Haul Conditions Research Articles

Dementia Detection Using LSTM and GRU

Neuro-degenerative infections, like dementia, can affect discourse, language, and the ability of correspondence.A new report to work on the precision of dementia identification examined the utilization of conversation analysis(CA) of meetings between patients and nervous system specialists to recognize reformist neuro-degenerative(ND) memory issues patients and those with (non-reformist) FMD (Functional Memory Disorder). In any case,manual CA is expensive for routine clinical use and hard proportional. In this work, we present an early dementiadiscovery framework utilizing discourse acknowledgment and examination dependent on NLP method andacoustic component handling strategy apply on various element extraction and learning using LSTM (LongShort-Term Memory) and GRU which strikingly catches the transient provisions and long haul conditions fromauthentic information to demonstrate the abilities of grouping models over a feed-forward neural organization inestimating discourse investigation related issues. Dementia dataset is taken where the audio file is considered forspeech recognition analysis on basis of that data is generated and it is predefined given in dementia data databank.That audio file is converted to text based on speech analysis. Using LSTM and GRU gives efficient results.

LSTM based Ensemble Network to enhance the learning of Long-term Dependencies in Chatbot

A chatbot is a software that can reproduce a discussion portraying a specific dimension of articulation among people and machines utilizing Natural Human Language. With the advent of AI, chatbots have developed from being minor guideline based models to progressively modern models. A striking highlight of the current chatbot frameworks is their capacity to maintain and support explicit highlights and settings of the discussions empowering them to have a human contact through the span of involvement. The paper expects to build up a detailed database with respect to the models utilized to deal with the learning of long haul conditions in a chatbot. The paper proposes a crossbreed Long Short Term Memory based Ensemble Network arrangement model to save the continuation of the specific situation. The proposed model uses a characterized number of Long Short Term Memory Networks as a major aspect of the amassed model working as one to create the aggregate forecast class for the info inquiry handled.

Analysis of subsurface layer formation on a pearlitic rail under heavy haul conditions: Spalling characterization

The depth of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) defects in railways plays a significant role in the rail lifetime, affecting rail maintenance procedures due to the amount of material to be removed from the railhead. Therefore, a precise characterization of the damaged rail is needed to define the optimal material removal. In the present study, an ex-service and damaged rail that contained defects due to RCF was investigated in detail. The microstructural characterization was conducted on particular sites using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM with focused ion beam (SEM-FIB), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three layers were identified at the rail cross section: a white etching layer (WEL) was the topmost layer and comprised martensite; a transitional layer (TL) with martensite and retained austenite was identified below the WEL; followed by a severely plastically deformed layer with refined grains and a large number of high-angle boundaries (HABs) and elongated pearlite colonies. In this last region, {111} and {110} were common crystallographic orientations. A gradual decrease in the hardness was observed along these layers. The WEL achieved a hardness value of 12 GPa, while the TL had an average value of 8 GPa, and measurements on the plastically deformed layer indicated a hardness of 6 GPa. The observed microstructural transformation suggests that thermal loading led to a thermally produced WEL (TP-WEL). The brittle nature of the WEL and the surface shear deformation and high levels of stress promoted the nucleation of surface cracks and propagation of them through the WEL. The presence of the different metallurgical phases in the TL promoted a change of crack orientation, leading to material detachment.

The Track and Rolling Stock Interaction under the Heavy Haul Conditions

In order to study and assess the traffic safety there has been simulated a train movement along the track, having a plan and a profile, corresponding to the actual current track outline on which the diesel locomotives Vityaz 2TЭ25A are operated. The Kuznetsovskiy pass of the Far East Railroad has been chosen as the most difficult section. As a result of the calculations, values of main dynamic parameters of all sections of diesel locomotives have been determined when simulating a train moving along tangent track sections and curves of radius 200–600 m on descents and ascents with a slope of 25 ‰ in the traction and slowing-down mode, as well as longitudinal forces in automatic couplings of cars along the whole length of the train.

LSTM based Ensemble Network to enhance the learning of long-term dependencies in chatbot

A chatbot is a software that can reproduce a discussion portraying a specific dimension of articulation among people and machines utilizing Natural Human Language. With the advent of AI, chatbots have developed from being minor guideline-based models to progressively modern models. A striking highlight of the current chatbot frameworks is their capacity to maintain and support explicit highlights and settings of the discussions empowering them to have human interaction in real-time surroundings. The paper presents a detailed database concerning the models utilized to deal with the learning of long haul conditions in a chatbot. The paper proposes a novel crossbreed Long Short Term Memory based Ensemble model to retain the information in specific situations. The proposed model uses a characterized number of Long Short Term Memory Networks as a significant aspect of its working as one to create the aggregate forecast class for the information inquiry and conversation. We found that both of the ensemble methods LSTM and GRU work well in different dataset environments and the ensemble technique is an effective one in chatbot applications.

