Microhardness Research Articles

Effects of immersion in various beverages, polishing and bleaching systems on surface roughness and microhardness of CAD/CAM restorative materials

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an immune-boosting beverage with Sambucus nigra (SAM), an energy beverage (ENE), an in-office bleaching agent with a novel composition, and a fine-grain professional dental prophylaxis (PDP) paste on the surface roughness (Ra) and microhardness (MH) of CAD/CAM restorative materials over time.MethodsFeldspathic ceramic (FC) and polymer infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) specimens were prepared (N = 126). Glazing, polishing, bleaching and immersion in beverages groups were formed. Bleaching gel containing 25% Hydrogen Peroxide Superior was applied to the specimens with a bleaching pen. Ra and MH were measured at five time points of baseline, days 1, 14, 28 and after PDP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken after PDP. Statistics were performed by ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α = 0.05).ResultsRa increased over time regardless of material type, polishing method, beverage type and bleaching (p < 0.0001). Glazed and polished FCs caused higher roughness than PICN, SAM and ENE than distilled water, and bleaching than no bleaching (p < 0.0001). For glazed or polished FCs, MH decreased slightly lower at all time points, but for PICN, MH increased until day 28, not changing after PDP. Beverages decreased the MH of ceramics at all time points, but PDP did not lead to a change for PICN (p < 0.0001). The MH decreased more in bleached specimens than in non-bleached specimens up to day 28 (p < 0.0001). According to the SEM images after PDP, the glazed FC had numerous crack marks, pores and detached particles. The polished FC had traces of mechanical polishing. The polymer part of the PICN had voids, but the ceramic part was better preserved.ConclusionsBoth energy beverages and immune-boosting beverages can increase roughness on FCs compared to PICNs. There was no significant difference between glazing and polishing in terms of lower roughness in FCs. PDP tended to slightly increase the roughness for ceramics, while it tended not to change it for PICN. Beverages decreased the microhardness of ceramics. PDP further decreased the microhardness in glazed ceramics, but increased it in polished ones. In PICN the microhardness increased over time, but decreased slightly after PDP.

Anomalies in Vicker's microhardness of subbituminous and high volatile bituminous coals

Vickers microhardness (MH) of coal is known to be strongly correlated with coal rank. To examine coal rank and other coal quality parameters, such as organic sulfur, that might influence MH, a suite of more than 300 samples from the Penn State Coal Quality database with vitrinite Rmax < 1.1 % were examined. The data set was narrowed down to 296 coals with moisture (as-received basis) < 20 %. As MH is a parameter measured on vitrinite, vitrinite Rmax was used as the rank parameter. The Eocene Big Dirty coal (Washington state) stood out as a high MH/high-moisture coal while Hanna and Green River basin coals (Wyoming) had low atomic H/C values and K Unita Basin (Utah) coals had high H/C. Organic S did not show a correlation with MH within discrete rank ranges. With respect to vitrinite Rmax vs. MH, the Big Dirty coal and some Illinois and Iowa coals lie on the high-MH/low-Rmax side and the Pennsylvanian Tioga (West Virginia) and the Indiana Brazil Formation coals, all dominated by dull lithotypes, lie on the low-MH/high-Rmax side of the main data trend. Overall, the quadratic regression of vitrinite Rmax vs. MH yields an R2 of 0.55, indicating a significant correlation at the 95 % level.

Influence of processing variables on fabrication of AA7475/B4C/Al2O3 hybrid surface composites via FSP

The motive of this research is to fabricate AA7475/B4C/Al2O3 hybrid surface composites (HSCs) using friction stir processing (FSP) for various applications in aerospace, marine, and automotive industries. The research systematically varied key processing variables, including rotational speed (900–1300 rpm), feed rate (30–60 mm/min), and reinforcement ratios (from 30% B4C and 70% Al2O3 to 70% B4C and 30% Al2O3), to optimize responses such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS), tensile elongation (TE), and microhardness (MH). A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to develop mathematical models correlating the input parameters with the response variables. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to assess the effects and interactions of the processing parameters on the composite properties. A validation test confirmed the reliability of these optimal conditions. ANOVA results indicated that the tool rotational speeds had the most significant effect on the tensile, ductility, and hardness properties of the HSCs. However, changes in feed rate and reinforcement ratio had minimal impact on these properties. The study identified optimal conditions for different responses: UTS of 452.62 MPa, TE of 6.89%, and MH of 168.52 HV at a rotational speed of 1300 rpm, feed rate of 45 mm/min, and a 50:50% reinforcement ratio (50% B4C and 50% Al2O3). The HSCs fabricated at 1300 rpm, 45 mm/min, and a 50:50% reinforcement ratio exhibited significant necking before failure, leading to a ductile failure mode.

