Hazardous Waste Management Facility Research Articles

Household Hazardous Materials Identification and Management Practices Among Residents of Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria

Most emerging world contaminants have been linked to improper management of household hazardous materials and are currently receiving global attention due to the threat they pose to public health and the environment. There are guidelines for the entire management of household hazardous materials, but there exist inadequate information on its identification and management practices at household level. Therefore, the present study was conducted to fill the gap. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 346 randomly selected households in Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. A validated semi-structured questionnaire and observational checklist were used to gather information. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square at p<0.05. Respondents’ mean age was 34.5±12.8 years, 54.3% were female while 66.8% had attained tertiary education. The major hazardous materials observed in most of the houses were laundry and dish washing detergents (94.1%), insecticide (90.7%) and household disinfectants (88.3%). Fifty-nine percent of the participants mentioned open burning as the most preferred method of disposal of household hazardous materials. The mean practice score was 6.4±1.9, 62.0% had inappropriate practices towards household hazardous materials management. Significantly, 78.5% of the respondents with tertiary education had appropriate practice towards managing household hazardous materials than those who had attained secondary (16.9%) and primary education (4.6%). Laundry and dish washing detergents, insecticide and household disinfectants were observed in most of the houses. Also participants were engaged in inappropriate practices for the management of household hazardous waste. Households should have access to hazardous waste management facilities, and educational information and communication materials to improve their management practices.

Development of Sustainability Balanced Scorecard: A Case Study from Apparel Industry Sri Lanka

Abstract This study aims to determine the obstacles the Sri Lankan apparel manufacturing industry faces when implementing sustainable practices and develop a Sustainability Balanced Scorecard to address those obstacles. The apparel export industry is one of Sri Lanka’s most significant contributors to the country’s overall economy. The multiple case study method was employed in conjunction with a qualitative approach in this study. This study also used data triangulation, which comprised both primary and secondary data from interviews and observations. Secondary information was gathered from annual reports and other documents. The population of this study is the apparel export industry and selected three apparel companies as the sample and interviewed nine managers from these companies. The interviewed data were transcribed into the transcript and analyzed through narrative analysis. By considering all the practices in three companies, this research constructed a sustainability balanced scorecard which can be used for other companies to build up their sustainability practices. The main issues identified in this research can be summarized as follows, Manual system of data entering and performance evaluation, there is no sufficient Hazardous Waste Management and disposal facilities in the country, Financial constraints prevent best-in-class equipment and procedures from being implemented. Sri Lanka has no solid waste recycling facilities for its primary waste type, fabric waste. As a final point, this research can be concluded that the regulators and policymakers can use the constructed sustainability balanced scorecard for the policy development on sustainability practices.

Cleaner production through enhanced resource recovery and reuse in dye intermediates industry: Integration of Vinyl Sulphone with H-acid production

H-Acid (HA) and para-base ester Vinyl Sulphone (VS) are the significant raw materials for several industrially important dyes consumed worldwide. Owing to the toxicity and non-biodegradability of HA and VS as well as the associated by-products and hazardous wastes, most developed countries in the world have banned their production. Many states in the Union of India, too, have banned the production of HA. Due to the economic significance of the dye intermediates sector, especially in international trade, the regulatory agencies in India as well as the international importers of dye intermediates are demanding a transition to cleaner production through enhanced recycle and reuse of wastes and minimization of resource consumption. In this context, this study focuses on the ways for enhancing cleaner production as well as maximizing reuse and recycle in HA and VS production through: (i) enhancing resource recovery and internal reuse of recovered water, (ii) exploring possibilities of co-processing of wastes by linking unit operations and unit processes in HA and VS production, and (iii) balancing the scales of production of HA and VS to enhance the benefits of the so-called ‘Zero Liquid Discharge’ to potentially minimize operating costs, increase resource efficiency, and lower environmental footprint. In addition, this is the first study to address the resource intensity and pollution intensity in the production of VS. The two cleaner production opportunities identified and evaluated in this study are (1) Reuse of Spent Mixed Acid and (2) Recovery and reuse of Glauber's Salt. The optimum production quantities of HA and VS were determined to be 2256 MT HA and 5000 MT VS so that the complete reuse of Spent Mixed Acid (i.e. 0% emission) can be achieved. This balanced production of HA and VS will be able to achieve several production benefits such as: 37% reuse of Glauber's Salt (67% sold to other industries), reduced freshwater consumption (55% reduction in HA and 7.2% reduction in VS), and reduced acid consumption (45% reduction in HA and 26% reduction in VS). Further, the balanced production of HA and VS will be able to achieve environmental benefits such as a 26% reduction in wastewater generation and a 74% reduction in waste salt sent to engineered hazardous waste management facilities.

