Harmonization Of Law Research Articles

The potency of the OHADA law in the African digital economy

Abstract There are various technological developments or innovations that have (or will in the future) radically transform business transactions and the way in which people work, enter into contracts, and fulfil their contractual obligations. The principal focus of this article is to analyse the shortfall of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Laws in Africa’s (OHADA) law, through its Uniform Act on General Commercial Law, in failing to embrace new technologies in a trending digital era when applying traditional contract laws rules to the buying and selling of goods. This is significant because the Uniform Act, as a tool for the regulation of cross-border sale of goods contracts, has been put to the test. Although the scope of the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law is not extensive to new technologies, this article probes the question as to whether the pulse of technology poses a challenge for the traditional 20th-century rules under OHADA. In other words, is the statute robust enough to reflect the modern digital world, or will it become outdated if it is not revamped or supplemented by other conventions to accommodate new technologies and ways of conducting business? This study uses an in-depth critical analysis of the provisions of the Uniform Act in order to ascertain its potency as it concludes that it is imperative in this modern digital age for such a statute to embody technological innovations for the efficient conduct of transnational businesses.

Consumer Protection in Business Law: Conflict of Norms and its Implications under Article 18 of Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection

Consumer protection is an important aspect of business law that often clashes with the principle of freedom of contract. This paper analyzes the conflict between Article 18 of the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK) and Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) in the context of consumer protection in Indonesia. The norm conflict arises mainly in the use of standard clauses in standard contracts, which can harm consumers. John Rawls' theory of justice and Gustav Radbruch's theory of legal certainty are used to understand how the law can balance the interests of consumer protection and freedom of contract. In addition, technological developments and globalization also complicate the application of GCPL in electronic and cross-border transactions. The author suggests several legal strategies to address this conflict, including revision of laws, integration of technology, and harmonization of international law. In conclusion, effective consumer protection requires a balance between substantive justice and legal certainty and adaptation to technological change and market dynamics.

Responsibility of Land Deed Officials: Implications of Legal Convergence on the Harmonization and Integration of Collateral Law and Telematics Law

The dynamics of the convergence of telematics law within the national legal system, notably in the area of land, are represented by the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning's Regulation Number 5 of 2020, which also serves as the head of the National Land Agency. One of the effects of land digitization is the Ministerial Regulation, which has changed the mortgage rights registration process from a traditional system to an electronic or digital one. Despite being virtual, the digitalization of Mortgage Rights registration involves actual legal actions with clear legal ramifications. The Land Deed Official is directly involved in the electronic execution of Mortgage Rights, which is governed by the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency number 5 of 2020. The objective of this study is to investigate the consequences of the convergence of the Law on Mortgage Rights and the Telecommunication Law. This convergence results in the creation of digital-based Mortgage Rights via an integrated Electronic Mortgage Registration system, which is also known as the Electronic Mortgage System. The role and obligations of the Land Deed Official are also affected by this. This study employs a prescriptive, normative-juridical methodology. Based on the research findings, it is known that the conversion of the collateral registration system from a traditional system to a digital system is affected by the convergence of telematics legislation and the law of collateral guarantees. Because of the discord and breakdown of the Mortgage Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the Regulations of the Land Deed Official, this also affects the status and legal obligations of the Land Deed Official, who fails to maintain the principle of justice..

A Paradigmatic Shift for Estonian Research Libraries: Thirty Years of Rapid Travel on the Digital Highway

Abstract In the ten years after Estonia regained its independence in 1991, there were many developments that continue to shape the work of libraries today: the establishment of the Estonian Libraries Network Consortium (ELNET), the implementation of automated library systems and the modernization of basic library work processes, library legislation, harmonisation of copyright law, the procurement of information resources necessary for the development and consolidation of Estonian statehood, economy, science and culture, the creation of conditions necessary for the preservation of the national heritage, and new developments in the preservation and digitisation of library collections.