Printability Metrics and Engineering Response of HDPE/Si3N4 Nanocomposites in MEX Additive Manufacturing.

Herein, silicon nitride (Si3N4) was the selected additive to be examined for its reinforcing properties on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) by exploiting techniques of the popular material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing method. Six different HDPE/Si3N4 composites with filler percentages ranging between 0.0-10.0 wt. %, having a 2.0 step, were produced initially in compounds, then in filaments, and later in the form of specimens, to be examined by a series of tests. Thermal, rheological, mechanical, structural, and morphological analyses were also performed. For comprehensive mechanical characterization, tensile, flexural, microhardness (M-H), and Charpy impacts were included. Scanning electron microscopy (SME) was used for morphological assessments and microcomputed tomography (μ-CT). Raman spectroscopy was conducted, and the elemental composition was assessed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The HDPE/Si3N4 composite with 6.0 wt. % was the one with an enhancing performance higher than the rest of the composites, in the majority of the mechanical metrics (more than 20% in the tensile and flexural experiment), showing a strong potential for Si3N4 as a reinforcement additive in 3D printing. This method can be easily industrialized by further exploiting the MEX 3D printing method.

Enhancing microhardness and surface integrity of Ti–6Al–4V alloy using WC–Cu composite electrode aided electrical discharge coating

Titanium alloy can be found in numerous applications, such as chemical, aerospace, and energy industries, among other sectors, due to its excellent performance. Nevertheless, the possible uses of a variety of titanium-based alloys have been greatly restricted by their low hardness and inadequate resistance to wear. Therefore, in this research work, WC–Cu composite electrode assisted electrical discharge coating (EDC) is used for improving microhardness (MH) and surface integrity of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. By utilizing powder composite electrode, the conductivity of the electrode can be increased, which provides controlled electric spark, resulting in uniform deposition. In order to increase the rate of deposition, the terminal of the EDM has been changed as WC–Cu composite electrode as anode and workpiece as cathode. Response surface methodology is used for studying the variables including compacting pressure (MPa), discharge current (I), pulse on time (T on). In addition, microstructure, elemental analysis and coating interface of deposited Ti–6Al–4V alloy are investigated through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The surface roughness of 8.86 µm was achieved at 400 MPa, 6 A, and 40 µs. The maximum MH of 988 HV was obtained at 400 MPa, 10 A, and 80 µs. The MH of the deposited layer is around 2–3 times harder than base material. Moreover, a greater adhesion strength coated layer was ∼118 N, which permits the alloy to have improved wear resistance. It was concluded that using a high-pressure electrode with lower settings resulted in an improved surface finish, while higher settings led to increased MH.

Optimization of process parameters in fabricating AA6082/Nip surface composite using friction stir processing technique

Abstract In this present study, an attempt was made to improve the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and Microhardness (MH) of friction stir-processed AA 6082 with Nip surface composites without affecting the ductility of the Base Metal (BM). Nip micron particle with an average size of 149 μm (99.99 purity) was utilized as reinforcement and AA6082 as a matrix for fabricating the surface composites. Process parameters namely rotational speed, transverse speed, and volume fraction with three levels considered as input parameters for this study. Moreover, ultimate tensile strength, microhardness, and wear rate were determined as process output. For this study, experiments were conducted as per Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array (OA) by repeating each trial three times and the average values were used for further analysis. ANOVA was performed to ensure the influential process parameter and the results exhibited that the volume fraction of Nip exhibited the most influential parameter among the three process parameters. Additionally, Grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to grade the rank of the experimental samples using the Grey Relation Coefficient (GRC). Based on this method, the optimal process parameters (Rotational Speed = 1250 rpm, Transverse Speed = 40 mm min−1, Volume Fraction = 18%) were chosen and the optimal sample (Rank 1) attained a UTS of 247 MPa and MH of 100 HV. The results revealed that the fabricated composite (AA6082/Nip) demonstrated an improvement in UTS (26.02%), MH (56.25%), and wear rate (57.38%) as compared to BM (AA6082). Eventually, the surfaces of the optimized samples were also analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) methods to confirm the composition of surface composite and the uniform distribution of particles.