Environmental Cost Accounting: Behind the Major Project for the Construction of a Covid-19 Hazardous Waste Management Facility

After focusing on handling Covid-19, all countries face Covid-19 medical waste. Covid-19 medical waste in Indonesia reached 18,460 tons as of 27 July 2021. The number of waste management facilities did not follow the increased volume of hazardous medical waste. The government has compiled the construction of hazardous medical waste management facilities from health facilities into the Government Work Plan (RKP) for 2022. The budget allocated for the construction facility is quite large. An analysis is needed from the budget management perspective to achieve the right goals and objectives of the program. This research used literature studies from various relevant sources. Data analysis uses an environmental cost accounting perspective consisting of prevention, detection, and internal and external failure costs. The results show that from all aspects of these costs, the government has fulfilled them through the main program and supporting programs. Each program has a budget but no details of every need. The government has not budgeted for technology development, human resource development, collaboration with the private sector, and other impacts that have the potential to hinder the management of hazardous medical waste from health facilities.

Rencana Sarana Pengolahan Limbah B3 Covid-19 di Kota Ambon

Corona Virus or Covid-19 has taken over all the world, including Indonesia. This virus outbreak has become a pandemic because of its lightning-fast spread and greater number of death rate. Ambon as one of the cities in Eastern Indonesia is also affected by Corona Virus.The higher the positive cases in Ambon, the higher the hazardous and toxic waste production (B3). Now, the government of Maluku province is preparing B3 waste management facilities, so that this research aims to investigate the appropriate location for this waste management. This research was a qualitative descriptive by applying a SIG method, that was analysing the area function with the parameter of slope, soil type, and rainfall. The area function could be used to consider the development plans of an area. Then, the data of buildings was used as a basic to determine the ideal area with the service range of 500 meter in accordance with the standard distance of B3 waste management facilities from surrounding buildings. The research findings show four alternative areas of B3 waste management facilities in Ambon. These four areas are safe to be built hazardous and toxic waste (B3) management facilities since these are located far away from the settlements.

DIPLOMASI EKONOMI JEPANG DALAM UPAYA PERPINDAHAN LIMBAH B3 MELALUI INDONESIA-JAPAN ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT (IJEPA)

<p><em>The development of Japan's industrial sector triggered the generation of toxic and hazardous waste as its consequences which endangered the environment and human’s health. The high cost of waste management and limited land disposal encourages transboundary movement to developing countries. Although it has been monitored by the Basel Convention which ban toxic waste movement, Japan still find the loophole by using Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) as an instrument to transfer domestic waste abroad. This study will use the theory of economic diplomacy and issue linkage concept to observe Japan's diplomacy in reaching an agreement on reducing toxic and hazardous waste tariff with Indonesia in IJEPA. The result shows that Japan bartered the issue by offering capacity building compensation. Those are consisting of investment on toxic and hazardous waste management facilities and the development of hazardous waste recycling market in Indonesia. Through the compensation, reduction tariff of hazardous waste could be achieved by Japan to continue its transboundary movement and reduce the impact of domestic environmental pollution, while still accommodating the interests of Indonesia in terms of capacity building towards hazardous waste management.</em></p>

Ultra-Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids Including Trifluoromethane Sulfonic Acid in Water Connected to Known and Suspected Point Sources in Sweden.

