Development Of Hardiness Research Articles

Hardiness among Ukrainians: challenges and opportunities

The article deals with the phenomenon of hardiness and its characteristics. The structural components of hardiness are identified as commitment, control, and challenge. It is analyzed that hardiness characterizes the ability of an individual to withstand a situation of acute or chronic stress, to maintain internal balance without reducing the success of activities. It is noted that hardiness can be considered as an analog of a person’s vitality, which reflects the degree to which he or she overcomes certain life circumstances. The purpose is to study the hardiness among Ukrainians as a holistic personal formation, which is due to the interaction of personal resources. The sample consisted of 110 people from Ukraine. The Maddi and Kobasa Hardiness Test was used to diagnose the hardiness. The results show that a high level of hardiness of Ukrainians is associated with an active attitude to life, self-acceptance, using circumstances to one’s advantage, evaluating life situations as consciously chosen, and interpreting stressful situations as an opportunity to gain new experience. It has been established that hardiness has little to do with a person’s age, i.e. the development of hardiness can occur throughout life, starting from childhood, with the help of flourishing personal resources. According to the level of hardiness, 43.6% of Ukrainians had a high level, 35.5% ‑ an average level, and 20.9% ‑ a low level. The peculiarities of developing hardiness and maintaining the optimal level of this resource for personal effectiveness are related to worldview, personal goals, self-acceptance, mental health and activity.

Personal Features and Their Impact on an Individual’s Hardiness

Hardiness characterizes the degree of formation the ability to withstand a stressful situation, maintain internal balance, without reducing the success of activities and is the foundation of personal characteristics. The purpose of the study is to identify personal resources and determine their impact on hardiness. Methods of the research. The following methods were used to identify personal resources and determine their impact on hardiness: Maddi’s Hardiness Scale; Shostrom’s Personal Orientation Inventory; Sheldon’s Self Determination Scale; Crumbaugh Purpose in Life Test; Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being; Wiesbaden Inventory for Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy. The sample of our study consisted of 807 people, aged from 14 to 70 years, different in terms of education, professional employment, specialty, family and social status and from different cities and villages of Ukraine. The results of the research. It was investigated that the values of the hardiness indicators components are expressed at an average level and are within the normal range. The average level of hardiness (68.2%) prevails among the respondents. It has been found that the hardiness predictors are meaningfulness of life, autonomy, self-acceptance and self-confidence. We established the relationship between hardiness and personal resources, which include primary and secondary abilities, using the correlation analysis. All components of hardiness have been shown to correlate with primary capacities such as time, contact, trust, hope, sexuality, and love. Diligence, reliability and thrift are influential among the secondary abilities. Conclusions. The analysis of personal resources proves that meaningful life goals are the resource for the hardiness development. The components of hardiness are related to self-determination, self-organization, psychological wellbeing, and the reality and awareness of life goals. The leading role in the hardiness development belongs to personal resources. The resources that influence hardiness are determined using variance analysis: love, contacts, hope and trust.

THE HARDINESS AS A RESOURCE OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STABILITY

The article analyzes the results of the study of the hardiness and its relationships with the personal resources. Personal resources, as intrapersonal qualities of a person, contribute to smoothing out contradictions between the individual and the living environment, overcoming adverse external circumstances with the help of the transformation of the value-meaning sphere of the individual, which sets the vector of its direction, the basis for self-realization. A separate role is given to the resources of psychological stability, which are the result of certain dynamics of the life situation and factors affecting the further success and efficiency of life activities. Such a resource of psychological stability as hardiness provides adaptation to external circumstances, the ability to cope with stress and life’s troubles. We used The Wiesbaden Questionnaire of the Positive Psychotherapy and Family Psychotherapy Method (WIPPF) and the Maddi Test of Hardiness to determine the psychological factors of resilience. The empirical study was conducted during 2020-2022. 1,075 people of different education levels, professional employment, professions, family and social statuses, income levels and from different cities and villages of Ukraine took part in the study. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to measure the statistical relationship between hardiness and personal abilities. The personal resources include primary and secondary abilities, which were determined using the Wiesbaden questionnaire. As a result of our research, we found that personal resources are a powerful resource for the development of a person’s level of hardiness. However, not all people are ready and able to cope with difficulties. The reason for this may be a lack of experience in overcoming life’s difficulties or a lack of personal resources. In our opinion, the main reason that enables a person to survive difficult life situations is a personal resource. It has been established that personal resources play a significant role in the formation and development of hardiness. The most pronounced relationships of hardiness were found with almost all primary relevant abilities. It was found that love has the greatest influence on predicting the hardiness indicator. It was determined that the factors that have a positive effect on hardiness are primary and secondary abilities: hope, trust and contacts. Further research will be aimed at studying the components of the internal resources of the individual to expand the limits of practical influence on development and increase the level of hardiness in wartime conditions.

