HCl Cell Research Articles

Chemical Inhibition for Steel Corrosion in Succinic acid at Different Temperature

The steel infrastructure is continuously under corrosive attack in most environmental and industrial conditions. There is an ongoing search for environmentally friendly, highly effective inhibitor compounds that can provide a protective action in situations ranging from the marine environment to oil and gas pipelines. The corrosion inhibition of transmission steel in 1M HCl cell in the presence of succinic acid at temperatures (20,30,40,50 and 60) °C at concentrations within the range (10−6- 10−4) M for two hours using the weight loss method (WLM). The results showed that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration and increases with temperature up to 60°C. The activation significance of the corrosion rates was calculated as the activation energy Ea, the change of the activation entropy ΔH, and the change in the activation entropy ΔS. Also, results show that the inhibition efficiency was increased with the increase of inhibitor concentration and increased with the increase of temperature up to 60°C. Activation parameters of the corrosion process include activation energies (Ea), activation enthalpies (ΔH), and activation entropies (ΔS). The results also showed that the adsorption of the inhibitor is subjected to the Langmuir law, and the maximum efficiency reached approximately 97% at 60°C in the 10−4M inhibitor concentration.

New ground-based Fourier-transform near-infrared solar absorption measurements of XCO<sub>2</sub>, XCH<sub>4</sub> and XCO at Xianghe, China

Abstract. The column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2), CH4 (XCH4) and CO (XCO) have been measured with a Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer at Xianghe (39.75∘ N, 116.96∘ E, north China) since June 2018. This paper presents the site, the characteristics of the FTIR system and the measurements. The instrumental setup follows the guidelines of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON): the near-infrared spectra are recorded by an InGaAs detector together with a CaF2 beam splitter, and the HCl cell measurements are recorded regularly to derive the instrument line shape (ILS) showing that the instrument is correctly aligned. The TCCON standard retrieval code (GGG2014) is applied to retrieve XCO2, XCH4 and XCO. The resulting time series between June 2018 and July 2019 are presented, and the observed seasonal cycles and day-to-day variations in XCO2, XCH4 and XCO at Xianghe are discussed. In addition, the paper shows comparisons between the data products retrieved from the FTIR measurements at Xianghe and co-located Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite observations. The comparison results appear consistent with validation results obtained at TCCON sites for XCO2 and XCH4, while for XCO they highlight the occurrence of frequent high-pollution events. As Xianghe lies in a polluted area in north China where there are currently no TCCON sites, this site can fill the TCCON gap in this region and expand the global coverage of the TCCON measurements. The Xianghe FTIR XCO2, XCH4 and XCO data can be obtained at https://doi.org/10.18758/71021049 (Yang et al., 2019).

Molecular Remissions with Anti-CD22 Recombinant Immunotoxin Moxetumomab Pasudotox Are Associated with Improved Complete Remission Durations during Phase I and III Testing

BACKGROUNDHairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an indolent B-cell malignancy strongly expressing CD22, with high sensitivity to purine analog chemotherapy, but relapses frequently occur, associated with minimal residual disease (MRD). Targeted non-chemotherapeutic approaches have shown efficacy but leave MRD. Moxetumomab pasudotox is an anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin recently reported in relapsed/refractory HCL to achieve 57% and 51% complete remission (CR) rates in phase 1 and 3 testing, respectively. Eradication of MRD by bone marrow flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry was associated with improved CR duration. We have previously reported that Taqman real-time quantitative PCR (RQPCR), which amplifies patient- and HCL-specific B-cell immunoglobulin rearrangements (IGHV), can detect one HCL cell in 106 normal cells. In the present study we determined whether MRD eradication measured by RQPCR is associated with improved CR duration. METHODSA total of 28 patients achieving CR to moxetumomab pasudotox in phase 1 (n=18) and phase 3 (n=10) trials were studied at the National Institutes of Health by multicolor flow cytometry of the bone marrow aspirate (BMA) and blood. Patients received moxetumomab pasudotox at 40-50 mcg/Kg on days 1, 3 and 5 of 2-7 cycles (median 5) at 4-week intervals. Blood and bone marrow samples were obtained to determine CR. In addition to end of treatment, bone marrow samples for MRD were generally obtained every 6-12 months for 2.5 years, then every other year. Blood flow cytometry was obtained every 6 months for 2.5 years, then yearly. Follow-up (time since treatment initiation) was 26.9-121.8 (median 84) months. For this analysis, CR for each bone marrow time point was determined by standard criteria for all patients independent of specific data-reporting requirements and data cut-off time points. RQPCR testing for each patient required cloning the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions and designing sequence-specific primers and probes. RNA samples were made from PAXgene tubes of blood and sodium-heparin tubes of BMA. RESULTSWe found that BMA RQPCR was most sensitive, followed by BMA flow cytometry, blood RQPCR, and blood flow cytometry. Of the 28 patients studied, 12 (43%) achieved MRD-free CR by all 4 tests and 2 of 12 patients (17%) relapsed. Seven (25%) were MRD+ by BMA RQPCR but negative by the other 3 studies, and none relapsed. One patient RQPCR+ and flow-negative in both blood and BMA relapsed. Seven patients flow-negative but RQPCR+ in blood, flow+ in BMA, and either BMA RQPCR+ or RQPCR not done, all relapsed. One patient with BMA RQPCR not done and the other 3 studies positive relapsed. With respect to RQPCR of blood as a single test, 3 of 20 negative vs 8 of 8 positive patients relapsed (p<0.001). Median CR duration was 13.0 months in blood RQPCR+ patients, vs not reached in blood RQPCR-negative patients, 17 (85%) of whom remain in CR at 11.6-112.9 (median 53) months of follow-up. With respect to BMA status, 2 of 12 patients negative vs 9 of 16 patients positive by either flow or RQPCR relapsed (p=0.054), and the 12 BMA MRD-negative patients had longer CR duration than the other 16 patients (p=0.018). CONCLUSIONSRQPCR negativity of blood is strongly associated with prolonged CR duration after moxetumomab pasudotox and may be a useful measure of MRD when bone marrow studies cannot be done. Additional testing will be needed to determine if blood RQPCR can be used to determine the optimal number of cycles of immunotoxin to administer. BMA RQPCR, though more sensitive than blood RQPCR, was not as useful due to fewer patients being evaluable and more time needed for BMA-RQPCR+ patients to relapse. Additional testing and follow-up may determine if BMA RQPCR negativity will correlate significantly with CR duration. [Display omitted] DisclosuresYao:MedImmune: Employment. Marshall:MedImmume: Employment. Pastan:NIH: Patents & Royalties: Co-inventor on the NIH patent for Moxetumomab Pasudotox. Kreitman:NIH: Patents & Royalties: Co-inventor on the NIH patent for Moxetumomab Pasudotox.

Evidence base of Mistletoe drug -interaction in Supportive- care.

e20746 Background: Mistletoe is often used as complimentary therapy in Europe . There is an increasing need to learn more about possible interactions between CAM and anticancer drugs. Like other Herbal extracts etc. , Viscum Album extract [VAE] is used as supportive care during chemotherapy. The anti-tumor effects of VAE are well documented . However the clinical activity of VAE treatment still remains contraversal. The effect of VAE was investigated with common chemo-drugs usings different cell lines in vitro . Methods: Human leukemia cell lines K562 and KG1a were treated with Vincistrin, Mafosfamide, Idarubicine and Cisplatin. Breast cell carcinoma cell lines HCC1937 and HCC1143were treated with Doxorubicin HCl , prostate carcinoma cell line DU145, with Docetaxel and Mitoxantrone HCl and lung carcinoma cell line NCL-H460 was treated with Docetaxal and Cispaltin . Each dose of chemotherapeutic drug was combined with VAE in clinically relavent concentrations and proliferaton and apoptosis were measured. Results: VAE inhibited colony formation and did not exert any protective activity against induced inhibition of colongenicity .VAE did not inhibit chemotherapy induced cytostasis and cytotoxicity in any of experimental settings . Conclusions: The study provides evidence that VAE is capable of enhancing cytotxicity of antcancer agents in vitro. Hence no risk of safety by herb drug- interactions is to be expected from the exposition of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and VAE at the same time. The study shows moderate to high evidence and further studies are warrented for clinical trial with optimized study design and treatment conditions.

