Hazard-formative Environments Research Articles

Systematic Literature Review (SLR): Explorations flood systems theory and appropriate modeling

Urban flood risk assessment conducts a comprehensive evaluation of hazard formative factors, hazard formative environment, hazard-affected bodies, and capabilities for disaster prevention and reduction in order to obtain an accurate assessment of flood risk levels. The current study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the existing literature on engagement outcomes, focusing on high-quality studies Each step of the SLR method and their results are explained in detail in the following subsections using SLR performed. Using the SLR method can help answer the objectives of this research in the form of: What type of modeling to overcome flooding This research uses the SLR method which aims to recognize, review, and evaluate Using bibliometric analysis.To achieve the goal of SLR, the variables of interest are organized based on the general characteristics of the article and the specific parameters used general information about the article includes year of publication, type of analysis (quantitative, qualitative, cartographic or mixed), type and scale of research, and the country or region where the research was conducted. The model consists of three components, including rainfall runoff, river channels, and flooding The flow in the channel was generated with a 1D diffusion wave model, and the outflow on the slope was generated with a 2D model.This article showed the basic steps that need to be followed to conduct SLR This method generates topic-specific existing knowledge, trends, and observed gaps and helps to draw relevant conclusions for policy makers and the scientific community. and the appropriate modeling is Press RRI refers to 2D grid-based fluid dynamics and is a model that combines a hydrological model and a flood model.

Systematic Literature Review (SLR): Explorations flood systems theory and appropriate modeling

Urban flood risk assessment conducts a comprehensive evaluation of hazard formative factors, hazard formative environment, hazard-affected bodies, and capabilities for disaster prevention and reduction in order to obtain an accurate assessment of flood risk levels. The current study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the existing literature on engagement outcomes, focusing on high-quality studies Each step of the SLR method and their results are explained in detail in the following subsections using SLR performed. Using the SLR method can help answer the objectives of this research in the form of: What type of modeling to overcome flooding This research uses the SLR method which aims to recognize, review, and evaluate Using bibliometric analysis.To achieve the goal of SLR, the variables of interest are organized based on the general characteristics of the article and the specific parameters used general information about the article includes year of publication, type of analysis (quantitative, qualitative, cartographic or mixed), type and scale of research, and the country or region where the research was conducted. The model consists of three components, including rainfall runoff, river channels, and flooding The flow in the channel was generated with a 1D diffusion wave model, and the outflow on the slope was generated with a 2D model.This article showed the basic steps that need to be followed to conduct SLR This method generates topic-specific existing knowledge, trends, and observed gaps and helps to draw relevant conclusions for policy makers and the scientific community. and the appropriate modeling is Press RRI refers to 2D grid-based fluid dynamics and is a model that combines a hydrological model and a flood model.

Comprehensive typhoon hazard zoning in China based on historical records

The formulation of nationwide goals, strategic plans, and specifically zoned areas for typhoon hazard mitigation and prevention is paramount for addressing the threat in a spatially explicit manner. Utilizing historical rainfall and wind speed data associated with typhoon disasters in the Northwest Pacific and South China Sea from 1949 to 2017, we proposed a comprehensive typhoon hazard zoning delineated based on the assessment of typhoon disaster risks, considering hazard-causing factors, hazard-formative environments, and hazard-bearing bodies through an Analytic Hierarchy Process. High-risk areas were primarily located in the coastal regions of South and Southeast China. Medium-risk areas were situated in the Yangtze River Delta and towns adjacent to Bohai Bay. Low-risk areas were primarily located in the central region of Guangxi, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the vicinity of Fuzhou, the majority of southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, all of Shanghai, the northern and southern parts of the Shandong Peninsula, the area around Bohai Bay in Tianjin, a minor portion of Hebei, and the three northeastern provinces. Appropriate mitigation measures were proposed to address the threats posed by typhoons in these regions. This information is instrumental in providing reliable support for China in addressing the challenges posed by typhoons.

Development of an Index for Forest Fire Risk Assessment Considering Hazard Factors and the Hazard-Formative Environment

Forest fires are characterized by a rapid and devastating nature, underscoring the practical significance of forest fire risk monitoring. Currently, forest fire risk assessments inadequately account for non-meteorological hazard factors, lack the hazard-formative environment and contextual disaster knowledge for fire occurrence mechanisms. In response, based on MODIS products, we augmented the FFDI (forest fire danger index) with the RDST (regional disaster system theory) and selected various fire risk indicators, including lightning. MOD14 was used for the correlation analysis of fire and its indicators. Through the amalgamation of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the entropy method, and the minimal relative entropy theory, we formulated the CFFRI (composite forest fire risk index) and assessed forest fire risks spanning from 2010 to 2019 in Southwest China, which were validated with historical disaster data and MCD64. The findings revealed that the CFFRI yields consistently higher overall fire risk values, with 89% falling within the high-risk category and 11% within the moderate-risk category. In contrast, the FFDI designated 56% of cases as fourth-tier fire risks and 44% as third-tier fire risks. Notably, the CFFRI achieved an accuracy of 85% in its calculated results, while the FFDI attained 76%. These outcomes robustly demonstrate a superior applicability of the CFFRI compared with the traditional FFDI.