Data presenting the environmental occurrence of ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are scarce and little is known about the potential sources. In this study, ultra-short-chain PFAAs were analyzed in water connected to potential point sources using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Samples (n = 34) were collected in connection with firefighting training sites, landfills, and a hazardous waste management facility. Ultra-short-chain PFAAs were detected in all samples at concentrations up to 84 000 ng/L (∑C1-C3), representing up to 69% of the concentration of 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA), trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMS), perfluoroethane sulfonic acid (PFEtS), and perfluoropropane sulfonic acid (PFPrS) were detected at concentrations up to 14 000, 53 000, 940, 1700, and 15 000 ng/L, respectively. Principal component analysis suggests that TFA is associated with landfills. PFPrS was associated with samples collected close to the source at all types of sites included in this study. These findings reveal the presence of high concentrations of ultra-short-chain PFAAs released into the environment from various sources and emphasize the large fraction of ultra-short-chain PFAAs to the total concentration of PFASs in water.

Assessment of tropospheric ozone at an industrial site of Chennai megacity

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the temporal variation in surface-level ozone (O3) measured at Gummidipoondi near Chennai, Tamilnadu. The site chosen for the present study has high potential for ozone generation sources, such as vehicular traffic and industrial activities. The site is also located near a hazardous waste management facility. The key sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are considered to be an important precursor of O3, include hazardous waste incineration, trucks bringing the hazardous wastes, and vehicles plying on the nearby National Highway 16 (NH 16). The measurements clearly showed diurnal variation, with maximum values observed during the noon hours and minimum values observed when solar radiation was less. The data showed a marked seasonal variation in O3, with the highest hourly average O3 concentration (497.2 µg/m3) in the summer season. Consequently, in order to identify the long-range transport sources adding to the increased O3 levels, backward trajectories were computed using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. It was found that the polluted air mass originated from the Southeast Asian region and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The polluted air mass, which advected large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) plumes, was analyzed using the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) retrievals. The correlations of O3 with temperature (r = 0.746; P < 0.01) and solar radiation (r = 0.751; P < 0.01) were strongly positive, and that with NOx was found to be negative. Stronger correlation of O3 with NOx was observed during pre-monsoon months (r = 0.627; P < 0.01) and following hours of photochemical reactions. There were substantial differences in concentrations between weekdays and weekends, with higher nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), but lower O3, concentrations on weekdays. A substantial weekday-weekend difference in O3, which was higher on weekends, appears to be attributable to lower daytime traffic activity and hence reduced emissions of NOx to a “NOx-saturated” atmosphere.Implications: The assessment of ground-level ozone in an industrial area with hazardous waste management facility is very important, as there is high possibility for more generation of tropospheric ozone. Since the location of the study area is coastal, wind plays a major role in O3 transportation; hence, the effects of wind speed and wind direction have been studied in different seasons. When compared with the other studies carried out in different places across India, the present study area has recorded much greater O3 mixing ratio. This study can be useful for setting up control strategies in such industrial areas.

A novel bagging ensemble approach for predicting summertime ground-level ozone concentration

ABSTRACTOzone pollution appears as a major air quality issue, e.g. for the protection of human health and vegetation. Formation of ground level ozone is a complex photochemical phenomenon and involves numerous intricate factors most of which are interrelated with each other. Machine learning techniques can be adopted to predict the ground level ozone. The main objective of the present study is to develop the state-of-the-art ensemble bagging approach to model the summer time ground level ozone in an industrial area comprising a hazardous waste management facility. In this study, the feasibility of using ensemble model with seven meteorological parameters as input variables to predict the surface level O3 concentration. Multilayer perceptron, RTree, REPTree, and Random forest were employed as the base learners. The error measures used for checking the performance of each model includes IoAd, R2, and PEP. The model results were validated against an independent test data set. Bagged random forest predicted the ground level ozone better with higher Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient 0.93. This study scaffolded the current research gap in big data analysis identified with air pollutant prediction.Implications: The main focus of this paper is to model the summer time ground level O3 concentration in an Industrial area comprising of hazardous waste management facility. Comparison study was made between the base classifiers and the ensemble classifiers. Most of the conventional models can well predict the average concentrations. In this case the peak concentrations are of importance as it has serious effect on human health and environment. The models developed should also be homoscedastic.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH DI PELABUHAN TANJUNG PERAK SURABAYA (Studi Implementasi Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Ilidup Nomor 05 Tahun 2009)