Comparative legal frameworks for regulating artificial intelligence: A model for harmonizing AI laws in Latin America and Africa

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies advance, the need for comprehensive and harmonized legal frameworks has become paramount. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the regulatory approaches to AI in Latin America and Africa, regions with unique challenges and opportunities in AI governance. While both regions have shown growing interest in AI, their legal landscapes differ significantly, with fragmented policies and varying levels of enforcement. The analysis reveals that despite these differences, there are common concerns such as data privacy, ethical use, and the impact of AI on labor markets that demand coordinated regulatory responses. The paper proposes a model for harmonizing AI laws between these regions, focusing on fostering cross-regional collaboration, developing shared ethical guidelines, and establishing joint regulatory bodies to ensure consistent enforcement. This model aims to balance innovation with the protection of fundamental rights, drawing on successful frameworks from other jurisdictions while adapting to the socio-economic contexts of Latin America and Africa. The harmonization of AI laws is not only essential for mitigating risks associated with AI but also for promoting economic integration and technological collaboration between these regions. By aligning their regulatory approaches, Latin America and Africa can better position themselves in the global AI landscape, ensuring that AI development is inclusive, ethical, and sustainable. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of regional cooperation in AI governance and the potential of a harmonized legal framework to foster innovation while safeguarding public interest. This comparative study serves as a foundational step towards creating a unified AI regulatory environment that can effectively address the complexities of AI technologies and their socio-economic impacts across these two diverse regions.

Conceptual model for strengthening international commercial arbitration in promoting cross-border trade and investment in developing economies

International commercial arbitration plays a crucial role in promoting cross-border trade and investment, particularly in developing economies where legal and institutional frameworks may be underdeveloped. This paper proposes a conceptual model aimed at strengthening international commercial arbitration to enhance its effectiveness in supporting cross-border trade and investment in these regions. The model addresses the unique challenges faced by developing economies, such as inadequate legal infrastructure, limited access to expertise, and the reluctance of foreign investors due to perceived risks. It emphasizes the need for capacity building, the harmonization of arbitration laws with international standards, and the creation of supportive legal environments that foster investor confidence. The model proposes the establishment of regional arbitration centers with a focus on developing economies, staffed by experts familiar with local contexts and international best practices. Additionally, it suggests the integration of digital technologies to streamline arbitration processes, reduce costs, and enhance accessibility. Collaboration between international arbitration bodies, governments, and private sectors is also highlighted as a critical component for the success of this model. Furthermore, the model advocates for the development of specialized training programs to build local expertise in arbitration and dispute resolution. By fostering a robust arbitration culture, developing economies can attract and retain foreign investment, thereby contributing to sustainable economic growth. This conceptual model seeks to bridge the gap between global arbitration standards and the specific needs of developing economies. By doing so, it aims to create a more conducive environment for cross-border trade and investment, ultimately contributing to the economic development of these regions. The paper concludes by outlining the potential impact of the model on improving investor confidence, reducing trade barriers, and enhancing the overall attractiveness of developing economies as investment destinations.

Is There a Need to Expand the Refugee Definition?

This article examines the urgency of protecting against displacement caused by climate change under international law and questions why Rohingya displacement has not been resolved even though it has been protected by international law, whether the harmonization of human rights approaches, national law, and international law towards refugees and climate refugees. This paper uses a literature review method and a normative legal approach by reviewing national and international human rights law. The findings of this paper suggest that many Rohingya continue to flee to safer countries, often taking enormous risks, including dangerous ocean crossings. The impacts of climate change can be categorized as persecution; the Refugee Convention requires that such persecution be due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership of a particular social group. Persecution alone is not enough. The difficulty is that the impacts of climate change are largely indiscriminate and not related to specific characteristics such as a person's background or beliefs. The Rohingya people have experienced violence, discrimination, and persecution for decades, and the international community has failed to protect them effectively. The international community has allowed Myanmar to carry out genocide against the Rohingya without taking any action, even though United Nations member states are obliged to protect their population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. National, international, and human rights laws play an important role in determining the legal status and rights of refugees in a country. All three must be embedded and integrated, starting from international law and its derivatives to national law, which contains humanitarian rights.