Rapid Assessment of Building Damage Using Multi-Source Data: A Case Study of April 2015 Nepal Earthquake

It is of great significance for emergency rescue to rapidly assess damage of buildings after an earthquake. Some previous methods are time-consuming, data are difficult to obtain, or there is lack of regional damage assessment. We proposed a novel way to rapidly assess building damage by comprehensively utilizing earth observation-derived data and field investigation to alleviate the above problems. These data are related to hazard-causing factors, hazard-formative environment, and hazard-affected body. Specifically, predicted ground motion parameters are used to reflect hazard-causing factors, e.g., peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground acceleration (PGA), and pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA). The hazard-formative environment is denoted by the underground 30 m shear wave velocity. Vulnerability of buildings is reflected by their structure type, age, and height. We take the April 2015 Nepal earthquake as a case study, and building damage data interpreted from satellite images are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Based on the gradient boosting machine, this paper rapidly assesses building damage from two different spatial levels, i.e., pixel and microzone, and obtains the potentially affected position and regional damage rate. Compared with the method of fragility function, the machine learning method provide a better estimation of the building damage rate. Compared with the assessment method based on remote sensing image, the method in this paper is very efficient since spatial distribution of hazard-causing factors, e.g., PGA, can be quickly predicted shortly after an earthquake. The comparison of experiment with and without vulnerability data of buildings shows that data on the vulnerability of buildings are very important to improve the assessment accuracy of building damage.

Safety evaluation of major hazard installations based on regional disaster system theory

Major accidents have catastrophic effects on humans and all of society. To prevent the occurrence of major accidents, it is essential to strengthen the management of major hazard installations. Generally, effective identification and reasonable evaluation of major hazard installations are the basic steps in safety management. At present, the evaluation methods for major hazard installations mainly focus on consequence analysis and probabilistic analysis without considering the vulnerability of hazard-affected bodies. Therefore, the proposed method will introduce regional disaster system theory and comprehensively analyze hazard-formative factors, the hazard-formative environment and hazard-affected bodies to achieve a more complete and effective assessment of major hazard installations. Hazard-formative factors are evaluated based on the rapid ranking method, hazard-formative environments are evaluated based on Bayesian networks, and hazard-affected bodies are evaluated based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. A tank group and a chemical industrial park are used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method.

Evolvement rules of basin flood risk under low-carbon mode. Part II: risk assessment of flood disaster under different land use patterns in the Haihe basin.

Land use pattern contains a large amount of information about the flood hazard-formative environments, which is the most sensitive factor in hazard-formative environments. In this paper, based on the land use pattern in 2008 (the base year) and in 2020 (the planning year), the comparative analysis of flood disaster risk changes in Haihe basin were studied by the spatial analysis function of ARCGIS and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed the flood disaster risk in Haihe basin had an obvious zonality in the space, among which low risk was located in the northwest regions, and high risk was located in the southeast regions. Flood disaster risk in planning year was lower than in the base year. The risk value of 2020 in the mountain decreases from 0.445 to 0.430, while the risk value of the plain increases from 0.562 to 0.564. For the plain, high-risk area in 2020 is increased by 13.2%, which is the biggest change in risk grades. For the mountain, low-risk area and low risk area in 2020 are increased, and the low-risk area is the biggest increase, up to 37.7%. Meanwhile, high-risk area, high risk area, and medium risk area all tend to decrease, and the high-risk area is the biggest decrease, up to 32.6%. Overall, land use planning pattern under low-carbon mode is conducive to the Haihe basin flood control. The research can provide scientific foundations for basin land use planning and flood disaster risk management.

An integrated relative risk assessment model for urban disaster loss in view of disaster system theory

Comprehensive risk evaluation of urban areas is important for disaster prevention and mitigation. Since disaster scenarios of urban areas are diverse and complex, the data are generally inadequate for understanding the absolute risk of disaster loss posed by any specific hazard or multi-hazards but adequate for identifying areas that are at relatively higher risk levels to some extent. Therefore, this paper focuses on modeling relative risk assessment for urban disaster loss. Based on disaster system theory, elements at risk and hazard-formative environments were determined as the crucial components to reflect risk discrepancies of different urban areas facing similar hazards. Furthermore, the critical path of interactions between components within the disaster system was constructed by introducing exposure and sensitivity as filtering processes. On this basis, a relative risk model for urban disaster loss assessment was constructed and applied to cities in Liaoning Province as an illustration. In addition, the results were represented and analyzed from multi-dimensions. A test for the uncertainties of the results indicates that this model shows a strong applicability for urban disaster loss relative risk assessment on the premise of accurate data concerning elements at risk and hazard-formative environments.

