Hata Path Loss Research Articles

Pathloss Assessment of a Terrestrial Digital UHF Channel over Kano City, Nigeria

Path loss assessment is an important factor in wireless communications to ensure quality of service. This study involves the measurement of Received Signal Strength (RSS) of Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) Star Times Station in Kano at 1 km intervals along three routes. Data were gathered during dry and wet season months in the year 2022. The path loss along the routes were computed based on the Okumura-Hata model. It was observed that path losses were higher during wet than dry season months. The result also indicates a higher negative correlation coefficient (R) of -0.745 between Line of Sight (LOS) and RSS for wet and -0.690 for dry season months respectively for route, A. Similarly, R, of -0.739 between LOS and RSS was also observed during wet and -0.589 for dry season months for route, B. In addition, R, of -0.420 was observed between LOS and RSS during wet and -0.328 for dry season months along route C. The average path loss for wet season is 133.90 dB and for dry season is 127.90 dB. Furthermore, this study introduced a Modified Hata Path Loss Model (MHPL) that takes into account the impact of specific tropospheric parameters such as LOS and elevation. Findings further indicated that the path loss predicted by the conventional Hata model exhibited a steady exponential increase with LOS. Similarly, MHPL followed a comparable trajectory, with some exceptions manifesting as peaks and valleys. The overall findings will be useful for power budgeting that will enhance quality of service of DTTV signal over Kano city.

Pathloss Assessment of a Terrestrial Digital UHF Channel over Kano City, Nigeria

Path loss assessment is an important factor in wireless communications to ensure quality of service. This study involves the measurement of Received Signal Strength (RSS) of Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) Star Times Station in Kano at 1 km intervals along three routes. Data were gathered during dry and wet season months in the year 2022. The path loss along the routes were computed based on the Okumura-Hata model. It was observed that path losses were higher during wet than dry season months. The result also indicates a higher negative correlation coefficient (R) of -0.745 between Line of Sight (LOS) and RSS for wet and -0.690 for dry season months respectively for route, A. Similarly, R, of -0.739 between LOS and RSS was also observed during wet and -0.589 for dry season months for route, B. In addition, R, of -0.420 was observed between LOS and RSS during wet and -0.328 for dry season months along route C. The average path loss for wet season is 133.90 dB and for dry season is 127.90 dB. Furthermore, this study introduced a Modified Hata Path Loss Model (MHPL) that takes into account the impact of specific tropospheric parameters such as LOS and elevation. Findings further indicated that the path loss predicted by the conventional Hata model exhibited a steady exponential increase with LOS. Similarly, MHPL followed a comparable trajectory, with some exceptions manifesting as peaks and valleys. The overall findings will be useful for power budgeting that will enhance quality of service of DTTV signal over Kano city.

Coverage Analysis of LoRa and NB-IoT Technologies on LPWAN-Based Agricultural Vehicle Tracking Application

This study focuses on the recently emerged Internet of Vehicles (IoV) concept to provide an integrated agricultural vehicle/machinery tracking system through two leading low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, namely LoRa and NB-IoT. The main aim is to investigate the theoretical coverage limits by considering the urban, suburban, and rural environments. Two vehicle tracking units (VTUs) have been designed for LoRa and NB-IoT connectivity technologies that can be used as reference hardware in coverage analysis. On this basis, the closed-form explicit analytical expressions of the maximum transmission range have been derived using the Hata path loss model. Besides, the computer simulation results have been validated via the maps from XIRIO online radio planning tool. In light of the obtained findings, several evaluations have been made to enhance the LPWAN-based agricultural vehicle tracking feasibility in smart farms.