A Comparative Analysis of Remedies and Challenges in the Protection of Stakeholders Rights: OHADA vs. English Corporate Law

This article provides a comparative analysis of the remedies and challenges in the protection of stakeholder rights under OHADA (Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa) and English corporate law. The study focuses on key legal remedies available to stakeholders, including the derivative action model, the unfair prejudice remedy, personal right of action, remedies for breach of contract and torts, representative actions amongst other remedies. Under OHADA, the uniform legal framework aims to harmonize business laws across member states, promoting legal certainty and economic growth. In this context, the derivative action model allows minority shareholders to seek redress for wrongs committed against the company, while the unfair prejudice remedy protects stakeholders from actions that harm their interests. Personal right of action and remedies for breach of contract and torts provide additional avenues for stakeholders to seek justice. Representative actions further enable collective redress for affected parties. In contrast, English corporate law, rooted in a common law tradition, offers flexibility and judicial interpretation in protecting stakeholder rights. The derivative action model in English law allows shareholders to bring claims on behalf of the company, while the unfair prejudice remedy addresses situations where minority shareholders are treated unfairly. Personal right of action and remedies for breach of contract and torts are well-established, providing robust protection for stakeholders. Representative actions in English law facilitate collective litigation, enhancing access to justice. In tandem with the foregoing, this paper explores challenges in the practical enforcement of these remedies, including differences in legal culture, enforcement mechanisms, and jurisdictional issues. By comparing OHADA and English corporate law, the study provides insights into the effectiveness of various legal frameworks in protecting stakeholder rights and offers recommendations for enhancing stakeholder protection through legal reforms and policy initiatives. Through a content analysis of primary and secondary data, we uphold that this article contributes to the discourse on corporate governance and stakeholder theory, offering valuable perspectives for policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars interested in the protection of stakeholder rights in diverse legal environments.

A Study on Management of Administrative Challenges and Market Strategies in the Implementation of Carbon Tax in Indonesia

This research discusses administrative challenges and market strategies in implementing a carbon tax in Indonesia. The carbon tax was introduced through the 2021 Harmonization of Tax Regulations Law to control CO2 emissions from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Key challenges include administrative complexity, strong inter-agency coordination, effective monitoring systems, and consistent law enforcement. The global carbon market in 2023 shows great potential for economically efficient emissions reductions, but implementing this model requires adapting to Indonesia's socio-economic landscape. The research method used is a qualitative approach with case studies, combining data from policy documents, interviews with tax experts, and local carbon market analysis. The research results show that the implementation of a carbon tax is faced with several major challenges, including a lack of accurate data on emissions, an immature monitoring system, and resistance from certain industrial sectors. Effective market management strategies, such as the allocation of tax revenues to sustainable projects, are key to mitigating negative economic impacts and encouraging investment in green technologies. This research makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the complexity of carbon tax implementation in developing countries and its relevance in the global context for achieving climate change goals.

Promoting Regional Cooperation and International Harmonization of Trademark Law with Frontier Technological Innovation

In the era of globalization, international harmonization of trademark law is essential. At the same time, the emergence of cutting-edge technologies such as AI and blockchain has completely provided a new solution to trademark protection and management, while also challenging the existing legal framework. These technologies require cross-border cooperation to effectively harmonize trademark law. This article examines the role of innovative technologies in enhancing international harmonization of trademark law, with a focus on improving trademark protection and administration. This paper combines legal analysis, technology assessments and case studies to explore the impact of these technologies on international harmonisation. The study aims to answer the following key questions: How do current challenges in international trademark harmonization affect global cooperation? What is the potential of technology to solve these problems? The expected conclusion is that innovative technologies can significantly simplify international harmonization of trademark law, facilitate cross-border cooperation and strengthen legal frameworks. This paper may help to advance global IP protection and provide new insights into international trademark law harmonization, contributing to a more cohesive and efficient global IP landscape.

Copyright Protection in the Digital Age: Addressing Challenges and Finding Solutions in Indonesian Civil Law

This research aims to identify the challenges faced in enforcing such legal protection. In the current digital era, advances in information and communication technology have had a major impact on various aspects of life including the creation and dissemination of intellectual works, which opens up opportunities for copyright infringement. This research uses a normative juridical approach with a qualitative descriptive analysis method. Data is collected through literature study and analysis of laws and regulations related to copyright protection and intellectual property rights. Primary data based on Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, and secondary data collected from previous related research journals and other official documents. The research found that the legal protection of copyright and intellectual property rights in the digital era in Indonesia still faces various challenges. These challenges include the speed and volume of digital content dissemination, anonymity and global jurisdiction, and the effectiveness of Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology. Although Law No. 28/2014 on Copyright has regulated the economic and moral rights of creators, law enforcement is still ineffective. To overcome these challenges, a comprehensive and collaborative approach is needed between the government, digital platforms, copyright owners, and the public. Some of the proposed solutions include improved automatic detection technology using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, harmonization of international copyright law, DRM technology reform, simplification and transparency of the copyright infringement reporting process, and increased public awareness and education regarding the importance of copyright and intellectual property rights.