Microstructural and mechanical properties analysis of SS 316L structure fabricated using CMT-wire arc additive manufacturing

Integrating robotic arm technology with cold metal transfer (CMT) has revolutionized wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The research work consists of the fabrication of SS 316L WAAM using the CMT technique. Investigations of mechanical and microstructural properties, i.e. residual stress measurement (RSM), microhardness (MH), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), percentage elongation (PE), and microstructure of WAAM sample and cold rolled (CR) plate, results were compared. WAAM attained an UTS of 590 MPa, with an average yield strength (YS) of around 302 MPa, exceeding the CR plate’s UTS of 557 MPa while maintaining a similar YS of 305 MPa. WAAM and the CR plate exhibited nearly identical PE, with 64% and 62% values, respectively. Residual stress analysis revealed that the WAAM sample showed an average compressive residual stress of 124 MPa, accounting for 87% of the average residual stress observed in the CR plate, which measured 142 MPa. The MH profile of WAAM revealed an average value of 230 HV0.5, accounting for 88% of the MH observed in the CR plate at 260 HV0.5. The performance of WAAM closely matched that of the CR plate in terms of residual stress and MH.

Microhardness and Pushout Bond Strength of Glass Fiber Post-to-Canal Dentin Irrigated with Boric Acid, Nd: YAP, AgNPs, and Curcumin Activated with Microbubble Emulsion. A SEM, EDX Analysis

This study aimed to assess the microhardness (MH) and push-out bond strength (PBS) of fiber post-to-canal dentin when boric acid (BA), Nd: YAP, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and microbubble emulsion (MBE) with curcumin were used as irrigants. Canal therapy was performed and the post space was prepared. Prior to glass fiber post (GFP) insertion, the post space was irrigated using 2.5% NaOCl+17% EDTA, 10% BA+EDTA, Nd: YAP laser+EDTA, AgNP+EDTA, and MBE (curcumin)+EDTA. Following disinfection, microhardness was evaluated. GFP was then inserted and PBS was assessed at the coronal, middle, and apical levels, along with the examination of debonded surfaces via stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and a Post Hoc Tukey HSD test. The results showed that MH was highest in the group treated with AgNP+EDTA and lowest in the group treated with 10% BA+EDTA. Within the cervical region, the Nd: YAP laser+EDTA group showed the lowest PBS, while the highest PBS was observed in the group treated with MBE (curcumin)+EDTA. In the middle region, the GFP bonded to canal dentin disinfected with 2.5% NaOCl+EDTA was comparable to that treated with Nd: YAP laser+EDTA. In the apical region, the PBS of GFP was highest in the canal disinfected with MBE (curcumin)+EDTA. The study concluded that silver nanoparticles+EDTA and curcumin photosensitizer via microbubble emulsion+EDTA have the potential to be used as alternatives to conventional methods for improving the adhesion of glass fiber post-to-canal dentin, along with enhancing microhardness.