Expression of group B protective surface protein (BPS) by invasive and colonizing isolates of group B streptococci.

Group B protective surface protein (BPS) is expressed on the cell surface of some group B streptococcal (GBS) (Streptococcus agalactiae) strains and adds to the identification by capsular polysaccharide (CPS), and c or R proteins. We investigated the prevalence of BPS among GBS clinical isolates (303 invasive, 4122 colonizing) collected over 11 years in four American cities. Hot HCl cell extracts were tested by immunoprecipitation in agarose with rabbit antisera to BPS; the alpha (α) and beta (β) components of c protein; R1, R3, and R4 species of R protein; and CPS serotypes Ia-VIII. BPS was found in 155 isolates (seven invasive, 148 colonizing). Of these, 87 were Ia, 37 II, 20 V; none were III. BPS was expressed usually with another protein: a species of R by 87 or a component of c by 39. The predominant CPS/protein profiles with BPS were Ia/R1,BPS and II/c(α + β),BPS. Thus, along with CPS serotype and other surface proteins, BPS can be a valuable marker for precise strain characterization of unique GBS clinical isolates with complex surface protein profiles.

Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitor Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) Blocks Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) Survival, Proliferation, and BCR Signaling: A New Therapeutic Approach for HCL

AbstractAbstract 1802Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an indolent B-cell malignancy characterized by marked splenomegaly, progressive pancytopenia, and BRAF V600E mutation as a disease-defining genetic event. Currently, treatment with purine nucleoside analogues lead to remission in nearly all patients, however most patients eventually progress and may became purine analogue-resistant after multiple courses; therefore, new targeted therapy approaches for HCL are needed. B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is involved in pathogenesis and progression of several B-cell malignancies. Upon antigen stimulation, the BCR initiates activation of a signaling cascade including the kinases Lyn and Syk, causing downstream BTK activation. BTK is also known to be involved in signaling of chemokine receptors (CXCR4, CXCR5) and adhesion molecules that are important for B-cell migration and tissue homing. Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) is a selective, irreversible BTK inhibitor (IC50= 0.5 nM) that has demonstrated clinical activity in phase I and II studies in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma.The importance of BTK in BCR signaling in hairy cell leukemia has not yet been characterized. Here, we explored the role of BTK and the activity of Ibrutinib in BCR signaling in HCL cell lines and primary HCL cells. We found BTK expression at the protein level in HCL cell lines (ESKOL and HC-1) and RAMOS control B cells. In cell growth and XTT assays, we found a significantly inhibition of HCL growth and proliferation with Ibrutinib at 0.5 μM, 1 μM and 5 μM concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. In accordance with these findings, we noticed a dose dependent S phase reduction by Ibrutinib, assessed by BrdU incorporation. Ibrutinib had no effects on HCL cell line viability in apoptosis assays after 24 or 48hs of incubation with Ibrutinib. Next, we tested effects of Ibrutinib on signaling after BCR triggering with anti-IgM or anti-IgA. Treatment with 1μM Ibrutinib reduced levels of BCR-induced phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT. Also, we demonstrated significant reductions in levels of BCR-induced chemokines (CCL3, CCL4) in HCL supernatants, which function as a surrogate marker for BCR activation. Primary HCL cells from 8 patients were tested for Ibrutinib-induced apoptosis. Here, we found a significantly reduction in HCL viability after 48 h of incubation, as shown in the figure. Similar results were obtained with the XTT assay, which was performed in parallel. To study effects of Ibrutinib on BCR signaling and activation in primary HCL cells, we performed immunoblot analysis after BCR triggering and measured CCL3 and CCL4 levels in HCL supernatants. Ibrutinib inhibited activation of BTK, ERK and ATK and significantly reduced levels of CCL3 and CCL4 (see Figure). Collectively, our studies demonstrate that Ibrutinib inhibits BCR signaling in primary HCL cell and HCL cell lines, and significantly diminishes HCL survival and proliferation. These data provide a strong rationale for testing the clinical activity of this new, targeted and well-tolerated agent in patients with HCL. [Display omitted] Disclosures:Buggy:Pharmacyclics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Burger:Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Research Funding.