Жизнестойкость и выбор способов реагирования на стрессовые ситуации в подростковом возрасте в связи с детско-родительскими отношениями

Background. Research into the hardiness of an individual in difficult life situations gains significance in the context of the dynamism and complexity of adolescent development, associated with the general rapid change of events in modern life, creating stress factors. Family remains for a teenager an important factor affecting the development and maintenance of hardiness, as well as the formation of tools for coping with difficult life situations. Objective. The study focuses on the relationship of hardiness and adolescents’ ways to respond to difficult and everyday stressful situations with parameters of child-parental relations. Sample. The study involved 162 adolescents between 14 and 16 (63 boys and 99 girls), brought up in complete (108 people) and single-parent (54 people) families. Methods. The study applied included the author’s questionnaire, the questionnaire of S. Maddi's hardiness in the adaptation of D.A. Leont’ev and E.I. Rasskazova (2006); the questionnaire of child-parent relations “Teenagers about parents” (E. Schaefer) in the adaptation of L.I. Wasserman, I.A. Gor’kovaya, Ye.Ye. Romitsyna (2004). Results. The level of hardiness in adolescents corresponds to the lower boundary of the standard-average values. The highest results were obtained on the involvement in life, reflecting age characteristics and the lowest values corresponded to challenge, which shows the limited social experience of adolescents. The questionnaire revealed factors in the ways to respond to difficult and everyday stressful situations. The analysis of child-parent relations showed that the adolescent’s perception of parental attitude as hostile is an indicator, provoking a decrease in hardiness. In adolescence, family factors have a greater impact on the choice of ways to respond to stressful situations. Conclusion. The role of child-parental relations for the hardiness of adolescents has been shown, gender specificity of parameters and interrelations between hardiness, ways to respond to difficult situations, and characteristics of child-parent relations has been identified. On the basis of the developed questionnaire, factors for ways to respond to difficult life situations and stress were obtained (the factor “Independent search for solutions”, the factor “Transferring responsibility”, and the factor “Avoiding problems”).

HARDINESS AND COPING STRATEGIES OF MEDICAL WORKERS IN COUNTERING EMOTIONAL BURNOUT (DURING THE FOURTH WAVE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN RUSSIA)

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of psychological well-being of medical workers is becoming particularly relevant. The appeal of physicians to intrapersonal hardiness resources, the use of optimal coping strategies for long-term work in a pandemic increases the likelihood of a more favorable passage of a stressful period and a decrease in emotional burnout.
 Goal. To identify the specifics of emotional burnout of medical workers during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of the characteristics of the state of hardiness and the use of coping strategies. Adaptation to the Russian language of the methodology “Burnout scale in COVID-19 (COVID-19-BS)” (M. Yıldırım, F. Solmaz).
 Materials and methods of research. The study was conducted in November-December 2021. The study sample included 128 medical workers: 37.5% doctors, 47% middle and junior medical personnel, 15.5% medical students who volunteered to work in medical institutions during the pandemic; 23% men, 77% women; aged 21 to 63 years (M=35 years). The study was conducted in the city of Ivanovo (47%), the city of Moscow and the Moscow region (57%). The following techniques were used: “The test of hardiness” (S. Muddy, in the Russian-language adaptation of E.N. Osin, E.I. Rasskazova), “Questionnaire of coping methods” (OSS) (R. Lazarus, S. Folkman, in the Russian-language adaptation of T.L. Kryukova, E.V. Kuftyak, M.S. Zamyshlyaeva), “Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics - 9 items (SAVE-9) for Healthcare workers” (S. Chang with et al.; in the Russian-language adaptation by S.E. Mosolova et al.), “Burnout scale in COVID-19 (COVID-19-BS)” (M. Yildirim, F. Solmaz). The empirical data obtained were interpreted and processed using qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis, including: descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis, linear regression analysis (step selection method), Mann-Whitney U-test.
 Results. The study showed that every third medical employee at work during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia, in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, experiences stress and anxiety, shows signs of emotional burnout. Two-thirds of medical workers as a whole have demonstrated a sufficient level of hardiness development. Hardiness parameters are negatively associated with anxiety and emotional burnout of physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. The greatest durability of this effect is provided by such parameters of resilience as “engagement” and “risk taking”. Which indicates that hardiness may be a protective factor for medical professionals. The most implemented coping strategies among physicians are problem solving planning, social support search, self-control, positive reassessment. The choice of non-constructive copings (confrontation, distancing, escape-avoidance) promotes the development of emotional burnout. The study confirmed the reliability and validity of the COVID-19-BS questionnaire for measuring emotional burnout associated with COVID-19.
 Conclusion. The data obtained on the peculiarities of the psychological state of medical workers during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic indicate the need to continue work related to their psychological support and support for their personal and professional development, prevention of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Development of winter hardy, fine‐leaf zoysiagrass hybrids for the upper transition zone