Exploring the machined surface characteristics of Haynes 25 superalloy: Cost mitigation and quality enhancement perspective

The current study investigates the surface characteristics and machining cost of electrical discharge machining (EDM) of Haynes 25 superalloy using tools made by additively manufactured CuCr1Zr, pure copper and graphite. Before assessing machinability, the workpiece and tool materials were characterized using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and evaluations of tensile strength, micro-hardness, density and thermal conductivity. The effects of current (I), voltage (V), pulse duration (Ton), duty cycle (τ) and flushing pressure (Fp) is analyzed on surface characteristics viz. surface roughness (SR), surface crack density (SCD), recast layer thickness (RCT), heat-affected zone (HAZ), micro-hardness (MH) and machining cost (MC). Post machining XRD analysis revealed the formation of cobalt oxides like (CoO and Co3O4) affecting the micro-hardness of the machined surface. Alongside, a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) is carried out which confirms, the deposition of metal carbides and oxides on the EDMed surface. Current and pulse-on-time significantly influenced performance, with optimal EDM parameters identified and validated through confirmative experiments, resulting in a mean error of ∼2.84 %. It is seen that the use of additively manufactured CuCr1Zr tools resulted in improved machined surface characteristics and a more cost-effective approach for producing intricate profiles with minimal surface defects.

Multi-objective optimization of input and output process parameters of dissimilar CMT welded joints of AA6082 and AA7075

This study utilized dissimilar AA6082 and AA7075 plates to fabricate the cold metal transfer (CMT) welds, and developed a mathematical model to predict the optimized input and output parameters of the weldments. Variance analysis revealed that welding current significantly influenced UTS and microhardness (MH), while the effects of welding speed and gas flow rate (GFR) were minor. Increasing TRS resulted in higher UTS and MH. The optimized values were 87.79 HV for MH, 10.44% for strain, and 168.46 MPa for UTS at a welding speed of 4.01 mm/s, a welding current of 89.95 A, and a GFR of 15.89 L/min. The maximum UTS of 212.55 MPa was achieved at a WS of 8 mm/s, a welding current of 70 A, and a GFR of 18 L/min. The minimum UTS of 146.91 MPa was found at a WS of 4 mm/s, a welding current of 100 A, and a GFR of 18 L/min. The presence and behavior of intermetallic compounds significantly impacted the XRD peaks, providing insights into microstructural changes and phase transformations during welding. Localized heating and cooling during the CMT welding process led to grain refinement, influencing precipitate behavior. The effect of welding current on grain size within the WFZ was consistent and largely independent of the Al-alloy plates’ locations, indicating that the temperature experienced by the WFZ remained relatively unaffected by the base plate’s specific region. This consistency in grain size reduction across different locations highlights the robustness of the welding process in maintaining temperature control within the WFZ.

Multi-response Optimization of GTAW Process Parameters in Terms of Energy Efficiency and Quality

This work optimizes the current (I), voltage (V), flow rate (F), and arc gap (G) of the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of the Ti40A titanium alloy to decrease the heat input (HI) and improve the ultimate tensile strength (TS) and micro-hardness (MH). The radial basis function network (RBFN) was utilized to present performance measures, while weighted principal component analysis (WPCA) and an adaptive non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (ANSGA-II) were applied to estimate the weights and generate optimal points. The evaluation via an area-based method of ranking (EAMR) was employed to determine the best solution. The results indicated that the optimal I, V, F, and G are 89 A, 23 V, 20 L/min, and 1.5 mm, respectively. The improvements in the TS and MH were 1.2 % and 19.8 %, respectively, while the HI was saved by 18.4 %. The RBFN models provided acceptable accuracy for prediction purposes. The ANSGA-II provides better optimality than the conventional NSGA-II. The HI, TS, and MH of the practical GTAW Ti40A could be enhanced using optimality. The optimization method could be utilized to deal with optimization problems for not only other GTAW operations but also other machining processes.

Response surface methodology and machine learning optimisations comparisons of recycled AA6061-B4C–ZrO2 hybrid metal matrix composites via hot forging forming process

The optimal conditions of applied factors to reuse Aluminium AA6061 scraps are (450, 500, and 550) ⁰C preheating temperature, (1–15) % Boron Carbide (B4C), and Zirconium (ZrO2) hybrid reinforced particles at 120 min forging time via Hot Forging (HF) process. The response surface methodology (RSM) and machine learning (ML) were established for the optimisations and comparisons towards materials strength structure. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) strength and Microhardness (MH) were significantly increased by increasing the processed temperature and reinforced particles because of the material dispersion strengthening. The high melting point of particles caused impedance movements of aluminium ceramics dislocations which need higher plastic deformation force and hence increased the material's mechanical and physical properties. But, beyond Al/10 % B4C + 10 % ZrO2 the strength and hardness were decreased due to more particle agglomeration distribution. The optimisation tools of both RSM and ML show high agreement between the reported results of applied parameters towards the materials' strength characterisation. The microstructure analysis of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) provides insights mapping behavioural characterisation supports related to strength and hardness properties. The distribution of different volumes of ceramic particle proportion was highlighted. The environmental impacts were also analysed by employing a life cycle assessment (LCA) to identify energy savings because of its fewer processing steps and produce excellent hybrid materials properties.

