Harmonization Of Standards Research Articles

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE OVOS: ANÁLISE DE MÉTODOS E PADRÕES NA INDÚSTRIA AVÍCOLA

Egg grading is a fundamental process in the poultry industry that ensures quality and food safety. This article explores the most commonly used classification methods, their implications for product quality and consumer expectations. Through a systematic review of the literature, three main classification criteria were identified: weight, size and shell quality. The results show that standardization in sorting practices improves production efficiency and market acceptance. It is concluded that the adoption of modern technologies and the harmonization of global standards are essential for the sustainable development of the poultry industry. Egg grading is crucial to ensuring that consumers receive high-quality products, as well as facilitating marketing. For producers, this practice allows for better management of stock and product distribution, in addition to meeting regulatory requirements aimed at ensuring food safety. The chicken egg is made up of a clear shell and yolk. The shell protects the inside of the egg and allows gas exchange. The egg white is rich in proteins and water, functioning as protection and a source of nutrients for the embryo. The yolk contains lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, being the main source of energy for the development of the embryo. The egg also has internal membranes, an air chamber and chalazions that hold the yolk in place.

Public Health Implications of Pesticide Residues in Food: Risks, Regulations, and Interventions

Pesticides enter food primarily through direct application to crops during farming, where residues can remain on the surface or be absorbed into plant tissues. Additionally, pesticide drift from nearby treated areas and contamination of soil or water used for irrigation can introduce residues into food crops, further increasing the risk of exposure. This paper focuses on the public health implications of pesticide residues in food. The paper found that pesticide residues in food pose significant public health challenges, with potential risks ranging from acute toxicity to chronic health issues such as cancer, endocrine disruption, and neurological disorders. Vulnerable populations, including children, pregnant women, and the elderly, are particularly at risk. Effective regulation and monitoring become crucial as the agricultural sector relies heavily on pesticides for crop protection. Regulatory bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) play crucial roles in setting Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) to ensure food safety. However, implementing these regulations faces obstacles, particularly in developing countries, where resource constraints, lack of technical expertise, and socio-economic factors impede effective monitoring. Integrating pest management (IPM), advanced monitoring techniques and consumer education are essential to mitigate the risks posed by pesticide residues. The global harmonization of pesticide standards and continued research into safer alternatives and residue detection methods are critical for ensuring a secure food supply. As agricultural practices evolve, a multi-stakeholder approach involving policymakers, farmers, and consumers will be vital in reducing pesticide exposure and safeguarding public health.

AXIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR THE CONVERGENCE OF EU ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH POLICY

Abstract. The article addresses the issues of developing and implementing a unified strategy in the field of health policy and medical law in the European Union. The main focus is on analyzing differences between national legislations, assessing the institutional capacity of member states to adapt European standards, and studying the impact of a unified strategy on pan-European health effectiveness. Particular attention is given to the role of the European Parliament in shaping health policy and the potential of technological innovations to improve the quality of medical services. The purpose of the research. The purpose of the research is to determine and summarize the axiological aspects of the convergence of the European Union's activities in the field of health policy. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research includes an axiological analysis of national and European legislative acts, a comparative analysis of national approaches to medical standards, and an assessment of the institutional capacity of EU member states to adapt European standards. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the comprehensive analysis of the convergence of health policy in the EU and the study of the impact of a unified strategy on pan-European health effectiveness, with a focus on the harmonization of medical standards and regulations. Conclusions. The effective implementation of the EU's convergence strategy in health policy is a key factor in improving public health, preventing diseases, and eliminating threats to physical and mental health at the pan-European level.

Legal Standards for Selenium Enriched Foods and Agricultural Products: Domestic and International Perspectives.

Background/Objectives: Selenium is indispensable for human health, yet vast regions worldwide grapple with selenium-deficient soils, rendering dietary intake a critical avenue for supplementation. This narrative review aims to systematically examine and compare domestic and international regulations and standards related to selenium enrichment, providing insights to enhance regulatory frameworks and standardization within the selenium-enrichment industry. Methods: From June to September 2024, we conducted a comprehensive search of official websites belonging to international organizations (e.g., Codex Alimentarius Commission, European Union) and governmental agencies of countries such as China and the United States. Keywords, like "selenium enrichment", "selenium standards", and "selenium detection methods", were employed to identify pertinent regulations, standards, and guidelines encompassing intake benchmarks, detection methodologies, product specifications, technical guidelines for production, labeling requirements, and certification management norms. Results: Our analysis reveals several challenges within the current selenium-enriched regulatory and standardization systems, including inconsistent product determination criteria and limit settings, incomplete technical guidelines for selenium-enriched agricultural production, and a lack of unified regulations for labeling selenium-enriched agricultural products. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for harmonization of standards and enhanced regulatory oversight. To address these issues, we recommend bolstering safety risk assessments for selenium-enriched agricultural products, establishing and refining a comprehensive standard system for selenium-enriched agriculture, and intensifying quality and safety supervision. This study offers a valuable reference for policymakers and stakeholders to promote the sustainable development of the selenium-enrichment industry.