Research on implementation of waste management policies at the port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya (case study implementation of the environment state minister Regulation number 05 of 2009) aims to describe and analyze port waste management policy implementation and analyze the factors that support and hinder the successful implementation of waste management port. Research using qualitative research methods. To determine the waste management policy implementation at the Port of Tanjung Perak port Surabaya, researchers used the theory George Edward III with variable Communication Research. Resources, Disposition and Bureaucratic Structure.and requirements of the executive, while the reality in the field, still found the implementation of waste management is done by certain elements illegally. This condition would be detrimental to the State considering the international waste management port is also supervised by the world body IMO (International Maritime Organisation), this condition will affect the confidence of foreign parties, if this is not resolved, resulting in performance of port. While the structure of the bureaucracy of the party appointed to implement port waste management, namely PT. IPC Marine Service (PMSj is still not fully able to implement them on their own: these activities are still carried along Primkopal Koarmatim and partnership with PT. Petro Gas Main East Java. This gives rise to high costs. Hazardous waste management facility owned PT.PMS B3 still not received operating licenses for unfinished environmental impact assessment, the position of the facility located in the port area which is veiy risky to the port environment.Waste management in the port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya already he done with some supporting the disposition issued by the various stakeholders involved, while the factors that are supporting budget and limited of supervisor We hope the facility for the Tanjung Perak port will achieve to be best International Port in the future.

Safety Issues in Hazardous Waste Management in Heavy Industries

This paper will examine the existing hazardous waste management systems of the heavy industries in Sri Lanka and safety issues that are influencing those practices. Further of this paper is to identify existing hazardous waste management facilities in Sri Lanka while evaluating the factors which positively and negatively influence the successful execution of those practices. Existing literature regarding the factors which influence Hazardous waste management practices will be conducted. Influential factors that have been identified were Environmental law of Sri Lanka, technological factors, corporate policies of the company, public resistance, economical factors, integration between related institutes and informational factors. Environmental law of Sri Lanka will be considered as independent variable and its relationship with the existing hazardous waste management systems will be considered as the dependent variable. Existing literature regarding the factors which influence Hazardous waste management practices will be conducted. Past literature on this paper area will provide the base for creating relationships between variables for this paper. Influential factors that have been identified were Environmental law of Sri Lanka, technological factors, corporate policies of the company, public resistance, economical factors, integration between related institutes and informational factors. Environmental law of Sri Lanka will be considered as independent variable and its relationship with the existing hazardous waste management systems will be considered as the dependent variable. Fifty five heavy industries of the North Western Province will formulate the population for this paper out of which a sample of 40 industries will be chosen. Environmental officer from each company will be handed over a questionnaire. Interviews will be conducted in order to gather primary data whereas secondary data will be gathered by the use of government publications and empirical studies done on this research area.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH DI PELABUHAN TANJUNG PERAK SURABAYA (Studi Implementasi Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Ilidup Nomor 05 Tahun 2009)

&#x0D; Research on implementation of waste management policies at the port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya (case study implementation of the environment state minister Regulation number 05 of 2009) aims to describe and analyze port waste management policy implementation and analyze the factors that support and hinder the successful implementation of waste management port. Research using qualitative research methods. To determine the waste management policy implementation at the Port of Tanjung Perak port Surabaya, researchers used the theory George Edward III with variable Communication Research. Resources, Disposition and Bureaucratic Structure.&#x0D; and requirements of the executive, while the reality in the field, still found the implementation of waste management is done by certain elements illegally. This condition would be detrimental to the State considering the international waste management port is also supervised by the world body IMO (International Maritime Organisation), this condition will affect the confidence of foreign parties, if this is not resolved, resulting in performance of port. While the structure of the bureaucracy of the party appointed to implement port waste management, namely PT. IPC Marine Service (PMSj is still not fully able to implement them on their own: these activities are still carried along Primkopal Koarmatim and partnership with PT. Petro Gas Main East Java. This gives rise to high costs. Hazardous waste management facility owned PT.PMS B3 still not received operating licenses for unfinished environmental impact assessment, the position of the facility located in the port area which is veiy risky to the port environment.&#x0D; Waste management in the port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya already he done with some supporting the disposition issued by the various stakeholders involved, while the factors that are supporting budget and limited of supervisor We hope the facility for the Tanjung Perak port will achieve to be best International Port in the future.&#x0D;