Optimizing the SPIF parameters for enhancing microhardness and surface quality in Inconel 625 superalloy components

Inconel 625, a high-strength superalloy with excellent corrosion resistance, discovers wide applications in critical sectors such as aerospace, nuclear, marine, and petrochemical. Single-Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) has appeared as an adequate fabricating process for shaping superalloy components. This work used a systematic approach, implementing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to explore the influence of SPIF process variables, including tool nose diameter, step size, tool spindle speed, and wall angle, on microhardness (MH) and surface roughness (SR). The experimental results have been analyzed to determine the influencing process variables and their optimal settings, which simultaneously enhance MH and reduce SR of Inconel 625 superalloy truncated cones using analysis of variance and the desirability function analysis approach. The most significant parameters that influence MH and SR were TND and SS, respectively. The development of quadratic models for MH and SR has been completed successfully. The maximum MH of 486.8 HV and minimum SR of 0.432 µm have been obtained at the optimal parametric setting of TND = 15 mm, SS = 0.4 mm, TSS = 900 rpm, and WA = 57.5° with the desirability values for MH, SR and combined are 0.832, 0.933, 0.881 respectively. The F-value of the MH model = 109.18 and SR Model = 78.24 implies that both models are significant and both models have excellent prediction strength. The percentage error between predicted and actual values of MH and SR in confirmation run results is less than 5 %.

Remineralizing pretreatment using casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride, self-assembling peptide, and nanohydroxyapatite gel activation via invisible infrared light on the dentin microhardness and micro shear bond strength to the composite restoration

AimDifferent remineralizing pretreatments Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF), tricalcium phosphate fluoride (TCP-F), self-assembling peptide (SAP) P11-4 and 10 % Nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) gel activation via invisible infrared light on the dentin microhardness (MH) and micro shear bond strength (µSBS) of composite restoration. MethodsSeventy-five human molar teeth were collected and the dentinal surface of all the samples was exposed to different demineralizing solutions. (n = 15) Group 1 (demineralized dentin), Group 2 (CPP ACP), Group 3 (TCP-F), Group 4 (SAP P11-4), Group 5 (nHA gel activation via invisible infrared light). MH assessment was performed using Vickers hardness. Each group of 10 samples was subjected to composite restoration buildup and µSBS were tested. The debonded samples were then observed under a stereo-microscope for failure analysis. ANOVA was conducted, along with Tukey's post hoc analysis, to examine the µSBS of composite and MH of the remineralized surface. ResultsnHA gel activation via invisible infrared light pretreated specimens showed the maximum outcomes of surface hardness (331.2 ± 77.3) and bond strength (10.38 ± 2.77). However, Group 4 (SAP P11-4) (148.3 ± 29.2) remineralized dentin displayed minimum scores of MH and µSBS (5.88 ± 1.01). ConclusionRemineralizing pretreatment nHA gel activation via invisible infrared light and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride seem to improve the dentin MH and µSBS of the composite restoration.