Effects of preheating and carbon dilution on material characteristics of laser-cladded hypereutectoid rail steels

The impacts of preheating conditions and carbon dilution on the microstructural and mechanical properties of laser cladded rails using single and double cladding layers have been investigated for a hypereutectoid steel grades typically used under heavy haul conditions. The microstructures in the HAZ showed that formation of martensite, which has a detrimental effect on behaviour in wheel-rail contact, was successfully inhibited by increasing the length of the preheated region using a preheating temperature of 350 °C. Dilution of carbon from the hypereutectoid substrate was observed and its effect on the microstructures of the 410L ferritic stainless-steel deposits was investigated. The formation of ferrite in the 410L cladding layers was attributed to the very low carbon content, and no carbide formation was observed on boundaries of the ferritic grains. The thickness of dilution band was determined to be approximately equal to the thickness of the first cladding layer. Texture measurement obtained by EBSD showed a random trend owing to the formation of martensite in diluted bands. Strong solidification fibre texture was developed for double deposition, particularly in the second deposit. Mechanical characterization of the 410L deposits undertaken in terms of Vickers microhardness, shear and tensile yield strengths, and ultimate tensile and shear strengths were correlated with the observed microstructural morphologies.

Central Tire Inflation System for timber transport in Germany

ABSTRACTA Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS) allows the truck tire inflation pressure to be matched with current hauling conditions defined by a truck’s load and speed, the terrain and road conditions. Whilst in other countries many log trucks have been fitted with CTIS, this technology has so far not been implemented in this application field in Germany. To test if this technology can also be economically utilized there, a truck was fitted with a prototype version of a CTIS. Using various tire pressure settings the impact on the vehicle traction, the fuel consumption, the vibration stress for the driver and the damage caused to the forest roads was analyzed under the typical timber transport conditions in the pilot area of northern Germany’s lowlands. By the means of test results, collected practical experience, and the results of a hauling cycle analysis, different scenarios were observed to reach a clear conclusion if the investment into this technology makes economic sense. The results show that the fitting of CTIS to a log truck can lead to a cost reduction for the hauling company, but only if the equipped vehicle does not have an extra drive axle. Regardless of the economic advantages this technology will only be able to enforce itself in Germany if the reservations of the potential users can be overcome and an unrestricted approval for road use can be received.

The use of novel optode sensor technologies for monitoring dissolved carbon dioxide and ammonia concentrations under live haul conditions

Fish health under live haul transportation on wellboats and in other recirculating aquaculture systems depends on frequent and reliable measurements of water quality, that may change in response to changes in the environmental conditions and treatment processes. While reliable technologies exist for sensors measuring some water quality parameters such as Oxygen concentration and salinity, there is a lack of sensor technologies for the measurement of other critical water quality parameters such as water pCO2 and NH3 concentrations. Presented is the theory of operation and performance of prototype optical sensors for the measurement of pCO2 and NH3, as well as the methods used for their calibration and characterization. In order to evaluate the sensor’s suitability for aquaculture applications we temporarily installed the sensors on a wellboat and monitored the water quality during the transportation of live mature Atlantic salmon between fish farms and slaughter facilities on the Norwegian coast. Under transportation with different stocking weights and recirculation conditions, the CO2 optode prototypes recorded measurements that coincided with measurements from standard laboratory analysis of spot samples. The pCO2 concentration in the well throughout the testing was shown to vary between approximately 300μatm and 20 000μatm. Compared to the pH derived pCO2 estimation method widely applied in aquaculture, the CO2 optode was more sensitive to small fluctuations in CO2 concentration, and gave measurements closer to the CO2 values recorded by laboratory analysis of spot samples. The NH3 optode reported measurements that were consistent with spot samples analyzed using the salicylate–hypochlorite reaction. In contrast to pCO2, the concentration of NH3 during the observed wellboat missions was found to be very low and stable at 0.8±0.3μgL−1. Once fully developed, the CO2 and NH3 optodes could contribute to better water quality control and efficiency during well boat transportations and other recirculating aquaculture systems.

