Hazardous Control Program Research Articles

Hazard Control Working at Height at PT Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung Tbk. Halim High-Speed Train Construction Project

PT Wijaya karya Bangunan Gedung Tbk. Halim High-Speed Train Project is a company engaged in construction, investment, and concessions. Engaged in the construction sector certainly has a high potential for danger and danger factors. One of them was an accident caused by working at a height. Therefore, it is important to control the danger of working at height to prevent and control the danger of height. This study uses field observation methods, literature studies, and interviews to determine how the hazard control program works at height. The hazard control program for working at height at PT Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung Tbk, Halim High-Speed Train Project has been by the regulation of the Minister of Manpower No. 9 of 2016, among others. Fit to work, toolbox meeting inspection, Scaffolding and Full Body Harness. At PT Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung Tbk, The halim high-speed train project has procedures related to the Control of work hazards at height, namely the height work safety procedure No. WIKA-BG-PDSMM-IK-26. PT Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung Tbk. Halim High-Speed Train Project, but there are still problems related to the lack of supervision of work safety equipment and lack of training for workers related to high-altitude work.

Work Safety Risk Analysis Using Hirarc Method In Iron Production Area PT. Java Rakindo

<p><em>HIRARC (Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control) is a series of processes to identify hazards that can occur in routine or non-routine activities in the company, then carry out a risk assessment of these hazards and then create a hazard control program so that the risk level can be minimized to a lower level. with the aim of preventing accidents. The implementation of K3 begins with good planning including, identification of hazards, assessment and risk control which are part of risk management. HIRARC is what determines the direction of K3 implementation in the company. This study aims to determine the risk analysis of occupational safety and health in the work production section of PT. Java Rakindo This type of research is a quantitative study using a descriptive approach. The population in this study were all workers in the work environment at PT. Java Rakindo with a total sampling technique that is as many as 25 respondents who are in the iron production section. The data were analyzed using univariate to describe the respondent's characteristics and to analyze each variable. K3 risk analysis using the HIRARC method obtained an assessment that the most dominant K3 hazard is substitution hazard of 72% (high). K3 risk assessment with a moderate level of risk category (Medium) of 84%. Administrative control of 92% and control of PPE by 100% so that it can be said that it has not been fully implemented (50%-90%).</em></p><p><em> </em></p>

Safely Returning America to Work Part II: Industry-Specific Guidance.

Safely Returning America to Work Part II: Industry-Specific Guidance.

Lead exposure and academic achievement: evidence from childhood lead poisoning prevention efforts

Though the adverse consequences of lead exposure in children have been well known for over a century, the recent Flint water crisis has drawn renewed attention to the impacts of lead exposure on human health and development. This study considers connections to educational outcomes, asking whether population-level lead exposure in early childhood influences later academic achievement and racial achievement gaps. It assesses the effectiveness of recent local- and state-level lead hazard control programs in mitigating exposure and uses this source of exogenous variation in early childhood exposure across birth cohorts to draw inferences about the long-term effects of lead on mean student test scores. Our findings indicate that lead hazard control grants reduced lead poisoning incidents by over 70% of the baseline prevalence. And each one percentage point reduction in lead poisoning in early childhood translated to a growth of 0.04 standard deviations in student math test scores and 0.08 standard deviations in student reading scores. This same reduction in lead poisoning narrowed both the white-Hispanic math achievement gap and white-Hispanic reading achievement gap by 0.06 standard deviations, implying important downstream consequences for economic inequality.

Interrupted time series analysis of children's blood lead levels: A case study of lead hazard control program in Syracuse, New York.

Children’s blood lead concentrations have been closely monitored over the last two decades in the United States. The bio-monitoring surveillance data collected in local agencies reflected the local temporal trends of children’s blood lead levels (BLLs). However, the analysis and modeling of the long-term time series of BLLs have rarely been reported. We attempted to quantify the long-term trends of children’s BLLs in the city of Syracuse, New York and evaluate the impacts of local lead poisoning prevention programs and Lead Hazard Control Program on reducing the children’s BLLs. We applied interrupted time series analysis on the monthly time series of BLLs surveillance data and used ARMA (autoregressive and moving average) models to measure the average children’s blood lead level shift and detect the seasonal pattern change. Our results showed that there were three intervention stages over the past 20 years to reduce children’s BLLs in the city of Syracuse, NY. The average of children’s BLLs was significantly decreased after the interventions, declining from 8.77μg/dL to 3.94μg/dL during1992 to 2011. The seasonal variation diminished over the past decade, but more short term influences were in the variation. The lead hazard control treatment intervention proved effective in reducing the children’s blood lead levels in Syracuse, NY. Also, the reduction of the seasonal variation of children’s BLLs reflected the impacts of the local lead-based paint mitigation program. The replacement of window and door was the major cost of lead house abatement. However, soil lead was not considered a major source of lead hazard in our analysis.

Preventing Asthma through Housing Interventions: How Supportive is the US Policy Environment?

This paper investigates whether the policy environment in the United States is supportive of addressing the asthma epidemic through housing plans and policies. Asthma is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide and is linked to allergens in the housing environment such as ground-level ozone, excessive moisture and dust, rodents and pests, and environmental tobacco smoke. The study finds basic laws and regulations are in place regulating outdoor air quality and calling for the maintenance of public and rental housing in good condition, but there is still a need for specific standards to be adopted into law, for better enforcement of existing laws, and for increased funding. Because asthma prevention programs are relatively new, the paper reviews the US experience with lead-based paint hazard control programs to identify the components of effective strategies. These include explicit health objectives in housing plans and policies, promotion by both health and housing officials, advocacy by citizens' groups and tenants' associations, adequate funding for implementation, and focus on multiple health outcomes.