Development and application of a multi-channel monitoring system for near real-time VOC measurement in a hazardous waste management facility

This paper describes the development and application of a multi-channel monitoring system for recording, processing, and analyzing volatile organic compound (VOC) levels discharged to the atmosphere from a walk-in hood in a hazardous waste management facility. The monitoring system consists of an array of PID (photo ionization detector) sensors and a networked control program that provides operational schematic diagram, performs data analyses, and illustrates real-time graphical displays. Furthermore, the system records potential worker exposures, exhaust filtration efficiency and environmental release levels. Multi-channel continuous monitoring of VOCs is successfully implemented during chemical bulking operations. It is shown that a real-time monitoring system is effective for early warning detection of hazardous chemicals and for predicting the performance of adsorption filters used for VOC removal. In addition, a connected local weather visualization system supports efforts to minimize potential health and environmental impacts of VOC emissions to surrounding areas.

Health Physics Challenges Involved with Opening a ???Seventeen-Inch??? Concrete Waste Vault

This paper describes the various activities involved with opening a sealed legacy "Seventeen-inch" concrete vault and the health physics challenges and solutions employed. As part of a legacy waste stream that was removed from the former Hazardous Waste Management Facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the "Seventeen-inch" concrete vault labeled 1-95 was moved to the new Waste Management Facility for ultimate disposal. Because the vault contained 239Pu foils with a total activity in excess of the transuranic waste limits, the foils needed to be removed and repackaged for disposal. Conventional diamond wire saws could not be used because of facility constraints, so this project relied mainly on manual techniques. The planning and engineering controls put in place enabled personnel to open the vault and remove the waste while keeping dose as low as reasonably achievable.

Investigating uncertainty and sensitivity in integrated, multimedia environmental models: tools for FRAMES-3MRA

Elucidating uncertainty and sensitivity structures in environmental models can be a difficult task, even for low-order, single-medium constructs driven by a unique set of site-specific data. Quantitative assessment of integrated, multimedia models that simulate hundreds of sites, spanning multiple geographical and ecological regions, will ultimately require a comparative approach using several techniques, coupled with sufficient computational power. The Framework for Risk Analysis in Multimedia Environmental Systems – Multimedia, Multipathway, and Multireceptor Risk Assessment (FRAMES-3MRA) is an important software model being developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for use in risk assessment of hazardous waste management facilities. The 3MRA modeling system includes a set of 17 science modules that collectively simulate release, fate and transport, exposure, and risk associated with hazardous contaminants disposed of in land-based waste management units (WMU). The 3MRA model encompasses 966 multi-dimensional input variables, over 185 of which are explicitly stochastic. Design of SuperMUSE, a 215 GHz PC-based, Windows-based Supercomputer for Model Uncertainty and Sensitivity Evaluation is described. Developed for 3MRA and extendable to other computer models, an accompanying platform-independent, Java-based parallel processing software toolset is also discussed. For 3MRA, comparison of stand-alone PC versus SuperMUSE simulation executions showed a parallel computing overhead of only 0.57 seconds/simulation, a relative cost increase of 0.7% over average model runtime. Parallel computing software tools represent a critical aspect of exploiting the capabilities of such modeling systems. The Java toolset developed here readily handled machine and job management tasks over the Windows cluster, and is currently capable of completing over 3 million 3MRA model simulations per month on SuperMUSE. Preliminary work is reported for an example uncertainty analysis of Benzene disposal that describes the relative importance of various exposure pathways in driving risk levels for ecological receptors and human health. Incorporating landfills, waste piles, aerated tanks, surface impoundments, and land application units, the site-based data used in the analysis included 201 facilities across the United States representing 419 site-WMU combinations.