A new fully automated FTIR system for total column measurements of greenhouse gases

Abstract. This article introduces a new fully automated FTIR system that is part of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). It will provide continuous ground-based measurements of column-averaged volume mixing ratio for CO2, CH4 and several other greenhouse gases in the tropics. Housed in a 20-foot shipping container it was developed as a transportable system that could be deployed almost anywhere in the world. We describe the automation concept which relies on three autonomous subsystems and their interaction. Crucial components like a sturdy and reliable solar tracker dome are described in detail. The automation software employs a new approach relying on multiple processes, database logging and web-based remote control. First results of total column measurements at Jena, Germany show that the instrument works well and can provide parts of the diurnal as well as seasonal cycle for CO2. Instrument line shape measurements with an HCl cell suggest that the instrument stays well-aligned over several months. After a short test campaign for side by side intercomaprison with an existing TCCON instrument in Australia, the system will be transported to its final destination Ascension Island.

A Comparison of Physical Properties, Screening Procedures and a Human Efficacy Trial for Predicting the Bioavailability of Commercial Elemental Iron Powders used for Food Fortification

Elemental iron powders are widely used to fortify staple foods. Experimental evidence indicates that there is considerable variation in the bioavailability of different products. For some powders, it may be too low to permit a significant impact on iron status. This study was designed to evaluate possible approaches to screening commercial iron powders for predicted bioavailability, to identify products that have the potential to improve iron status, and to ascertain whether bioavailability is related to the method of manufacture. Nine commercial iron powders were allocated to one of five types based on the production process; carbonyl, electrolytic, hydrogen-reduced (H-reduced), carbon monoxide-reduced (CO-reduced), and other reduced. Structure by scanning electron microscopy and physical properties (pycnometric and apparent density, particle size distribution, Fisher subsieve size, and surface area) were determined on all samples. Selected samples (one or more of each type depending on the cost of the assay) were then subjected to five screening procedures that have previously been advocated for predicting bioavailability in humans--issolution rate in 0.1 mol/L HCl, dialyzability and Caco-2 cell iron uptake, both after simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, relative bioavailability (RBV) with respect to ferrous sulfate by the AOAC rat hemoglobin repletion method, and plasma iron tolerance tests in human volunteers. The results for particle size distribution, surface area, Fisher subsieve size, dissolution rate in 0.1 mol/L HCl, and RBV in rats were significantly correlated and consistent for powders of the same type. However, values for different powder types were significantly different. There was no correlation between either dialyzability or Caco-2 cell uptake and the predicted bioavailability estimates based on the physical properties, dissolution rates, RBV in rats, or human efficacy data. Although human plasma iron tolerance tests were in general agreement with the other measures of predicted bioavailability, they did not provide information that would have improved the precision of bioavailability estimates based on physical properties, dissolution in HCl and/or RBV in rats. Our observations indicate that the dissolution rate in 0.1 mol/L HCI under standardized conditions is highly predictive of potential bioavailability and that it would be the most practical approach to developing a reliable and sensitive screening procedure for predicting and monitoring the bioavailability of commercial elemental iron powder products. Some, but not all, of the carbonyl and electrolytic iron powders had the highest predicted bioavailability values. The predicted bioavailability for the reduced iron products was lower and variable, with the lowest values being recorded for the carbon monoxide and other reduced iron products. Two powder types were selected for a human efficacy trial, electrolytic (because it is the iron powder type recommended by WHO) and hydrogen-reduced (because of its widespread use). Electrolytic/A131 and H-reduced/AC-325 had relative efficacies compared with ferrous sulfate monohydrate of 77% and 49%, respectively, based on the change in body iron stores in Thai women with low iron stores, who received an additional 12 mg iron per day, six days per week for 35 weeks in wheat-based snacks. We conclude that there is significant variability in the bioavailability of the commercial iron powders that we evaluated (those used for food fortification at the time that our studies were initiated), and that bioavailability is related in part to production method. The bioavailability of some carbonyl and electrolytic iron powders may be adequate for effective food fortification. The reduced iron powders that we tested are unlikely to have an adequate impact on iron nutrition at the fortification levels currently employed, although preliminary analysis of a new H-reduced product indicates that it may be possible to improve the bioavailability of individual powders of this type of product. We did find significant differences among products in both the electrolytic and carbonyl categories. Therefore, all products should be screened rigorously.