Structural and Functional Characteristics of the Oral Cavity Organs and Tissues in Workers of the Petrochemical Industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the dental status, level, and structure of dental diseases, as well as to identify some clinical and functional deviations in the organs and tissues of the oral cavity among workers in certain industrial enterprises. Methodology: A comprehensive dental examination was conducted on 1600 individuals, including 420 from the Fergana Oil Refinery Plant (FNPP - main group (MG)-1), 425 from the Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Plant (AGMK - MG-2), and 605 from the Navoi Chemical Plant (NavCP - MG-3), as well as 150 patients as a control group (CG) who visited a dental clinic. Tooth sensitivity (TS), pain and discriminatory sensitivity (PS and DS) of the oral mucosa, taste perception threshold, and functional mobility of the taste receptors on the tongue, enamel resistance to caries, microhardness (MH) of enamel and dentin, and the condition of periodontal tissues and pH of mixed saliva were determined. The data obtained were processed using statistical methods. Findings: It was determined that the levels and relative weights of the main dental diseases among workers in the studied industries remain quite high; carious and non-carious lesions of the tooth hard tissues, deformation and defects of teeth and dental rows (18.5%), periodontal tissue diseases (74.7%), diseases of the oral mucosa - 38.7%; the need for prosthetics (58.4%) and other pathologies. Additionally, almost all clinical and functional indicators and local non-specific reactivity of the tissues of the oral cavity in workers were disrupted. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The presence of the main dental diseases among those surveyed from the studied groups is quite high, with noted reductions in the excitability threshold of teeth, around tooth tissues and the oral mucosa, disruption of PS and DS of the oral mucosa, as well as deterioration of the condition of tooth hard tissues. Based on the obtained results, the authors suggest continuing in-depth scientific research with the aim of developing effective methods for the diagnosis and prevention of dental diseases among workers in these industries.

Effect of canal medicaments triple antibiotic paste, Bio-C Temp, and Nano-silver gel activated by visible blue light on canal dentin microhardness and extrusion bond strength of AH plus sealer: A SEM and EDX analysis

AimAssessment of contemporary canal medicaments (Triple antibiotic paste (TAP), Bio-C Temp, and Nano silver gel activated by visible blue light on the dentin microhardness (MH) and push-out bond strength (PBS) of AH plus endodontic sealer. MethodSixty extracted premolars were obtained and decontaminated. Canal cleaning and shaping were performed. The samples were randomly allocated into four groups based on the intracanal medicaments. Group 1= CH paste, Group 2= TAP, Group 3= Bio-C Temp, and Group 4= Nano-silver gel activated by visible blue light. MH assessment was performed using a Vickers Microhardness tester. Forty specimens, ten from each group underwent root canal obturation. PBS and failure mode evaluation were performed. ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey test were utilized to conduct intra and inter-group comparisons. ResultsThe maximum outcome of surface hardness was presented by Group-3 (Bio-C Temp®) specimens. However, minimum scores of MH were displayed by Group 1 (CH) treated teeth. The highest outcomes of EBS were exhibited by the cervical third of Group 3 (Bio-C Temp®) samples. The apical section of Group 4 Teeth with Nano Silver gel activated by visible blue light revealed the lowest scores of bond integrity. ConclusionBio-C Temp and TAP proved to be better intracanal medicament than other tested groups in terms of the push-out bond strength of the sealer. TAP displayed lower microhardness as compared to the Bio-C Temp.

Fabrication of tungsten inert gas-welded dissimilar aluminium joints using different friction stir processing tools through response surface method

ABSTRACT AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 materials find wide application in manufacturing industries due to their excellent engineering properties. Fusion welding generates solidification cracks, high residual stresses, and brittle intermetallic compounds that degrade joint qualities. To solve these difficulties, friction stir processing (FSP) is frequently employed, which improves joint properties through local microstructural refinement. In this study, the combined effect of FSP parameters, namely tool pin profile (TPF), tool rotation speed (TRS), and travel speed (TS), on tungsten inert gas (TIG) weld properties was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM)-based mathematical models were developed to predict responses, namely ultimate tensile strength (UTS), impact toughness (IT), microhardness (MH), and residual stress (RS). The optimal FSP parameters were determined through the desirability function technique. Post-FSP increased the UTS, IT, and MH of TIG welds by 71.51%, 95.40%, and 72.46%, respectively, and decreased the RS by 58.46%. ANOVA findings exhibited that TPF was the most influential parameter, followed by TRS and TS. The dissimilar aluminium TIG+FSP joints showed an optimal UTS of 282.08 MPa, an IT of 17.32 J, a MH of 121.48 HV, and an RS of 22.09 MPa when using a TRS of 1108.49 rpm and a TS of 37.74 mm/min with a THF pin.