Automatic Type Recognition and Mapping of Global Tropical Cyclone Disaster Chains (TDC)

The catastrophic events caused by meteorological disasters are becoming more severe in the context of global warming. The disaster chains triggered by Tropical Cyclones induce the serious losses of population and economy. It is necessary to make the regional type recognition of Tropical Cyclone Disaster Chain (TDC) effective in order to make targeted preventions. This study mainly explores the method of automatic recognition and the mapping of TDC and designs a software system. We constructed an automatic recognition system in terms of the characteristics of a hazard-formative environment based on the theory of a natural disaster system. The ArcEngine components enable an intelligent software system to present results by the automatic mapping approach. The study data comes from global metadata such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM), terrain slope, population density and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The result shows that: (1) according to the characteristic of geomorphology type, we establish a type of recognition system for global TDC; (2) based on the recognition principle, we design a software system with the functions of automatic recognition and mapping; and (3) we validate the type of distribution in terms of real cases of TDC. The result shows that the automatic recognition function has good reliability. The study can provide the basis for targeted regional disaster prevention strategy, as well as regional sustainable development.

Risk assessment of disaster chain: Experience from Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides in China

This paper deals with the formative process of the Wenchuan earthquake disaster chain risk. Selected earthquake-landslides chain risk is critically evaluated by the probability of landslide displacement failure based on the Newmark's permanent-deformation model. In this context, a conceptual model of regional disaster chain risk assessment was proposed, in which the hazardformative environments sensitivity was the core factor as well as the main difference compared with single disaster risk assessment. The disaster chain risk is accumulation of primary disaster risk and the secondary disasters risks. Results derived from the Wenchuan case proved that the conceptual model was suitable for the disaster chain risk assessment, especially the sudden disaster chain. This experience would offer greater potential in application of conceptual model of disaster chain risk assessment, in the process of large-scale disaster risk governance.

Major natural disasters and their spatio-temporal variation in the history of China

Based on historical documents and records this paper analyzes the characteristics of frequency and distribution of major disasters that took place in the history of China. The findings show that occurrences of different types of disasters varied and spatial pattern at provincial level are significantly different as well. The results also indicate that there is a strong relationship between type of disasters and spatial distribution and that the spatial pattern of losses was not the same as that of the frequency. The reasons are: (1) the hazardformative environments which, to a large extent, determine the spatial pattern of the disasters are significantly different; (2) the losses caused by natural disasters were closely related to the concentration of economy and population. Number of deaths was usually large in areas where agriculture, culture and business were relatively developed. The spatial pattern of disaster losses is an evitable result of uneven economic development in the history of China.

Study on large-scale disaster risk assessment and risk transfer models

This article analyzes the risk assessment and risk transfer models of large-scale disasters in line with the characteristics of such disasters. A large-scale disaster risk assessment model based on the Regional Disaster System concept is developed: large-scale disaster risk (RL) is a func- tion of the disaster triggering hazard (H), the vulnerability of the concerned objects (V), and the stability of the contextual hazard-formative environment (E), or RL = f(H, V, E). Based on our discussions, we propose that large-scale disaster risk transfer in China should be supported by governments at all levels, operated by insurance companies, and the responsi- bilities should be shared by all stakeholders. At the global level, large-scale disaster risk transfer should employ a uni- form definition and be characterized by government support, market operation, public participation, disaster mitigation, and risk sharing.

Analysis of Lightning Disasters in China and Their Correlative Factors

In order to obtain a better reveal of the spatial and temporal distribution and formation mechanism of lightning disasters in China,this paper establishes a national lightning disaster database and gives statistic analysis of lightning disaster data from 1997 to 2006,in combination with the analysis of satellite-based Optical Transient Detector and Lightning Imaging Sensor lightning detecting data from 1995 to 2005 over China.Characteristics of lightning disasters and correlative factors are studied,including lightning exposure,hazard formative environment,hazard,hazard affected bodies and their interactions.The results are as follows.(1) The frequency of lightning disasters and lightning-related casualties correlate with hazard(lightning activities) and hazard affected bodies(population and economic development) in different areas of China.Taking area into consideration,lightning casualties correlate with lightning density,population density and the average GDP,but in negative correlation with rural population proportion and area.Various types of lightning exposure are closely related to various types of hazard affected bodies(proportion of urban population to rural population and economic development).Casualties from lightning disasters rate higher where rural population proportion is higher,while cities mainly suffer property loss from lightning disasters.(2) The annual and diurnal variations in the lightning casualties and the lightning damage correlate significantly with that of the lightning rate.Compared with lightning damages,lightning casualties are affected by people's life routines and habits.(3) Different hazard formative environment causes different ways of lightning casualties and damages.The most proportion lightning fatalities occur on farmland,while the most proportion lightning injuries occur in buildings.(4) 80% of lightning casualties incidents only involve one or two victim,while 61% of the cases involve one victim and 19% involve two victims.Lightning disasters with one death account for 83% of all lightning disasters involving death,while lightning disasters with two death accounts for 12%.(5) Major lightning casualties are directly related to vulnerability of hazard affected bodies.54% of major lightning casualties happen in rural buildings and constructions,in most of which lightning protection appliances are not installed.21% happen in sites with danger of explosion and fire,while 13% and 8% happen in classrooms and tourist sites respectively.