graduate, and completed graduate school). Analysis included ANOVAs with pairwise comparisons using Tukey’s HSD and nonparametric procedures. Results: There was a clear inverse relationship between SES and obesity as shown in Figure 1; all pairwise comparisons were significant (p&lt;0.0001). The prevalence of FH was 0.2%; there were no significant association with the SES groups. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between higher weight status (after controlling for age and gender) and lower SES, but no moderating relationship of SES on FH. The prevalence of obesity is generally higher in Appalachian children than the rest of the country; identifying modifiable risk factors play an important role in treatment. Targeting initiatives to combat childhood obesity within the context of SES may be the optimal approach leading to better future outcomes - especially in children with additional co- morbidities like FH.

Head of household education level as a factor influencing whether delivery takes place in the presence of a skilled birth attendant in Busia, Uganda: a cross-sectional household study

BackgroundAssistance during delivery by a skilled attendant is recommended as a means to reduce child and maternal mortality. Globally, higher levels of maternal education have been associated with better health behaviours at delivery. However, given that heads of households tend to be the decision makers regarding accessing healthcare, some educated mothers may find themselves prevented from accessing healthcare at the point of delivery.MethodsWe examined the association between head of household education level and health seeking behaviours at delivery across a sample of 392 households. Chi-squared analysis and odds ratios were calculated to measure the strength of the relationship between no, some primary, or some secondary or higher education attained by the head of household and the presence or absence of a skilled birth attendant at that child’s birth, and whether the birth took place at a health facility.ResultsHeads of household (n = 392) were predominantly male (93.4% [(90.9%, 95.8%), a = 0.05]). We found a significant difference in skilled birth attendance between heads of households with some primary education and heads of household with some secondary education or higher (χ2 (1) = 6.231, p <0.05) whereby those with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to seek a skilled birth attendant (OR = 1.5,[1.1,2.1]). The difference in health centre delivery between heads of household with a primary education and heads of household with a secondary or higher education was also significant (χ2 (1) = 7.519, p <0.05). Those with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to deliver in a health facility (OR = 1.6,[1.2,2.1]).ConclusionsThe results of our analysis, which identified the vast majority of heads of households as men, suggests that education, or rather limited or a lack of education for the head of household, may be a barrier to women’s use of health care in Uganda and therefore reinforces the need to increase educational access among male heads of households. Improving the rates of health centre deliveries and utilization of services provided by skilled health workers might lie, in part, in increasing overall education levels of heads of households, specifically the education of male heads of households.

A population-based serologic survey of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents in the United States.

To provide more accurate estimates of Helicobacter pylori infection in the US population, IgG antibody levels were measured in serum from 2581 persons aged 6-19 years examined during phase 1 of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Overall, 24.8% of participants had evidence of H. pylori infection. Infection was strongly associated with increasing age (chi 2 trend, P < .01) and being nonwhite (17.0% of non-Hispanic whites vs. 40.1% of non-Hispanic blacks and 42.0% of Mexican Americans infected). In a multivariate logistic regression model, H. pylori infection was significantly associated with increasing age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07/year), being nonwhite (non-Hispanic black OR = 2.6 or Mexican American OR = 1.8), poverty (OR = 1.5), crowding (OR = 5.6), and head of household education level (OR = 1.8). In Mexican Americans, infection was associated with birth outside the United States or Canada in the univariate analyses but was not significantly associated after adjustment for age, poverty, crowding, and head of household education level.