TCM-Centric Innovations in WHO's International Standard Terminologies: A Qualitative Exploration

Abstract: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is increasingly recognized worldwide as a valuable complementary and alternative medicine. To facilitate global research and collaboration in this field, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine on March 3, 2022. This international terminology translation standard, IST 2022, goes beyond conventional translation by embracing three innovative features: 1) It reflects TCM's foundational philosophy of unity and opposition, emphasizing the interconnectedness among TCM terms during translation. This approach transcends individual term translations to explore the interrelationships among them. 2) It meticulously preserves the integrity of TCM theory. It achieves this by retaining transliterations for unique TCM terms that possess distinct features, thus upholding the essence of TCM. 3) It employs innovative Xiang (Image) cognition, a concept rooted in traditional Chinese thought by helping readers grasp visual and mental imagery associated with each term. This study presents a qualitative analysis based on interviews with 11 TCM translation experts, examining their perspectives on these features and their translational preferences across IST 2007 and 2022 versions. The findings contribute to the standardization and global harmonization of TCM terminology, advocating for clarity, precision, and the advancement of TCM in the international healthcare arena.

Opportunities for Kazakhstan's agricultural exports to the Chinese market

This research delves into the dynamic relationship between China and Kazakhstan in the realm of agri-food trade, exploring the evolving landscape from 2012 to 2022. China, as the world's second-largest economy, commands a significant share in global agri-food imports, presenting a lucrative opportunity for Kazakhstan. Notably, China represents about 8% of the world's agri-food imports and stands as Kazakhstan's largest trading partner. In 2021, China emerged as one of the top four largest buyers of Kazakh food. This demographic shift has implications for the evolving demand in China's agri-food market and offers an avenue for Kazakhstan to tap into this growing consumer base. Despite being one of Kazakhstan's major trading partners, the country currently holds a modest share of China's agri-food market. The Kazakh government, aligning with China's "Belt and Road" initiative, aspires to double agricultural exports by 2025. Our analysis underscores the growing demand in China's agri-food market and its potential for Kazakhstan. Challenges such as technical disparities, logistical limitations, and institutional constraints are identified, necessitating collaborative solutions. The conclusion emphasizes the need for concrete actions, including technological advancements, infrastructure improvement, and standards harmonization, to enhance Kazakhstan's competitiveness in the Chinese market.

The Role of International law in Addressing Climate Change: Legal Perspective and Policy Solution

<p class="TableParagraph"><em>Climate change is one of the most significant challenges facing the world today. International law has a crucial role to play in addressing these issues through legal and policy frameworks. This study aims to analyze the role of international law in addressing climate change from a legal perspective and find effective policy solutions. The method used is a literature review with analysis of international legal documents and related policies, as well as case studies of policy implementation in several countries. The results show that although there have been some advances in international legislation and policy, there are still many challenges in its implementation that require innovative and collaborative solutions. The study also identified several policy solutions that could be improved through closer international cooperation, including harmonization of emission standards and more effective funding mechanisms. The recommendations of this study are expected to contribute to policymakers, legal practitioners, and other relevant parties in increasing the effectiveness of international law as a tool to address climate change.</em><em></em></p><p class="TableParagraph"><em> </em></p>