Mobile Node Localization in Wireless Networks: Path-Loss Model, Trilateration, and Error Mitigation in a 5G Sub-6 GHz Scenario

In this paper, we proffer a novel technique designed for low-cost and computationally light localization of mobile nodes in an urban terrain, by leveraging the extended COST 231 Hata Path-Loss (PL) model and the Trilateration technique. Our approach accounts for the possibility of a Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) scenario in a medium-sized city, wherein one of the three reference nodes required for the trilateration approach encounters NLoS impediments. Our proposed method proceeds with localization by utilizing solely two Line-of-Sight (LoS) reference nodes, while integrating the localization system simulator with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The simulation results presented herein demonstrate a marked enhancement in performance, surpassing that of trilateration in scenarios where three LoS nodes cannot be established.

Intelligent network planning tool for location optimization of unmanned aerial vehicle base stations using geographical images

Nowadays, automated and intelligent solutions are required by different services and applications to satisfy current industrial necessities. Internet of things/robotic devices have been found useful in the collection and processing of data for pattern recognition, analyzing and anticipating incident information, optimization, and provision of better and timely decision-making to enable network providers to measure the quality of services, thereby ensuring efficiency. Telecommunication systems need reliable and fast internet networks for connected devices and other business activities; thus, technologies are being explored to determine efficient ways of planning and installing base stations. Recently, possibilities of deploying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as base stations had been investigated. Although successes have been recorded, not much work has been done on network planning tools for location optimization of UAV base stations (UAV-BS) in 5G and beyond networks to the best of our knowledge. In this paper, an intelligent network planning tool (iNPT) for location optimization of UAV-BS has been developed with different channel models and network planning parameters. The developed tool has resources to suggest a better positioning of the UAV-BS using the simulated annealing meta-heuristic to optimize their locations. The tool also includes a battery management interface that can calculate the battery dissipation with reference to the received and transmitted power of the UAV-BS and display the estimated time of flight for the UAV-BS. Geographical information, such as the height of a specific region, obtained from a map is considered in the simulations. The results obtained using the COST231-Hata, Hata path loss, log distance, and two-ray ground reflection models have been presented in this paper. Based on the experimental results, the developed simulator can be useful in network planning tasks to improve coverage areas using UAV-BSs. In addition, the proposed tool has a friendly interface that provides geographical images, and the BSs and UAVs optimized locations.

Utilization-Weighted Algorithm for LoRaWAN Capacity Improvement for Local Smart Dairy Farms in Ratchaburi Province of Thailand

This paper presents Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) scalability improvement using the Utilization Weighted (UW) spreading factor (SF) assignment algorithm that was logically designed to equalize SFs usage based on the M/D/1 queuing model. The test area containing dairy farms housing approximately 1,200 cows in Photharam district, Ratchaburi province of Thailand, was selected to simulate the proposed algorithm and evaluate its performance. The suburban Hata path loss model was chosen as a reference to incorporate the actual network environment into the simulation. It is then carefully optimized by factoring in the empirical path loss data collected in a 12-kilometer radius of the gateway location and then applying the parameters adjustment (PA) tuning method that proved to provide lower root mean square errors (RSMEs) than the RMSE tuning method. Two key performance indicators, including packet received rate (PRR) and energy consumption, were compared between the UW algorithm and the Min-airtime or traditional method. The simulation was focused on the 2-kilometer radius wherein most dairy farms reside. It was found that the UW algorithm provided higher PRR without jeopardizing the energy consumption comparing to the traditional LoRaWAN, due to the more equalization of SFs employment. The maximum improvement of PRR was around 43.90%, while the energy consumption level was maintained at approximately 113 J per day per node.

Quantitative Measurement of Path Loss Model Adaptation Using the Least Squares Method in an Urban DVB-T2 System

The aim of this paper was to propose quantitative measurement of path loss model adaptation in urban radio propagation for a second-generation, terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard (DVB-T2) system. The measurement data was analyzed using data processing based on the least squares (LS) method to verify the probabilistic quantitation of realistic data measurement such as mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), and standard deviation of error (SD), as well as relative error (RE). To distinguish the experimental evaluation, the researchers compared between the conventional Hata path loss model and the proposed model. The result showed that path loss based on the proposed model was more accurate in predicting the quantitative measurement of propagation data properly.

