Hb Levels In Women Research Articles

Supplementation of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf capsules on hemoglobin levels in women of reproductive age with iron deficiency anemia in Malaka regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/DjGx56j9LiU Introduction: Women of reproductive age with anemia are recommended to take iron supplements and increase their intake of iron-rich food. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf is a potential plant containing high iron, which is simple to find in Indonesia. Aims: to determine the effectiveness of Moringa leaves supplementation in women of pro age. Methods: This type of research is an experiment with experimental research with pre-post test control group design. The sample was 119 subjects collected using purposive sampling according to the inclusion criteria. The study subjects were divided into 3 treatment groups: supplementation of Ferrous sulfate tablets 30 mg per day (Group P0); 3000 mg Moringa leaf capsules three times a day (3 x 1000 mg) (Group P1); and Moringa leaf capsules at a dose of 3000 mg three times a day (3 x 1000 mg) plus 30 mg ferrous sulfate tablets once daily (Group P2) for 60 days, then hemoglobin (Hb) levels were re-evaluated. Result: The Friedman test showed a mean Hb difference between the three measurement groups, which was statistically significant with p <0.05. The treatment group with P2 had the highest value of 4.74, followed by P1 and P0 of 4.71 and 4.65. Conclusion: Supplementation of Moringa leaf capsules at a dose of 3000 mg for 60 days may increase Hb levels in women of reproductive age with iron deficiency anemia.

Effectivity of Iron Supplementation With and Without Vitamin C for Increasing Hemoglobin Levels Among Women Aged 16-21 Years Old

Anemia can be caused by a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) levels, chronic disease, severe bleeding, nutritional deficiency, and infectious diseases. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia (50%). Vitamin C has an important role in increasing absorption of iron in the body which can indirectly affect the increase in Hb formation. This study was conducted to determine whether iron and vitamin C supplementation affect the changes of Hb levels in women. This study was done by quasi experimental with single blind pretest posttest control group and with a stratified random sampling technique. Respondents were female students in Faculty of Medicine UNIKA Atma Jaya. The total number of sample was 58 which was categorized into two groups. The first group was given iron and vitamin C supplementation. The second was only given iron supplementation. There were 16 respondents (27,6%) aged 16-18 and 42 respondents (72,4%) aged 19-21. The average change in Hb level before and after intervention in group 1 was 1,934 g/dL, and P = 0,000 (P <0,05), the average change in Hb level before and after intervention in group 2 was 1,086 g/dL, and P = 0,000 (P <0,05). The difference of change in Hb levels in groups 1 and 2 had an average of 0,848 g/dL, and P = 0,005 (P <0,05). For conclusion, Iron and vitamin C supplementation has a greater impact on the changes of Hb levels compared to iron supplementation only.

Iron and fecundity among Tsimane' women of Bolivia.

Background and objectivesIron is critical for women’s reproduction, and iron-deficiency anemia is a global health problem for mothers. While public health programs have aimed to correct iron deficiency in reproductive-aged women with supplementation, a small group of studies have shown that too much iron also has negative effects on birth outcomes. We hypothesize that women’s iron levels evolved within a narrow optimum, and predict that hemoglobin (Hb) levels would be associated with women’s fecundity.MethodologyWe used the publicly available, longitudinal Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study to test the association between -Hb levels and hazard of having a next birth (a measure of fecundity) among 116 parous, reproductive-aged Tsimane’ women of Bolivia. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to model Hb level and other predictors against the event of next birth across the observation period, which began at each woman’s previous birth.ResultsThe higher the Hb level, the lower the hazard of a woman giving birth within the study observation period (hazard ratio=0.82, P = 0.03). However, there was no evidence that low Hb reduced women’s fecundity.Conclusions and implicationsThese results demonstrate that high Hb influences women’s fecundity. These results supports the growing body of literature showing that iron metabolism is critical for understanding the evolution of women’s reproduction. More work is needed to determine the evolved optimal range of iron levels for reproductive-aged women.Lay summaryLower chance of pregnancy among Tsimane’ women with high Hb levels, suggesting evolved optimal Hb levels in women.

Pengaruh Asupan Protein dan Zat Besi (Fe) terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin pada Wanita Bekerja

Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin (Hb) is lower than the normal value according to age and sex of a person caused by certain factors, including intake of nutrients one protein and iron, with the percentage of women in Indonesia who have anemia amounted to 23,9%. The high prevalence is thought to be associated with low intake of protein and iron in women. This study aimed to measure the effect of protein intake and iron (Fe) to the hemoglobin in women working. This analytical study used cross-sectional design with 69 samples of working women conducted in Panteraja Sub-district Pidie Jaya District, in November-December 2016. Research variable that is protein and iron intake was measured used 24-hour recall in 2 days, and hemoglobin level was examined by easy touch. Data analysis is univariate and bivariate using Pearson correlation test. The results showed a significant influence of protein intake (p=0,000 and r=0,7) and iron intake (p=0,000 and r=0,6) on Hb levels in women working in Panteraja District with strong and patterned strength positive. It can be concluded that the intake of protein and iron has a strong effect on the increase of Hb level, that is the increase of protein and iron intake Hb level in woman work increasingly.