Fatigue Analysis of the Rail Underhead Radius under High Axle Load Conditions

An evaluation of the potential risk of fatigue damage at the rail underhead radius (UHR) due to the occurrence of a short duration tensile stress peak, as a wheel passes over, has been examined. The tensile stress peak is mainly due to the localised bending of the rail head-on-web and its magnitude is associated with the contact position, lateral and vertical forces and rail head wear (HW). The stresses at the underhead radius have been explored using the finite element method (FEM). The Dang Van (DV) criterion, implemented as a customised computer programme, was used to identify the fatigue damage at the UHR. Fatigue behaviour under heavy haul conditions was compared for heat-treated low alloy, euctectoid and hypereutectoid rail grades in order to predict allowable rail head wear limits.

Impact of aeration and alkalinity on the water quality and product quality of transported tilapia—A simulation study

The effects of aeration and alkalinity on water quality and product quality of Nile tilapia (Oreochrmis niloticus) were determined for simulated commercial hauling conditions. Three types of aeration were tested: pure oxygen aeration with a fine bubble diffuser (Oxygen), air aeration with medium bubble diffusers (Air), and a combination of both pure oxygen aeration with a fine bubble diffuser and air aeration with a medium bubble diffuser (Mixed). Simulated transport hauls were conducted at two initial alkalinities: 1.74±0.11meq/L (Low) and 8.84±0.55meq/L (High).The Air treatments resulted in the lowest carbon dioxide concentration, and the highest pH and un-ionized ammonia concentrations. At high alkalinities, the Air treatments were unable to maintain adequate dissolved oxygen levels. The Mixed treatment resulted in reduced carbon dioxide and dissolved oxygen concentrations. The Oxygen treatment resulted the highest dissolved oxygen, highest carbon dioxide, and lowest pH and un-ionized ammonia. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations were higher with the High Alkalinity treatments because of higher pH. Significant mortality was observed in the Air treatments in both the Low- and High-Alkalinity treatments. Mortality in the Oxygen and Mixed treatments for both low and high alkalinities were comparable to that observed in commercial tilapia transport using fine bubble diffusers and pure oxygen.These results indicate that mortality due directly to hauling water quality will not be increased at high alkalinity, if pure oxygen aeration is used. The potential effects of water quality during hauling on survival and product quality may be less than the impact from (a) physical damage from loading and un-loading and (b) physiological problems resulting from pH and temperature shock during the transfer from the hauling tanks to retail holding systems, especially for fish of reduced fitness.

A simplified model of the interaction of the trawl warps, the otterboards and netting drag

Computational modelling is a valuable complementary tool to assess behavior of bottom trawl fishing gears. A simplified model of the interaction of the trawl warps, the otterboards and netting drag is proposed. The model does not calculate the net geometry and it is constrained to steady towing conditions, flat seabed and gear symmetry. Simulations provide a number of relevant outcomes such us distribution of tensions at the warp, balance of forces at the otterboards or horizontal spread under different haul conditions such as depth or towing speed. Based on the above, the objective of the present study was to describe and implement the model and thus to predict the consequences of changing some gear components, in particular to predict the impact of the doors on the seabed. This objective could have been fulfilled through extensive sea trials to cover all the different haul conditions of interest. Due to the high cost of such trials we chose to perform sea trials at two different bottom depths at which two towing speeds were tested. Then we applied the simulation software to make a preliminary comparison with experimental results and obtain predictions on what would be the effect of changing some gear components.

Mechanical properties and wear performance of premium rail steels

The railroad industry in the United States of America spends approximately $2 billion USD yearly on rail replacement and repairs. The Transportation Technology Center Incorporated (TTCI), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, Colorado, continuously conducts full scale rail performance tests, which represent a multi-million-dollar investment and take many years to complete. This research paper addresses the development of a simple laboratory technique that can be used as a screening method for rail performance. This method is cost effective and rapid and is intended to be used prior to the full-scale test. The laboratory test consists on a ball-on-disk, pure-sliding experiment. In the present research were used only premium rails from various manufacturers for both, the ball-on-disk and full scale test and the results of both tests are provided in the present paper. The full-scale rail performance test is conducted by TTCI at the Facility for Accelerated Servicing Testing (FAST), which consists of a 4.4 km of railroad heavy haul tracks. The results of both, ball-on-disk and full-scale tests, presented in this paper correspond to the two latest generations of premium (pearlitic) rails and one bainitic rail. Such rails were produced by six rail manufacturers. Both, FAST and ball-on-disk tests showed that under high contact pressures (heavy haul conditions) the bainitic rail does not perform well as the pearlitic rails. Due to the significant differences, in particular dynamic forces, among the ball-on-disk and full-scale tests there is no direct relationship among both tests. Nonetheless, the ball-on-disk test can be used to distinguish wear performance among the two generations of rails tested for the present research; therefore, the ball-on-disk test can be used as a screening method prior to the full scale test.