Experimental investigation during nano powder added µ-ED milling on nickel-titanium shape memory alloy

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA) is one of the smart materials which has a vast application in the aerospace and biomedical industry due to its shape memory effect (SME), strong corrosion and wear resistance. Thus, the present study investigates the influence of process variables like gap voltage (V), powder concentration (PC) and pulse on time (ton) towards the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR) and micro-hardness (MH) amid graphene nano powder added micro-electrical discharge milling (µ-ED milling) of NiTi SMA. ANOVA analysis has been carried out to determine the % distribution of individual machining parameters towards all responses. The addition of graphene nano particles to the dielectric oil considerably enhanced the MRR, MH, and decreased the SR of the milled micro-channel. Taguchi’s grey relational analysis (GRA) and grey-desirability approach have been applied for multi-response optimisation to find the maximum MRR, MH, and minimum SR. It is discovered that the grey-desirability method improves all the responses. The Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micro-graphs confirm defect-free mirror-like surface finish at the optimal grey-desirability setting. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis discovered the formation of oxides and hardened phases in the machined surface. The application of graphene enhanced the recast layer thickness and reduced the indentation depth at subsurface region. The nano indentation test validates the rise in nano hardness and elastic modulus at the grey desirability optimal setting compared to the initial machining condition.

Comparative evaluation of effect of modified triple antibiotic paste and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament on microhardness of root dentin: An in vitro study

ABSTRACT Aim: To assess and compare the impact of modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP) and calcium hydroxide (CH) as intracanal medicament on microhardness (MH) of root dentin. Materials and Methods: Twenty single-rooted, noncarious, single-canaled permanent teeth were selected. They were decoronated and vertically sectioned into two equal parts to acquire 40 samples. These samples were submerged in acrylic blocks with their pulpal surfaces exposed. These samples were enclosed within acrylic blocks, with their pulp surfaces visible. They were then randomly allocated into four groups (n = 10). MH was measured at three steps: initial measurement of MH before irrigation with 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); after irrigation with 3% NaOCl; and after interaction with medications (MTAP or CH pastes at an interval of 7 days or 30 days). The degree of reduction in MH percentage was computed. The collected data underwent statistical examination at a significance threshold of P &lt; 0.05. Results: All procedures led to a noteworthy decline in MH values when compared to both prior and initial measurement. The highest reduction in MH was seen after irrigation with 3% NaOCl (P &lt; 0.05). CH showed a greater reduction in MH as compared to MTAP (P &lt; 0.05). More reduction in MH was seen after 30 days as compared to that after 7 days for both CH and MTAP (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Use of intracanal irrigants and medicaments reduces the MH of root dentin. Lesser reduction in MH was observed when utilization of MTAP as compared to CH.

Investigation and Optimization on Parameters of Gas Additive Powder Mixed Near Dry –EDM (GAPMNDEDM) by using Taguchi based- Grey Relational Optimization

The Gas Additive Powder Mix near Dry Electric Discharge Machining (GAPMND-EDM) serves a manufacturing purpose, specifically for cutting hard materials. This involves the removal of material from a workpiece via fusion, ablation, and evaporation caused by the heat energy generated through electric sparks during energy supply. The process offers several advantages in terms of performance and characteristics. This research project aims to optimize key process parameters, including material removal rate, surface roughness, residual stresses, and microhardness. The study employs a methodology that combines the standard deviation-based objective weighting method with GRA (Gray Relational Analysis) optimization to enhance the hybrid GAPMND-EDM process when applied to EN-31 material. Experimental runs were conducted to evaluate the impact of various input factors, such as pulse-on time, discharge current, dielectric fluid pressure, and metallic powder concentration. The taguchi-based GRA method was utilized for this purpose, and the experimental design followed an L-27 orthogonal array with the assistance of Minitab-19 software. A total of 27 experiments were performed, encompassing diverse combinations of process parameters. Subsequently, an ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was executed to analyze the influence of pulse-on time, discharge current, dielectric fluid pressure, and metallic powder concentration on Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), Residual Stress (RS), and Microhardness (MH). The result shows the optimal combination of parameters, denoted as A2B2C2D1, was identified as the preferred configuration.