National evaluation of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program: Study methods

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) undertook an evaluation of its Lead Hazard Control Grant Program between 1994 and 1999. The Evaluation is the largest study ever done on the effectiveness of lead hazard controls implemented in residential dwellings. The Evaluation had several major objectives: determining the effectiveness of various lead hazard controls in reducing residential dust lead levels and children's blood lead levels, establishing the costs of doing lead hazard control work and factors that influence those costs, determining the rate of clearance testing failures and their causes, and identifying possible negative effects of lead hazard control work on children's blood lead levels. This paper reports the overall research design and data collection methods of the Evaluation. The large number of dwelling units enrolled in the Evaluation was possible only by the innovative partnership among HUD, the Evaluators, and the grantees. HUD and the Evaluators relied on the grantees for essentially all of the data collection. The 14 participating HUD Lead Hazard Control Grantees were responsible for implementing the lead hazard control programs in their communities and collecting the study data. This paper describes the methods for recruiting and enrolling dwellings and families, collecting environmental and housing data, interviewing participating families, and collecting data on lead hazard control work performed and its costs. The paper also describes the basic quality control and quality assurance procedures used. The principal outcome measures were lead in dust collected using wipes from floors, window sills, and window troughs and lead in blood collected from children who were 6 years old or younger at enrollment. Data collection was conducted before intervention, immediately postintervention, and 6 and 12 months postintervention. For a subset of dwellings undergoing an extended follow-up data were also collected at 24 and 36 months postintervention. This paper provides the context for subsequent reports that will describe such findings as the influence of lead hazard control work on serial dust lead levels, the influence of lead hazard control work on serial blood lead levels in children, the nature and costs of the lead hazard control work done at the dwellings, and the experience of the grantees in meeting clearance testing requirements.

The Influence of Exterior Dust and Soil Lead on Interior Dust Lead Levels in Housing That Had Undergone Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control

To aid in understanding the contribution of exterior dust/soil lead to postintervention interior dust lead, a subset of housing from the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program Evaluation was selected for study. Housing from 12 state and local governments was included. Exterior entry and street dust samples were obtained by a vacuum method, and soil samples were building perimeter core composites. Interior dust wipe lead data (μg/ft2) and paint lead data (mg/cm2) were also available for each of the dwelling units and included in the modeling. Results from 541 dwelling units revealed a wide range of exterior dust and soil lead levels, within and between grantees. Minimum and maximum geometric mean lead levels, by grantee, were 126 and 14,400 μg/ft2 for exterior entry dust; 325 and 4,610 μg/ft2 for street dust; and, for soil concentration, 383 and 2640 ppm. Geometric mean exterior entry dust lead concentration (1641 ppm) was almost four times as high as street dust lead concentration (431 ppm), suggesting that lead dust near housing was often a source of street dust lead. Geometric mean exterior entry dust lead loading was more than four times as high as window trough dust lead loading and more than an order of magnitude higher than interior entry dust lead loading. Statistical modeling revealed pathways from exterior entry dust lead loading to loadings on interior entryway floors, other interior floors, and windowsills. Paint lead was found to influence exterior entry dust lead. Results of this study show that housing where soil lead hazard control activities had been performed had lower postintervention exterior entry, interior entry floor, windowsills, and other floor dust loading levels. Soil was not present for almost half the buildings. Statistical analysis revealed that exterior strategy influenced soil lead concentration, and soil lead concentration influenced street dust lead loading. This study represents one of the few where an impact of soil treatments on dust lead levels within the housing has been documented and may represent the first where an impact on exterior entry dust lead has been found. The inclusion of measures to mitigate the role of exterior sources in lead hazard control programs needs consideration.

FOODSERVICE HACCP

Today in retail food operations, HACCP is an option for those who primarily want to implement new processes. Actually, for operators to have effective food safety programs, HACCP is mandatory, because it focuses on the processes in retail kitchens, food stores, catering operations, etc. HACCP requires the operator to know the hazards in each process and to train employees in effective controls. While HACCP controls the processes, the food facility does not have total control until Good Manufacturing Practices are combined with the food HACCP processes in a policies, procedures, and standards manual. This paper describes how to write a complete hazard control program and policies, procedures, and standards manual for a retail food operation.

Blood lead levels in relation to paint and dust lead levels: the lead-safe cambridge program.

In the United States, 42 million dwellings contain lead paint and 1.8 million children live in homes with deteriorating lead paint. Fifty-two percent of all residential housing units have lead paint at concentrations of 0.7 mg/cm2 or higher.1 These community exposures to lead may cause adverse effects in children, such as alterations in heme synthesis and neuropsychological deficits resulting in decreased IQ, behavioral changes, and impaired school performance.2 The goal of this pilot study was to use data from a federally sponsored lead-based-paint hazard control program to compare the correlation of various measures of paint lead and dust lead with elevated blood lead levels among children living in homes built before the 1940s, after controlling for demographic factors.

Group-Tree Hazard Analysis

Tree hazard control programs focus on individual tree risk analysis. Although microsite conditions are often evaluated, whole forests or groups of trees are rarely considered. A tree hazard program was initiated at a northern California state park in 1969. Since then, hundreds of trees have been removed from the campground to reduce the agency's liability. Nevertheless, hundreds more trees have failed, causing injury and property damage. Traditional single tree risk assessment proved to be inadequate to stabilize this forest. Consequently, the environmental dynamics of the entire forest were assessed, and every tree was evaluated for its positive or negative contribution to the long term stability of the forest.