JAMINAN INDUSTRI HALAL DI NEGARA SINGAPURA DAN TAIWAN

Purpose: This study examines and compares the halal assurance processes in Indonesia, Taiwan, and Singapore. In addition, this study aims to assess the consequences of each system on the growth of the halal sector on a global and regional scale. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research utilises a comparative case study methodology with a qualitative approach. Through the investigation of official documents, data was collected. Regulations, certification requirements, and industry reports from each country were analyzed in the documents. Manufacturers, customers, and representatives from halal certification authorities were interviewed. To gain a first-hand understanding of the certification process and the application of regulations, field observations were also conducted. Findings: The findings show that Singapore, Taiwan, and Indonesia have different strategies for implementing halal assurance. Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) in Singapore operates a rigorous and globally renowned certification program. Taiwan concentrates on food and cosmetic products through the Taiwan Halal Integrity Development Association (THIDA). With the support of the world's largest Muslim community, Indonesia, the Halal Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH), has established a comprehensive and integrated system. These different strategies affect the efficacy of halal products and consumer confidence in each country. Research Implications: The results of this study show how harmonization of international halal certification and standards can improve consumer confidence and increase international trade in halal goods. In addition, by incorporating best practices from other countries, policymakers and industry players can improve their halal assurance systems with the help of this study. This harmonization can guarantee more reliable halal products to Muslim consumers around the world and improve the global halal market position.

The economic nature and process of formation of accounting estimates and accounting valuations

Subject. Amendments to IAS 8 and, as a result, the revision of the essence of the category Accounting Estimate necessitate the improvement of the Russian methodological framework based on the previous version of the International Standard. When conducting an audit in Russia in accordance with international standards, auditors analyze the category Accounting Estimate, the essence of which is described in IFRS. The article discusses the discrepancy between the essence of the category Accounting Estimate used in the Russian practices of accounting and auditing. Objectives. The article aims to study the essence of the category Accounting Estimate used in the Russian accounting practice, conduct a comparative analysis of the category under study and the category Accounting Estimate in the International Standards on Auditing (ISA) and Accounting Valuation in the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Methods. For the study, I used a systems analysis, the method of comparative research, structuring information, data grouping, deduction, and other methods. Results. The article clarifies the definitions of the categories Accounting Estimate and Accounting Valuation, distinguishes these categories, and proposes an interrelated categorical system that unites the concepts under consideration. In addition, the article presents the author-developed consolidated list of disclosures of information on accounting estimates and related accounting estimates in financial statements. Conclusions. The proposals made can increase the degree of harmonization of Russian and International Standards, unify Russian accounting and auditing practices in relation to accounting valuations and accounting estimates.

Management of sustainable land use projects in accordance with EU requirements

The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the management of sustainable land use development projects in Ukraine and the EU countries and to develop recommendations for improving Ukrainian practices in accordance with the requirements of the European Union. The methodology was based on a systematic approach and included the analysis of statistical data, an expert survey, and the calculation of an integral index of compliance with EU requirements. The study focused on three key aspects: restoration of degraded land, introduction of organic farming, and water management. The results revealed that Ukraine is lagging behind in all the parameters under study. In the area of restoration of degraded land, it was found that the area of restored land in Ukraine (8.4% of the total area of degraded land) is almost twice less than the average of the EU countries studied (16.8%). Investments in land restoration in Ukraine (310 EUR/ha) are only 39% of the EU average (792 EUR/ha). The analysis of the development of organic farming showed that the share of organic land in Ukraine (1.1% of the total agricultural area) is almost 6 times lower than the average for the EU countries under study (6.7%). The number of certified organic producers in Ukraine (3.2 per 100,000 population) is 6.4 times lower than the average for EU countries. In the field of water management, it was found that the irrigation efficiency in Ukraine (60%) is significantly lower than the EU average (77.4%), and the share of land with drip irrigation in Ukraine (5.2%) is 3.5 times lower than the EU average (18%). The calculation of the integral index of compliance with EU requirements showed that Ukraine (56 points) significantly lags behind the average of the EU countries studied (82.4 points). Based on the identified differences and successful practices of EU countries, a set of recommendations has been developed to improve the management of sustainable land use projects in Ukraine. Key recommendations include the development of a comprehensive national strategy, the creation of specialised financing funds, the introduction of economic incentives, the modernisation of monitoring systems, the harmonisation of standards with the EU, and large-scale educational campaigns. The study emphasises the need to significantly improve approaches to managing sustainable land use projects in Ukraine to bring them closer to EU standards and ensure efficient use of land resources