China’s New Pattern of Rule of Law on UAS

China as the world’s prominent market for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) has just passed a new regulation on UAS. The new regulation is expected to form a new pattern of rule of law on UAS in China. With the need for harmonisation of laws internationally, this article highlights the three aspects out of China’s new UAS legislation against an international setting.

Empowering Muslim Women: Bridging Islamic Law and Human Rights with Islamic Economics

This intersectional study investigates the harmonisation of Islamic law and human rights in the context of empowering Muslim women through Islamic economics. This study applies an intersectional approach in carrying out the library research method with literature analysis carried out integratively and comprehensively to explore and review various literature sources relevant to the research topic, including journal articles, books, research reports, policy documents, and other related sources of information. The results show that harmonisation between Islamic law and human rights in empowering Muslim women through Islamic economics significantly impacts achieving gender equality and supporting sustainable development. The complexity of Muslim women's identities influenced by factors such as religion, gender, and social class demands a holistic and integrated policy approach in the economy. While the Islamic economy offers great potential to enhance the role of women as agents of change and key drivers of economic development, the incompatibility between Islamic law and human rights conventions and issues of gender inequality points to the need for more inclusive legal and policy reforms. Identifying and recognising these challenges underscores the importance of adopting a comprehensive and coordinated approach. Specific measures that need to be strengthened include inter-agency cooperation, legal and policy reforms to support better gender equality, capacity building of women in the Islamic economic sector, and raising public awareness on the importance of women's empowerment. As such, this study enriches the academic literature and offers practical guidance for policymakers, stakeholders in the Islamic economy, and the general public in advocating and implementing effective and sustainable women's empowerment.

Can employment salvage payments be entitled to a maritime lien and allowed in the general average? A comparative analysis of the UK, US, and China

The International Convention on Salvage 1989 established the basic framework on the “no cure, no pay” principle and also allowed for freedom of contract. Employment salvage is defined as services performed under a contract to pay a given sum or per diem or horam wages, payable at all events, regardless of the salvage is successful or unsuccessful. This study provides a thorough analysis of the differences between employment salvage payments and “no cure, no pay” salvage rewards, identifying key distinctions in their legal natures, principles for calculating remuneration, and conditions of payment. By comparing the legal frameworks in the United Kingdom, the United States, and China, it is determined that claims for employment salvage payments should not be entitled to maritime liens. Moreover, if such claims satisfy the criteria of general average, they should be allowed in general average and contributed to by the relevant beneficiaries. To prevent the dilution of the "no cure, no pay" principle in maritime salvage due to the increased freedom of contract, this study advocates for a stricter scrutiny of contractual freedom in employed salvage to avoid potential abuses by salvors. It is crucial to balance the interests of salvors and other maritime stakeholders, ensuring that while salvors are incentivized for their risky work, other parties are also safeguarded against excessive or unwarranted financial burdens. Additionally, to reduce legal conflicts among nations, it is advisable for countries to coordinate their legislation and establish appropriate international guidelines to promote a greater harmonization of international maritime law.

Standardised cookie banner: a solution to the cookie consent problem

ABSTRACT Cookies are an essential part of today's internet. In the EU, the ePrivacy Directive (read with the EU GDPR) requires prior informed consent for using cookies. Usually, websites use cookie banners to meet the informed consent requirement. However, due to a lack of harmonisation of cookie law across the EU, varying cookie guidelines by data protection authorities of different member states, and varying implementation of cookie consent requirements by websites, users face differing cookie banners on different websites. Having to face differing cookie banners requires additional cognitive effort and time to read, understand, evaluate, and select options on each banner. Moreover, the way consent is sought remains deceptive. Websites use dark patterns, vague language, positive framing, and nudging to elicit user consent. This paper proposes standardised cookie banners to solve the various problems with cookie consent banners. The paper suggests that the standardised banner must have standardised timing of display, position on the website, text and language, presentation, consent options, and way of consenting.