Comparative Study of RMSE and Functional Composition of Residual - Based Tuning of Hata Pathloss Model in the Suburban Area

In this paper, RMSE and functional composition of residual are used as correction factors for tuning Hata model in the suburban area and 800-900MHz GSM frequency band. The study is based on empirical measurements conducted at Abak town, a suburban area in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The tuned model is obtained by adding the correction factor to the original Hata pathloss model for the suburban area. The results showed that the functional composition of residual - based tuning approach has better prediction performance when compared with the RMSE-based tuning approach. Particularly, when the functional composition tuning approach is employed Hata model has the lowest RMSE value of 4.47, the highest prediction accuracy of 97.19% and the highest competitive success rate of 64.29%. On the other hand, the RMSE-tuned Hata model has a higher RMSE value of 7.03, lower prediction accuracy of 96.19% and the lower competitive success rate of 35.71%.

Hata's Path Loss Model Calibration for Prediction DTTV Propagation in Urban Area of Southern Thailand

This article presents Hata's path loss model calibration in order to predict a design of the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) Propagation in an urban area of the south of Thailand through measuring power signal of the network operators’ broadcasting in 4 channels within Haadyai urban area, Songkla Province. The chosen location is a density area, a distance of 2.5-6.5 km. from the broadcasting station. The calibration was conducted through a statistical method of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) from received power signal and compared with a path loss model from the prediction, followed by looking for relative errors to indicate the efficiency of the calibration model. The RMSE analytical result of CH 26 with the frequency of 514 MHz; CH 42 with the frequency of 642 MHz; CH 46 with the frequency of 674 MHz; CH 54 with the frequency of 738 MHz shows that Hata's path loss model calibration is closer to the measured data than the original and the other model whereas the relative errors are closer to zero than the predicted path loss model. This makes the Hata's path loss model calibration become more accurate in the prediction and subsequently more suitable for use in planning the network design.

Adaptive Threshold and Hysteresis for Handoff Initiation in Next Generation Networks from Path Loss Model

Mobility management is evolving as the most astounding area of research for the upcoming researchers. Many issues such as signalling overhead, latency, low bandwidth, low reliability, etc., existed in traditional mobility schemes in wireless networks. But the next-generation heterogeneous networks have resolved many issues and researchers are looking forward to take best use of upcoming generations to provide constant connectivity. In this paper, a fuzzy logic-based adaptive threshold and adaptive hysteresis handoff initialisation algorithm is proposed. It uses data rate, received signal strength indicator and SINR to determine the value of threshold and hysteresis. This algorithm makes use of Okumura Hata Path loss model to determine the value of RSSI, which is then given to fuzzy inference engine. It has been shown that threshold and hysteresis are not only dependent on RSSI but also on many other parameters such as on transmitter height, receiver height and antenna gain, frequency and cable loss.

Transmitted Power Formulation for the Optimization of Spectrum Aggregation in LTE-A over 800 MHz and 2 GHz Frequency Bands

This work proposes a formulation to calculate the transmitter power needed to cover cells of different sizes whilst maintaining the average signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constant, and near the maximum, for two long-term evolution (LTE) systems operating over non-contiguous frequency bands, 800 MHz and 2 GHz, with an integrated common radio resource management (iCRRM) entity, in the context of spectrum aggregation in an LTE-Advanced scenario. The iCRRM entity is able to switch users between the two LTE systems. We address a formulation based on the computation of the average received power and average co-channel interference in cellular topologies with frequency reuse pattern K=3, keeping the presence of coverage holes insignificant, whilst considering the COST-231 Hata path loss model. We have verified how the normalized power increases as the cell radius increases. The objective of applying this formulation in the dimensioning process is to save power for shorter coverage distances.