Modern methods for controlling and regulating impurities in pharmaceuticals

The article is dedicated to modern principles of regulation and control of impurities in pharmaceutical products and active pharmaceutical substances, which is a crucial task for the pharmaceutical industry. The relevance of this research stems from the fact that the presence of impurities in pharmaceutical products can significantly affect their safety and efficacy, making the development of stringent control methods throughout the entire life cycle of a pharmaceutical product essential. Even small amounts of impurities can cause adverse effects or reduce the therapeutic value of drugs, as evidenced by historical examples. The aim of the study is to analyze and systematize contemporary approaches to the detection and regulation of impurities in pharmaceutical products. The paper reviews current regulatory requirements, including guidelines from the The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and regulatory documents of the Eurasian Economic Community, as well as national pharmacopeias of the Russian Federation, the United States of America, and the European Union. Conclusion. Additionally, the article emphasizes the need for harmonization of standards and practices for impurity control, which is especially relevant in the context of the globalization of the pharmaceutical market. Harmonization not only enhances the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products but also improves patients' quality of life by reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with impurities. The article also explores prospects for further improvement of regulatory acts and the implementation of advanced technologies aimed at enhancing standardization and quality control in the pharmaceutical industry.

Genetic evaluation of udder health traits in the Spanish Holstein Cows

The aims of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters of clinical mastitis (CM) and somatic cell score (SCS) traits, and to compare the performance of genetic evaluations of CM traits using univariate and bivariate analyses (CM-SCS). Data was edited according to the Udder Health Golden Standard harmonization and then, 6 CM traits and 6 SCS traits were considered, as the result of combining 3 lactation classification (1, 2, ≥ 3) and 2 milking periods (early, late). The linear mixed animal models included the ratio of period at risk as a covariate, herd-year of calving, month of calving, and lactation-age as fixed effects, and the permanent environmental effect for traits of ≥ 3 lactations. Prevalence of CM in early lactation was similar regardless the lactation number (5-6%) and the estimated heritabilities were 0.01. Prevalences in late lactation ranged from 10% to 24% and heritabilities ranged from 0.03 to 0.05. Estimated heritabilities of SCS ranged from 0.06 to 0.16 with univariate analyses. Somatic cell count (therefore its log-transformation SCS) showed higher probability of identify correctly healthy cows than infected cows but there was still up to 36% of healthy cows for CM not detected by SCS. Genetic correlations between CM-SCS traits ranged from 0.36 to 0.95, and SCS in lactation 3 and later did not add extra information to SCS in second lactation for predicting CM. Regarding reliabilities of estimated breeding value (EBV) for CM traits, bivariate CM-SCS analyses led to substantial increases with respect to the single-trait model for sires (7-12% more in first lactation and 16-28% more for second lactation). Sire's rank correlations for CM between univariate and bivariate analyses (0.47-0.92) suggest that discarding sires could be more accurate than selecting candidates for sires of dams. We can conclude that SCS in first lactation could be useful to supplement CM data in first and second lactations to improve udder health genetic evaluation.

Protecting victims of international crimes: A reflection on the functional interpretation of the Statute of the International Criminal Court

This study identified essential factors concerning the safeguarding of victims of international crimes within the context of the functional interpretation of the Rome Statute. The study examined the principal worldwide legal frameworks governing the protection of victims of these crimes. The study employed hermeneutic, system-structural analysis, comparative legal, and other methods. The analysis results indicated that the legislation of Kazakhstan lacks clearly defined norms that relate to the responsibility of the state to victims, as well as their right to adequate reparation, including compensation and rehabilitation, as mandated by the UN Convention against Torture. Kazakhstan and China have not ratified the Rome Statute, largely due to political considerations. Kazakhstanʼs accession to the Rome Statute could lead to the harmonisation of national standards with international demands concerning the rule of law and the protection of human rights, as well as strengthen global efforts to counteract the evils that threaten peace and security. It was also found that the lack of clarity in the normative terminology and methods of interpretation of the Rome Statute, as well as conflicts between different objectives, led to the use of a functionalist approach by the court in interpreting the Statute. This weakens its basic function of protecting peopleʼs rights, violates the competences of the participating states and interferes with the principle of national sovereignty. The study addressed the need for victimological prevention of victims of international crimes, which should include improving the practice of treating victims, revising legislation, and developing new structures and services. It is also essential to provide information about the methods of abuse and the diversity of victims through various media formats

Relevance of international legal and national standards of safety of navigation and the role of classification societies in the context of modern challenges and innovations in shipbuilding