Neuro‐Fuzzy Control of Railcar Vibrations Using Semiactive Dampers

Abstract: This article describes a new approach to reducing vertical vibrations in a 70‐ton railcar using a neuro‐fuzzy controller and a magnetorheological (MR) damper. A semiactive control technique is developed for a two‐degree‐of‐freedom quarter car model of the railcar that has an installed MR damper. A fuzzy controller in real time continuously updates damping properties of the device. The controller uses feedback acceleration of the freight mass to specify a voltage signal to the MR damper. Correlations between acceleration (controller input) and voltage applied to the MR damper (controller output) are developed using Neuro Fuzzy Controller (NEFCON). To assess effectiveness of the semiactive control scheme, responses of the railcar to various haul conditions are compared with those for uncontrolled and for passive operating conditions of the MR damper. Results indicate that semiactively controlled MR dampers can reduce vibrations to acceptable levels provided that sufficient force capacity can be supplied by the damper.

Effects of Temperature and Size on Ammonia Excretion by Fasted Golden Shiners

AbstractThe golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas is the major species of baitfish raised and sold in the United States. They are shipped in trucks from large farms to distributors up to 2,500 km distant. The costs associated with shipping could be greatly reduced if truck loading were increased, but higher densities of fish elevate ammonia concentrations to detrimental levels. In our work, we have simulated live hauling conditions to measure the ammonia excretion rates of golden shiners at 15, 20, and 25°C. The experiments were conducted for 24 h in three recirculating systems after fingerling golden shiners were fasted and acclimated for 2 d. The experiment was repeated four times using different lots and sizes of golden shiners. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the hourly ammonia excretion rates (HER) between two lots of same‐size golden shiners. The hourly ammonia excretion rates were inversely proportional to fish weight and increased with temperature. The average HER for all sizes of fish ranged from 2.9 to 7.4 g NH3‐N/kg fish/h at 15°C, 5.2–11.2 g NH3‐N/kg fish/h at 20°C, and 6.2–15.0 g NH3‐N/kg fish/h at 25°C. The results of this study will be used to design ammonia control systems to safely increase fish density on commercial fish hauling trucks.

クロソイはえなわの投・揚縄速度

The variation of speeds of shooting (270 skates in 18 strings) and hauling (239 skates in 16 strings) of a skate of rockfish bottom longline by 50-ton FRP longliner was examined in the present report. And the results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The shooting speed of a skate ranged from 24 to 47 seconds, and its frequency distribution was agreeable to normal distribution ( ?? =35.93, σ=3.31). 2. The speed of shooting a skate (y1 in seconds) varied according to string and could be expressed by the following equations: y1=35.82+2.76x2+2.07x3-1.02x4 (Multiple correlation: R=0.668) where x2 and x3... Dummy variables of wave scale (in case of a wave scale i+1, xi=1, other with 0) x4...cos fo the relative direction of wind against foreship y1=37.83-0.34x4+0.44x5 (R=0.625) where x4 and x5... Fore-and-aft and athwartships vectors fo relative wind 3. The hauling speed of a skate was afficed significantly by troubles in main line. The retardation by tangling was about 1.4 to 3.2min, by main line fastened to bottom object being about 4.0min, main line torn-off being about 4.6min, main line torn-off and dropped being about 10.5 to 12.3min and main line tangled with anchor line being 9.5min. 4. The string mean of hauling speed of a skate without trouble ranged from 3.6 to 5.1min, varying according to string, but did not show any significant regression either on hauling conditions or on catch.

Millimolar Quantities of Sodium Salts Used as Prophylaxis during Fish Hauling

Abstract Rainbow trout provided with chronic dorsal aortic cannulae were placed in a tank with uncannulated fish at a density of 48 kg/m³ (3 lb/ft³). Following 4 h of simulated hauling conditions the principle blood buffer, HCO3 - (i.e., 90% of arterial plasma total CO² content) was reduced by 22% and after recovery for 2 h arterial pH and HCO3 - were significantly below pre-haul levels. Introduction of either NaCl or, in particular, Na2SO4 or NaHCO3 into the hauling water (final concentration, about 10 mM) helped ameliorate the acid-base disturbances associated with handling and hauling. The addition of NaHCO3 or Na2SO4 totally offset the decrease in blood buffering capacity associated with fish handling and hauling; in fact, a significant increase in blood buffering capacity was evident 2 h after fish were returned to the raceway. Addition of Na2SO4 or NaHCO3 to water during routine fish hauling may help to reduce the effects of handling, crowding, and external stressors.