Public-private partnerships in the siting of hazardous waste facilities: the importance of trust.

As the need for hazardous waste management facilities becomes critical, several strategies including public-private partnership have been suggested and adopted by states to diffuse public opposition, and facilitate the siting of these facilities. Public-private partnership involves state ownership of the facility, and its operation by a private company. Proponents of this strategy contend that state ownership of facility and therefore an assumption of long-term liability would reduce public concerns regarding site maintenance. Also, that state or public ownership of the land on which the facility is built would thwart any local land use regulation that may be enacted to derail the site selection process. This paper, through a case study provides an analysis of this strategy, and surmised that factors identified in past research-public trust in institutions of government, in the perceived competence and integrity of the developer, and in the waste treatment technology to pose minimal risks to public health and the environment, are necessary to enhance the efficacy of public-private partnership in the siting of hazardous waste management facilities.

Safe and sorry: risk, environmental equity, and hazardous waste management facilities.

Many empirical environmental equity analyses have attempted to determine if hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (TSDFs) are in disproportionately minority or low-income areas. These prior analyses did not explain the extent of the risks posed by TSDFs, nor did they weight the distribution of those risks by the individual characteristics of the TSDFs. This study evaluated the risks posed by TSDFs in general and then examined whether any such risks were distributed inequitably when each TSDF was weighted by the amount of hazardous waste that it managed. Based on an assessment of the nature of the hazardous wastes that TSDFs manage, the possible exposure paths to risk from TSDFs, the laws designed to minimize the risks that TSDFs pose, and TSDFs' safety records, the attention devoted to TSDFs by environmental equity researchers is greatly exaggerated. Furthermore, based on this study's analyses, there was no pattern of the TSDFs or the risks that they posed being inequitably concentrated in disproportionately minority or low-income areas. Most of the TSDFs and the hazardous waste that they manage are in areas that are either unpopulated or have fewer minority or low-income people than the national average. There are, however, some TSDFs that are in highly populated, heavily minority or low-income areas, which results in such people being more likely overall to be in close proximity to these facilities.

Occupational health and safety in household hazardous waste management facilities.

Employees in household hazardous waste management facilities encounter a variety of potentially hazardous exposures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate both chemical and physical hazards at a representative group of household hazardous waste management facilities in Minnesota. Sampling results suggest that chemical exposures are generally not a problem when chemical bulking is performed outside the facility. For facilities operating year-round, however, proper ventilation is necessary to ensure adequate control of chemical exposures when bulking is done inside the building. The most significant chemical exposures occurred when handling paint (benzene) and broken fluorescent light bulbs (mercury). Guidelines for appropriate personal protective equipment and handling of broken fluorescent light bulbs were developed as a result of this study. Materials handling was the most significant physical hazard, resulting in wrist, elbow, and back injuries. The suspected reasons for these injuries (awkward postures and repetitive motions) were noted throughout the management process and should be further investigated.

Occupational Health and Safety in Household Hazardous Waste Management Facilities

Occupational Health and Safety in Household Hazardous Waste Management Facilities

Collective Identity and Hazardous Waste Management

Abstract In addition to environmental and safety concerns, hazardous facilities pose threats to collective identity. For a community, such identity issues involve processes of negotiation rather than fixed change and impact. Qualitative research enables access to complex definitions and accounts of community change in dynamic settings. Using ethnographic, interview, and content analysis data from a case study, I show how informants offered insights about the relationships between stigmatization, community reputation, and development. Although community members did not seek stigmatization due to living near perceived threats, they imputed positive and negative consequences to such a reputation. For example, many respondents who identified with the local area hoped that the stigma attached to their community would prevent additional growth. These findings suggest that immediate and more tangible concerns, such as effects on the community due to rapid residential growth, may take precedence over concerns associated with the chronic uncertainties of risks from hazardous waste management facilities.