The relevance of international legal and national safety standards for shipping is growing due to modern challenges, such as innovations in shipbuilding, climate change and growing requirements for environmental safety, which underlines the important role of classification societies in this process. The purpose of the study was to analyse the impact of international and national safety standards on modern shipbuilding and to assess the role of classification societies in ensuring the safe operation of ships. The study applied the methods of system analysis, comparative law and empirical modelling. The main results of the study are the identification of the need for further harmonization of international legal standards with national requirements, improvement of the role of classification societies in monitoring innovations in shipbuilding, and formulation of proposals for improving the environmental safety of shipping. In addition, the paper identifies the prospects for using the latest technologies to improve safety standards in maritime transport. In particular, the article focuses on the role of classification societies in ensuring that ships comply with these standards, as well as their contribution to the introduction of innovations in shipbuilding. The study contains an analysis of current regulations and standards governing shipping safety, as well as cases of their implementation in practice. The key changes in ship safety requirements in view of current risks, including environmental challenges and increased quality requirements, are identified. The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of using the results obtained by both regulatory authorities and shipbuilding companies to improve internal safety standards and support international certification

The three-dimensional harmonic oscillator and solid harmonics in Bargmann space

The three-dimensional harmonic oscillator is solved in Bargmann space. The treatment is pedagogically more transparent than the standard ones, at the price of introducing the Bargmann transform in the context of the one-dimensional oscillator. The standard solid harmonics are similarly derived with minimal technical effort, amounting to a complete self-contained exposition suitable for introductory courses in quantum mechanics or mathematical methods of physics. It provides an early exposure to wavelets, with important contemporary applications in signal analysis and quantum optics.

Legal mechanisms for improving the efficiency of accounting in the social security sector: Analysis of the regulatory environment and recommendations for improvement

The purpose of this study was to analyse legal accounting instruments, with a focus on the social security sector, by identifying and assessing the key problems affecting the effectiveness of their use. The study analysed Ukrainian legislation governing accounting and taxation and compared it with the legal systems of Germany, the UK, and the US. The study examined the harmonisation of national standards with international ones, specifically focusing on the challenges faced by small and medium-sized enterprises due to inadequate government support and the inconsistency of tax legislation with international requirements. The findings of the study showed that small and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine are falling behind in the implementation of international standards because of the lack of financial and technical resources. It was also found that many enterprises have no access to qualified personnel capable of working with international standards, which further complicates their transition to international reporting standards. Statistics show that only 35% of medium-sized and 20% of small enterprises in Ukraine have implemented international financial reporting standards, which is significantly lower than in Germany, the UK, and the US, where this rate is much higher due to better legislation and government support. Furthermore, insufficient automation of accounting processes and unified reporting requirements in the social security sector complicate the management of pension payments and other social obligations. The study found that insufficient control by government agencies over compliance with international standards reduces the transparency of financial reporting, which leads to a general setback in the competitiveness of Ukrainian enterprises in international markets. The study found a lack of coordination between enterprises and social funds, which increases the risk of delays in payments and reporting errors and requires improved accounting processes to increase the transparency and stability of the social security system. The findings underscore the necessity of reforming legislation to harmonise national standards with international ones and improve accounting efficiency, which will help attract foreign investment and increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian enterprises

Compliance Level of Adopting and Approving Harmonised National Standards in Information Sciences: Current State and Prospects

The aim of the article is to study the level of acceptance and approval, to reveal the status and outline the prospects for harmonising national standards in accordance with international normative documents in the field of information sciences, library, publishing and archival studies. Reresearch methods. The offered research grounds on a set of general scientific methods. In the course of studying the professional literature of scientific articles for the set goal and solving the tasks, the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalisation and systematisation, the method of grouping national standards according to the code designations of the National Standard 004: 2020 of the “Ukrainian Classifier of Regulatory Documents” are used, which make it possible to draw conclusions about the methods and the level of accepted and approved harmonised standards in information sciences. The scientific novelty of the article consists in revealing the level of adopting and approving harmonised national standards in information, library, publishing and archival studies in accordance with international regulatory documents, which ensures a high-quality level of development of standardisation in Ukraine. Main conclusions. The first adopted and approved national standards in information, library, publishing and archival studies as harmonised with international norms, requirements, rules and regulatory provisions according to the degree of compliance are mostly identical or modified, some of them are not equivalent to international regulatory documents. During the last decade the Ukrainian information community development the degree of adoption and harmonisation of national standards in relation to international normative documents has increased to 100 %, which makes it possible to improve information support, optimise the fund of normative documents, scientific and terminological base, analytical and synthetic processing of scientific and technical information, documentary, informational, library, publishing and archival studies. As a rule, harmonisation and implementation of international standards in the information sphere is a priority task for ensuring a qualitatively new level of standardisation development in Ukraine.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ АУДИТОВ ОТДЕЛЕНИЙ ЛУЧЕВОЙ ТЕРАПИИ В РФ НА ОСНОВЕ ПРИНЦИПОВ АУДИТА МАГАТЭ QUATRO