Investigation of Path Loss of Mobile Radio Services at L-Band Frequency over Akure, South Western, Nigeria

As the migration of wireless communication network from one generation to another continue, radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in achieving an optimum performance as well as suitability over different locations of interest. In this research, investigation of radio communication channel behavior based on practical measurement in the L-band frequency in Akure- one of the dense urban regions of southwestern part of Nigeria has been carried out. A total number of ten base stations of MTN GSM service located across several areas in Akure were monitored. Path loss and break point distances was deduced from the Received Signal Strength (RSS) and compared with some existing path loss models. The mean and Standard deviation (SD) of each path loss model and measured path loss were estimated and compared on environmental basis; urban and suburban. Based on the regression line (log-normal model) of the measured exponent, Erceg and Cost-231 Hata path loss models show great consistency when compared with Ericson's model with Cost-231 Hata model showing the closest fit to the measured values. The results show that either the log-normal or Cost 231 Hata models may be used to estimate the path loss in mobile micro cell coverage in this region. Path loss exponents, break point distances for each location as well as fitted parameters for the suitable models were also derived. Information from this work will be useful for channel design of micro-wave band

Foundations of Ultra-Low Power Scale Free Sensor Networks for Cluster to Cluster Communications

This paper introduces a new foundation for ultra-cooperative communications based on very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) channels between mobile sensor nodes grouped in spatially distributed clusters. In this new framework, we define a cluster entity as a sensor network of wireless nodes with, but not limited to, scale-free topology. We define a physical wireless scale-free model for the clusters that extends the abstract scale-free model developed by Barabasi-Albert for network graphs to the wireless channel. Our air interface model is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with Rayleigh flat fading channels and additive white Gaussian noise. For intracluster communications, we have developed the new concept of consensus in a wireless network framework to improve performance. This new approach is ideal for distributed long-range low power sensor networks with ultra-low power signals well below the noise floor. For a cluster size of 100 nodes, we achieve BER of at an SNR of -25 dB in Rayleigh fading. This method enables reliability in both fading channels for intracluster communications and can support ultra-long range or ultra-low power communications links. We establish the fundamental principles involving the relationship between cluster sizes and communication performance, and illustrate 7× gains in range performance using HATA path loss models.

Foundations of Ultra-Low Power Scale Free Sensor Networks for Cluster to Cluster Communications

This paper introduces a new foundation for ultra-cooperative communications based on very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) channels between mobile sensor nodes grouped in spatially distributed clusters. In this new framework, we define a cluster entity as a sensor network of wireless nodes with, but not limited to, scale-free topology. We define a physical wireless scale free model for the clusters that extends the abstract scale-free model developed by Barabasi-Albert for network graphs to the wireless channel. Our air interface model is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with Rayleigh flat fading channels and additive white Gaussian noise. For intracluster communications, we have developed the new concept of consensus in a wireless network framework to improve performance. This new approach is ideal for distributed long-range low power sensor networks with ultra-low power signals well below the noise floor. For a cluster size of 100 nodes, we achieve BER of at an SNR of -25 dB in Rayleigh fading. This method enables reliability in both fading channels for intracluster communications and can support ultra-long range or ultra-low power communications links. We establish the fundamental principles involving the relationship between cluster sizes and communication performance, and illustrate 7× gains in range performance using HATA path loss models.

OPTIMIZATION OF HATA PROPAGATION PREDICTION MODEL IN SUBURBAN AREA IN MALAYSIA

This paper describes a study on RF attenuation path loss behavior in suburban coverage within Cyberjaya and Putrajaya areas, located in Selangor State in Malaysia. The objective of this study is to develop and optimize a path loss model based on the existing Hata path loss model and outdoor measurement using frequency range from 400MHz to 1800MHz. The optimized model had been used and validated at places within Putrajaya area to flnd the relative error in order to assess its performance. The values for modifled empirical parameters of Hata model were developed and presented in this paper. From the simulation result, the optimized model is found to best flt into the base station located at Putrajaya with smaller mean relative error. The smaller mean error shows that the optimization has been done successfully and thus, this optimized model can be useful to telecommunication providers in Malaysia in order to improve their service for mobile user satisfaction.