Towards Economic Optimization: Evaluating The Impact of Legal Changes

Restorative justice symbolizes a paradigm shift in enforcing criminal laws, right from focusing on penalizing the offenders to attending to mending the damages caused by crime while promoting reconciliation and restoration of relations within the society, has been found as well in the context of taxation to address violations of tax regulations. Tax law enforcement with a Restorative justice approach is considered to provide a more comprehensive and sustainable solution in dealing with violations. Dispute resolution is focused on reconciling the parties, in this case between the state which is positioned as a victim and the party who committed the violation, this is done to create a better compliance climate and reduce protracted problems. This journal article is prepared in order to analyse the impact of the implementation of Restorative justice regulated in the Law Harmonisation of Taxation Regulations. By using a doctrinal legal research method based on theory and application to regulations, it is hoped that the results of theoretical analysis based on the principle of restorative justice and the economic analysis of law approach can provide further insight into how Restorative justice applied as a law enforcement approach, especially in the field of taxation, can benefit the state as an effort to achieve harmonisation of tax regulations and their efficiency for sustainable economic.

International Legal Content of the Concept "Renewable Energy Sources" Revisited

Introduction. The expansion of the use of renewable energy sources (RES) is recognized as one of the means to solve the issue of climate change. At the same time, RES is considered an "antagonist" to traditional natural resources, the latter being unevenly distributed among states, so the formation of an international legal regime for renewable energy requires a balanced approach. In this article, the author analyzes the key component of such a regime, namely, the legal content of the term "renewable energy sources". Based on the documents adopted within international organizations containing definitions of RES, the author establishes the main criteria of RES and formulates a list of energy sources that are universally recognized as such, namely, wind energy, water energy, solar energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, ocean and river energy.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific techniques (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, classification, systematization, forecasting) and private scientific techniques (formal legal and comparative legal method).The research is based on the documents of universal international organizations (UN, IEA, IRENA), in which the definition of RES is formulated. The author also resorts to the sources of the EU law governing cooperation in the area of renewable energy as well as documents adopted within the CIS.Research results. The article analyzes the concept of RES in the international law. It is established that it is based on a quantitative criterion (i.e. the speed of reproduction of an energy source should exceed the speed of its consumption) and a qualitative one (its "sustainability" in terms of environmental impact). Since no known energy source is completely environmentally neutral, the "sustainability" criterion is used to identify sources that have significantly less environmental impact than others. The author also identifies a number of energy sources that meet the criterion of renewability, but are not recognized as RES (e.g. nuclear energy), or are not included in the RES, in respect of which states wish to develop international cooperation (e.g. certain types of hydropower, traditional biomass). The author also identifies RES, with regards to which states choose to apply the precautionary principle due to insufficient knowledge of their compliance with the sustainability criterion (e.g. geothermal energy).Discussion and conclusion. The author concludes that the international community has developed an understanding of the criteria for classifying energy sources as RES, and their list is agreed within different interstate communities depending on the actual needs of interaction (for universal organizations, the aim is to mainly the exchange of "best practices" for encouraging RES, for regional ones it also includes developing cooperation mechanisms within the framework of transnational projects and harmonization of state laws). This gives grounds for optimism about reaching a consensus on the concept of renewable energy for the development of an international legal regime.

Блокчейн-технологии и судебный процесс: новые вызовы и перспективы

The article uses the example of judicial cases involving cryptocurrencies to review problems of the undefi ned status of cryptocurrencies in criminal and criminal procedure laws. The author notes the impact of blockchain technologies on processes of arrest and seizure of cryptocurrencies. The paper covers the problem of harmonization of Russian laws and international standards in this sphere. Potential solutions of existing problems are off ered.

Гармонизация процедур реструктуризации в банкротстве: итоги Гаагской конференции по международному частному праву 2024 г.

From 5 to 8 March 2024, a meeting of the Council on General Affairs and Policy of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) was held. The meeting was attended by 429 participants accredited by 74 states. The delegation of the Russian Federation included 6 representatives of various federal executive authorities, including the author of this article. One of the pressing issues considered by HCCH was the harmonization of international insolvency law. The main achievement in this direction was the cooperation of the Permanent Bureau of HCCH with Working Group V on Insolvency law of the United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) in matters of unification and harmonization of regulation of restructuring procedures, development of documents on issues of applicable legislation in proceedings on cases insolvency, as well as tracking and recovery of assets during insolvency proceedings. This article presents an analysis of the problems in this area that existed before the start of the HCCH’ meeting in 2024, as well as the progress and results of the discussion within HCCH on the unification and harmonization of insolvency restructuring procedures, taking into account its interaction with UNCITRAL Working Group V.