Purpose: To describe the essence, tasks and algorithm of comprehensive audit in radiotherapy departments of medical institutions in Rus sian Federation. The methodology of audits conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and adapted for its further application, was used as a model. The global goal of the audit project is to standardize and harmonize procedures to ensure safety and quality control of treatment of cancer patients in different institutions, to enable comparison of radiation therapy results among participating institutions, to conduct interclinical studies and, possibly, to create a unified data register. Material and methods: One of the main aspects of clinical audits is the harmonization of standards between different departments. Clinical audits in radiotherapy can be an important tool for interclinical quality assurance (QA) program, effectiveness and safety of radiotherapy, and treatment protocols synchronization. Audits allow an in-depth analysis of the procedures and processes governing patient care in a particular clinic. Such clinical audits cover the whole chain of patients care, the organization of structural units, the infrastructure, clinical, physics and technical aspects underlying the radiotherapy department. This audit is a peer review process conducted by an audit team consisting of a radiation oncologist (RO), medical physicist (MP) and radiation technologist (RTT) and is known as QUATRO and stands for Quality Assurance Team in Radiation Oncology). Possible audit tools include: 1. Saff interviewing. 2. Examination of the structure of the entire department. 3. Review and evaluation of procedures and all relevant documentation, including analysis of patient charts. 4. Conducting independent measurements of absorbed doses and other methods of local procedures monitoring, where relevant and appropriate. 5. Observation of the practical implementation of operating procedures. Results: It was decided to use the IAEA QUATRO methodology for clinical audits and to adapt it to the specifics of radiotherapy in Russian Federation. One of the advantages of such a clinical audit is that the formalism and algorithm of this approach will be identically applied in all departments, which will allow comparing and analyzing the results. In order to obtain structured information, a detailed research protocol, which is a questionnaire, has been developed. The questions in the questionnaire allow to assess key aspects of the radiotherapy process that affect clinical outcomes and treatment efficiency.

Нововведения в регулировании дистанционной работы в Узбекистане, Кыргызстане и Беларуси: сравнение с опытом Казахстана и России

The article analyzes the innovations introduced into the Labor Code of Uzbekistan, the Labor Code of Kyrgyzstan and the Labor Code of Belarus in 2022–2023, related with regulating the differences of remote work. A comparison is made with the Labor Code of Kazakhstan and the Labor Code of Russia. The author made conclusions regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the new labor law norms. Directions for further harmonization of standards on remote work have been outlined.

The Impact of RCEP Tariff Concessions on Intra-Regional Trade: An Analysis of Trade Creation and Diversion

This study delves into the economic ramifications of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), particularly focusing on its tariff concessions and their influence on intra-regional trade dynamics within the Asia-Pacific region. By encompassing 15 East Asian and Pacific nations, RCEP stands as the world's largest trading bloc, accounting for approximately 30% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This research aims to dissect the core objectives of RCEP, emphasizing the significant tariff concessions that aim to eliminate up to 90% of the tariffs within the bloc over a stipulated timeline. Through a comprehensive analysis, this paper explores the dual phenomena of trade creation and trade diversion as intrinsic outcomes of RCEP's tariff concessions. Initial findings project an increase in intraregional exports by nearly 2%, translating to an augmentation of approximately US$42 billion. This surge in trade volume is attributed to the lowered costs of goods due to reduced tariffs, fostering economic growth and integration of regional markets. However, the study also highlights the nuanced impacts of trade diversion, where trade shifts from more efficient external sources to less efficient member states, induced by preferential treatment within the bloc. Furthermore, the paper navigates through the challenges and opportunities presented by RCEP, including the harmonization of trade policies and regulatory standards across diverse economic landscapes. The research underscores the strategic implications for RCEP member countries, advocating for a multifaceted approach to leverage the benefits of the agreement while mitigating potential downsides. This study contributes to the broader discourse on regional economic cooperation and integration, offering insights into the complex interplay between trade policies and regional dynamics in the Asia-Pacific.