Variation in growth of Group B streptococci (GBS) and capsular polysaccharide production according to the manufacturing source of Todd-Hewitt broth

For quality assurance, we studied Todd-Hewitt broth (THB) from three manufacturing sources, since lot-to-lot variation of a medium can influence growth characteristics. We compared our current lot of Bacto THB with a lot from the new company, and a lot from a third manufacturer. All three had essentially the same chemical composition, except for the exact designation of quantity and source of heart infusion and peptone. Growth of GBS serotypes in the three sources of THB, with and without yeast supplementation, was assessed at several points in the growth curve by measuring absorbance and quantitation of colony-forming units. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) production was examined by double immunodiffusion in agarose slides (Ouchterlony) using HCl cell extracts. While growth in the three lots was similar during log phase, the immunoprecipitin lines were more intense when strains were grown in our current THB. Addition of 1% yeast extract to any of the three lots enhanced absorbance and CFU counts, but reduced the quality of the precipitin lines. The inverse correlation between growth kinetics and intensity of the immunoprecipitin reactions may be due to modifications in the formulation of the three sources of THB, resulting in differences in the amount and/or composition of CPS.

The standard potential for the hydrogen-silver, silver chloride electrode in synthetic seawater

The characterization of acid-base equilibria in seawater requires the measurement of the pH using buffers that have been calibrated using the H2, Pt Ag, AgCl electrode system. The calculation of the pH of these buffers and the dissociation constants of acids in seawater requires a knowledge of the standard potential for seawater with added HCl. In this study we present measurements of the standard potential for the AgCl(s) + 12H2(g) ⇎ Ag(s) + HCl(aq) cell reaction in synthetic seawater from 0 to 55°C and at salinities from 5 to 45. The measurements were made at various concentrations of HCl and the results extrapolated to the pure medium. The extrapolations were made by using the total proton scale, m∗(H+) = m(H+) + m(HSO4−). The measured emf values and the extrapolated standard cell potentials in seawater were in excellent agreement (±0.04 mV) with measurements of Khoo et al. and Dickson. The combined data can be used to evaluate the dissociation constants of acids and bases in seawater and to characterize the pH of seawater buffers for measurements at sea. Pitzer equations for seawater have been formulated from 0 to 55°C and I = 0 to 4 m that can be used to estimate the emf values for these solutions. The calculated emf values agree with the measured values in seawater without sulfate to ±0.08 mV. To make the estimates in seawater with sulfate it was necessary to use the experimental emf values to derive Pitzer parameters for Mg-HSO4− interactions. These parameters yield emf values that agree with the measured values on the average to ±0.06 mV from 0 to 45°C, S = 5 to 35, and added H+ to 0.04 mol/kg.

Interferon‐α‐induced changes in surface antigens in a hairy‐cell leukemia (JOK‐1)‘ and a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Daudi) during in vitro culture

In further studying the mechanism of action of IFN-alpha in HCL, we cultured the HCL cell line JOK-1 and the IFN-sensitive Burkitt cell line Daudi with and without IFN-alpha and investigated the changes in density of a number of surface antigens by use of mAb and flow cytometry analyses. During culture with IFN-alpha, reproducible changes were induced in both cell lines, which were qualitatively similar but differed quantitatively with small and transient changes in JOK-1. Significant decreases in surface antigen expression were observed for CD 19, 23, 37, and for IgM on both cell lines. Moreover, decreases were seen for CD 10, 22, 45, and MHC class II on Daudi, and for CD 20, 21, 27, and 40 on JOK-1. By contrast, only a few antigens increased in density, including CD 39, A96/G8 and SC9, on both cell lines, CD 22 on JOK-1, and CD 21 on Daudi. The increase in CD 39, A96/G8 and SC9 was probably directly related to the mechanism of action of IFN-alpha, whereas the other changes were most consistent with an unspecific inhibition of protein synthesis, possibly due to an accumulation of cells in G0, even though a differentiating effect cannot be ruled out. Thus, the unique in vivo effect of IFN-alpha in HCL was not paralleled by a specific direct effect on JOK-1 in vitro. Our findings therefore do not support the theory that IFN's mechanism of action in vivo is a direct effect on HC, but suggest that indirect effects are involved.