Post-Globalisation Development Of Competition Law: Challenges & Opportunities

Competition law is an essential aspect of modern regulatory frameworks that aim to promote fair competition, prevent monopolistic practices, and safeguard consumer interests within markets. Globalisation has brought forth new challenges and opportunities in the post-globalisation era, necessitating a recalibration of competition enforcement mechanisms to address transnational anti-competitive practices. The liberalisation of trade and investment regimes under globalisation has also raised concerns about cross-border conspiracy and abuse of dominance. In response, competition authorities have adopted more collaborative approaches to enforcement and grappled with intricate jurisdictional issues. The rise of digitalisation and e-commerce, integral components of globalisation, has presented new competition challenges, such as platform monopolies and data-driven market manipulation. Regions have reassessed traditional competition paradigms to safeguard consumer welfare and promote innovation in the digital age. Moreover, globalisation has fostered a convergence of competition norms and principles, exemplified by the proliferation of international competition networks and the harmonisation of competition laws across jurisdictions. This underscores the imperative for greater cooperation and coordination among competition authorities to address cross-border competition concerns effectively. The evolution of competition law in the post-globalisation era embodies a compelling narrative of adaptation and recalibration in response to the transformative forces unleashed by globalisation. This evolution unfolds against the backdrop of a burgeoning recognition of the interconnectedness of markets and the imperative for harmonised regulatory responses to address cross-border competition challenges effectively. However, several challenges persist in the post-globalisation landscape, including navigating jurisdictional conflicts, addressing enforcement gaps in digital markets, combating transnational anti-competition ve practices, and balancing competition objectives with broader policy goals. These challenges require nuanced and innovative regulatory solutions that prioritise consumer welfare and promote fair competition. Despite the challenges, the post-globalisation era offers significant opportunities for competition law frameworks worldwide. By embracing collaborative approaches, leveraging technological innovation, and fostering international cooperation, we can enhance the effectiveness of competition law frameworks. This will promote competitive markets that foster innovation and safeguard consumer welfare. In conclusion, competition law regimes worldwide must adapt to post-globalisation reality and adopt policies that promote fair competition and innovation. By prioritising consumer welfare, embracing collaboration, leveraging technology, and fostering international cooperation, we can create a regulatory framework that fosters competitive markets and benefits consumers worldwide. Abstract Globalisation has transformed the world economy by promoting the integration of economies and societies worldwide. This has led to the emergence of multinational corporations that wield significant market power across borders, necessitating a recalibration of competition enforcement mechanisms to address transnational anti-competitive practices. The liberalisation of trade and investment regimes under globalisation has also raised concerns about cross-border collusion and abuse of dominance. Competition authorities have responded by adopting more collaborative approaches to enforcement and grappling with intricate jurisdictional issues. The rise of digitalisation and e-commerce, integral components of globalisation, has presented new competition challenges, such as platform monopolies and data-driven market manipulation. This has prompted regulators to reassess traditional competition paradigms to safeguard consumer welfare and promote innovation in the digital age. Furthermore, globalisation has fostered a convergence of competition norms and principles, exemplified by the proliferation of international competition networks and the harmonisation of competition laws across jurisdictions. This underscores the imperative for greater cooperation and coordination among competition authorities to address cross-border competition concerns effectively. The evolution of competition law in the post-globalisation era embodies a compelling narrative of adaptation and recalibration in response to the transformative forces unleashed by globalisation. This evolution unfolds against the backdrop of a burgeoning recognition of the interconnectedness of markets and the imperative for harmonised regulatory responses to address cross-border competition challenges effectively. The post-globalisation landscape presents many challenges and opportunities for competition law regimes worldwide. Challenges include navigating jurisdictional conflicts, addressing enforcement gaps in digital markets, combating transnational anti-competitive practices, and balancing competition objectives with broader policy goals. However, amidst these challenges lie significant opportunities. By embracing collaborative approaches, leveraging technological innovation, and fostering international cooperation, we can enhance the effectiveness of competition law frameworks. This will promote competitive markets that foster innovation and safeguard consumer welfare.