Blood group A mothers are more likely to develop anemia during antenatal intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

Incompatibility between parental platelet (PLT) antigens may lead to sensitization of mother and development of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) resulting in fetal thrombocytopenia. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) with or without prednisone is the most effective, evidence-based antenatal treatment for subsequent FNAIT-affected pregnancies. IVIG infusion causes hemolysis in other settings, the degree depending upon patient blood groups (BGs). In ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00194987, 102 pregnant women received randomized antenatal treatment: Arm A received 2g/kg/week IVIG; Arm B received 1 g/kg/week IVIG + 0.5 mg/kg/day prednisone. This post hoc analysis explored BG and anemia in 69 FNAIT mothers treated with Arm A or Arm B without salvage treatment to explore the effects of IVIG and steroid treatment on development of anemia in these women. Mothers whose treatment changed, for example, those with insufficient or unknown fetal PLT response who received salvage therapy, were excluded. For Arm A, 17 of 21 (hemoglobin [Hb]<10 g/dL) mothers with anemia but only three of 15 mothers without anemia had BG-A and/or BG-B (p=0.0005). BG was unrelated to anemia in Arm B; only nine of 33 Arm B mothers became anemic during treatment. The mean decrease in Hb level in women with BG-non-O was 1.9g/dL and in women with BG-O was 1.1 g/dL (p=0.004). Anemia was not caused by iron deficiency; the lowest mean corpuscular volume was 79. FNAIT women with BG-non-O more frequently develop anemia secondary to high-dose IVIG infusion (2g/kg/week), quite possibly from isohemagglutinin-mediated hemolysis; maternal Hb requires monitoring. IVIG at 1g/kg/week did not cause anemia in women with BG-non-O; concomitant prednisone likely alleviated the IVIG effect. Maternal BG could influence selection of antenatal treatment for FNAIT.

Comparison of intravenous ferrous sucrose and oral ferrous sulphate in treatment of postpartum iron deficiency anemia

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of intravenous ferrous sucrose, compared to oral ferrous sulphate in women with postpartum iron deficiency anemia (IDA).Methods: In a single center, randomized, controlled study, 352 patients with hemoglobin 9 gm/dl or less and serum ferritin of <15 μg/l two days after delivery were equally randomized to receive intravenous ferrous sucrose (up to three calculated replacement doses) or oral ferrous sulphate (150 mg twice daily for six weeks). Primary measures were to assess the rise in hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin.Results: By day 5, the Hb level in women treated with intravenous ferrous sucrose had rised from 8.48 ± 0.47 to 9.4 ± 0.56 gm/dl. Women treated with intravenous ferrous sucrose had significantly higher Hb levels on day 5, day 14 and day 40 (p < 0.01) than those treated with oral ferrous sulphate. Throughout the study, ferritin level rose rapidly in those treated with intravenous iron and remained significantly higher than in those treated with oral iron (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Intravenous ferrous sucrose increases Hb level more rapidly than ferrous sulphate in women with postpartum IDA. It also replenishes iron stores more rapidly with better tolerability.

PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN AN ELDERLY RURAL POPULATION OF NORTHERN INDIA

To the Editor: Worldwide, the rapidly rising population of elderly people (≥60) is emerging as an area of great importance and one of the major issues demanding special attention in the present millennium.1 Per United Nations estimates (2007), the world's population is on track to surpass 9 billion persons, and the number of elderly people will reach 2 billion by 2050.2 Anemia is one of the foremost and most common enemies of elderly people, and its prevalence increases with age.3, 4 Anemia in elderly people is associated with greater morbidity, mortality, and disability and poorer physical performance and muscle strength.5, 6 Anemia is widespread in elderly people in India, with a reported range of 27.2% to 93.7%.7, 8 Approximately 80% of elderly people in India are rural residents.9 Hence, keeping in mind the gravity and the exigency of the anemia problem, the present study was pursued with the main objective of determining the prevalence of anemia in an elderly rural population to facilitate initiation of appropriate interventions to control the problem. A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in a rural community development block of Haryana state in northern India with a population of approximately 100,000 in 24 villages served by 91 Anganwadi centers (centers to provide health, nutritional, and educational services to pregnant and lactating mothers and young children). Taking a conservative estimate of approximately 30% prevalence (p) of anemia in elderly people with 10% allowable error, the calculated sample size at a 95% confidence level was 933, which was rounded to 1,000. To obtain the required sample size assuming 6% to 7% of elderly people in study population, 15 of the 91 Anganwadi centers were selected randomly, covering a population of 15,760. All persons aged 60 and older in the sample study population who gave informed consent were included in the study. A pretested, semistructured schedule was used for collection of required data and blood samples in screw-capped tubes containing 5 mL of Drabkins reagent. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels were estimated using the cyanmethemoglobin method on the same day or occasionally the next morning in the Pathology Department of the Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak. The data collected and laboratory reports were analyzed and interpreted using SPSS software (version 7.0, SPSS Institute, Inc., Chicago, IL). Statistical analysis included percentages and the chi-square test. The Post Graduate Board of Studies in Medicine and Allied Sciences gave ethical approval of the study plan. Of a total 1,123 elderly people (558 men and 565 women), 1,005 (499 men, 506 women) could be contacted; of these, 497 men and 503 women gave informed consent for participation in the study and were included. Of the remaining 118, 27 died during the study period before being contacted, and 91 elderly could not be contacted even after repeated attempts. Using the World Health Organization criteria, more than 96% of the subjects were anemic, 50.4% with a Hb level less than 10 g% and 4.8% were severely anemic (Hb<7 g%) (Table 1). Hence, in terms of prevalence, the magnitude of the anemia problem was high (>40%), although in terms of severity, it was moderate (1–9%). Mean Hb level in women (9.40±0.07 g%) was approximately 1 g less than that of men (10.36±0.08 g%), and this difference was highly significant. Prevalence of anemia in women (96.6%) in the present study area was almost the same as reported in a previous study8 (93.7%), but was much higher in men (84.1% vs 33.3% in the previous study). Such a large difference in prevalence in men between the studies could not be explained with the available information, although it could be due to rural–urban differences. Another study7 reported the total prevalence of anemia in elderly men and women in urban areas of Bangalore as 27.2% with Hb less than 10 g%, versus 50.4% in the present study (Hb<10 g%). The comparative low prevalence could be due to a larger proportion of males (56% vs 44% women) in addition to urban factors in that study. A comparatively low prevalence of anemia in elderly people in developed nations (∼10% in most of the studies) indicated that anemia is a multidimensional disease interrelated with total development. India may take years to attain that level. The prevalence of anemia was extraordinarily high in an elderly rural population. The study made a strong case for investigating the causes of anemia in elderly people to initiate appropriate control measures. The authors sincerely acknowledge the participation of all of the elderly people in the study. Laboratory services extended by Pathology Department of the Institute are also thankfully acknowledged. Conflict of Interest: No financial, personal, or potential conflict was involved in the study. Author Contributions: All authors meet the criteria for authorship stated in the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. Sponsor's Role: None.

Intravenous versus oral iron therapy for postpartum anaemia

Postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is common in women. Most women are treated with either oral iron supplementation or blood transfusion. Hence, the aim of our study was to compare the effect of treatment with either oral ferrous sulphate or intravenous ferrous sucrose on postpartum IDA. A single centre, prospective randomised controlled trial. Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. Forty-four women with haemoglobin (Hb) of <9 g/dl and ferritin of <15 microgram/l at 24-48 hours postdelivery. Women were randomised to receive either oral ferrous sulphate 200 mg twice daily for 6 weeks (group O) or intravenous ferrous sucrose 200 mg (Venofer; Vifor International Ltd, St Gallen, Switzerland), two doses given on days 2 and 4 following recruitment (group I). were analysed by the Students t-test, chi-square test and analysis of variance. Hb, haematocrit, red cell indices, ferritin and serum iron levels were measured on days 0, 5, 14 and 40. Results By day 5, the Hb level in women treated with intravenous iron had risen from 7.3 +/- 0.9 to 9.9 +/- 0.7 g/dl, while there was no change in those treated with oral iron. Women treated with intravenous iron had significantly higher Hb levels on days 5 and 14 (P < 0.01) than those treated with oral iron; although by day 40, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Throughout the study, ferritin levels rose rapidly in those treated with intravenous iron and remained significantly higher than in those treated with oral iron (P < 0.01). Intravenous iron sucrose increases the Hb level more rapidly than oral ferrous sulphate in women with postpartum IDA. It also appears to replenish iron stores more rapidly. However, this study was not large enough to address the safety of this strategy.

Proteinuria and Hemoglobin Levels in Patients With Primary Glomerular Disease

Anemia in association with nephrotic syndrome has been described in small patient series and case reports. Whether nephrotic patients develop anemia has not been formally investigated. We undertook a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with biopsy-proven primary glomerular disease, various degrees of proteinuria, and creatinine levels less than 2 mg/dL (< 177 micromol/L). In addition to proteinuria, values for hemoglobin (Hb), age, body mass index (BMI), serum albumin and protein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were derived from patient charts. We studied 297 patients, 187 men and 110 women, aged between 16 and 81 years. Univariate analysis showed no correlation between Hb level and proteinuria in either sex. Stratification of women and men into quartiles according to proteinuria showed no differences in Hb levels among the 4 groups. Three of 52 non-nephrotic women (6%) were anemic (Hb < 12 g/dL [< 120 g/L]) compared with 11 of 58 nephrotic women (19%; P = 0.047). Multiple regression analysis of all patients showed Hb level to have a correlation with sex (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), and eGFR (P = 0.005); negative correlation with age (P = 0.028); and borderline negative correlation with proteinuria (P = 0.054). In women, BMI showed a positive correlation with Hb level (P = 0.030). Proteinuria did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.093). In men, BMI (P = 0.001) and eGFR (P = 0.013) were associated positively and age (P = 0.031) was associated negatively with Hb level. These results indicate that nephrotic syndrome is not associated with anemia in men, but with a tendency to decrease Hb levels in women.