AbstractA 10‐yr, four‐phase collaborative effort among three universities was conducted to develop new hybrid zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp. Willd.) with improved turf quality, winter hardiness, and pest resistance in comparison to commercial zoysiagrass cultivars, especially ‘Meyer’ (Z. japonica Steud.). In Phase 1, breeding efforts produced 2,858 new progeny that were evaluated for 2 yr across three sites. In Phase 2, only 60 (2%) of 2,858 progeny were selected for advancement to 10 replicated multiyear field trials (Phase 3). Phase 3 revealed 10 promising progeny (assigned DALZ numbers) that required further intensive field and laboratory testing in Phase 4. Phase 4 revealed differences in establishment rate, and DALZ 1701, 1702, 1707, and 1810 had moderate‐to‐good turf performance across seven sites, whereas DALZ 1808 had similar or slightly lower performance. Meyer consistently performed poorly, and ‘Innovation’, a recently released hybrid cultivar, had poor‐to‐moderate performance in comparison to the experimental genotypes, which illustrates the improvements achieved in zoysiagrass breeding in the last 10 yr. Freeze tolerance (LT50, lethal temperature killing 50% of the plants) ranged from −9.8 °C (Diamond) to −14.1 °C (DALZ 1812) with a mean of −12.5 °C. Evidence of large patch [Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, anastomosis Group (AG) 2‐2 LP] in the top 10 DALZ genotypes was 15 to 40% lower than Meyer on several dates. Results indicate that there are multiple genotypes for potential release in the future with improved turf color, winter hardiness, freeze tolerance, large patch resistance, and finer leaf texture suitable for USDA plant hardiness zones ranging between 5b and 8a.

Association mapping of autumn-seeded rye (Secale cereale L.) reveals genetic linkages between genes controlling winter hardiness and plant development

Winter field survival (WFS) in autumn-seeded winter cereals is a complex trait associated with low temperature tolerance (LTT), prostrate growth habit (PGH), and final leaf number (FLN). WFS and the three sub-traits were analyzed by a genome-wide association study of 96 rye (Secale cereal L.) genotypes of different origins and winter-hardiness levels. A total of 10,244 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified by genotyping by sequencing and 259 marker-trait-associations (MTAs; p < 0.01) were revealed by association mapping. The ten most significant SNPs (p < 1.49e−04) associated with WFS corresponded to nine strong candidate genes: Inducer of CBF Expression 1 (ICE1), Cold-regulated 413-Plasma Membrane Protein 1 (COR413-PM1), Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Protein 1 (IRIP1), Jasmonate-resistant 1 (JAR1), BIPP2C1-like protein phosphatase, Chloroplast Unusual Positioning Protein-1 (CHUP1), FRIGIDA-like 4 (FRL4-like) protein, Chalcone Synthase 2 (CHS2), and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase 8 (PAL8). Seven of the candidate genes were also significant for one or several of the sub-traits supporting the hypothesis that WFS, LTT, FLN, and PGH are genetically interlinked. The winter-hardy rye genotypes generally carried additional allele variants for the strong candidate genes, which suggested allele diversity was a major contributor to cold acclimation efficiency and consistent high WFS under varying field conditions.

Temperature is an important driver for cold acclimation in garden roses

Low non-freezing temperatures and short days are two main environmental factors that can independently or collectively initiate cold acclimation in temperate perennials. Freezing temperatures are required for the full development of mid-winter cold hardiness. In the present study, six rose genotypes with different cold hardiness levels were selected to investigate cold acclimation under both long and short photoperiods to reveal the role of temperature and day length on cold acclimation of roses. A five-week short-day treatment at 20/18 °C did not induce cold acclimation in any of the genotypes. Cold hardiness levels (LT50 values) increased significantly at low non-freezing temperatures (2 °C) and freezing temperatures (-5 °C) irrespective of the photoperiod for all genotypes. The more cold-hardy ‘Dagmar Hastrup’ and ‘John Cabot’ responded strongly, achieving lower LT50 values under low non-freezing temperatures. Low non-freezing temperatures/freezing temperatures but not short days promoted the degradation of starch and the accumulation in sucrose, hexoses, and raffinose. Short days alone induced RhDHN5 in ‘Yesterday’, ‘Abraham Darby’, and Rosa wichurana. However, the expression of RhDHN5 was up-regulated significantly by low non-freezing temperatures in all genotypes. The up-regulation of RhBAM3 by lowering the temperature (low non-freezing temperatures and/or freezing temperatures) is genotype-independent. Freezing temperatures had a prominent role in accelerating the expression of RhGolS2 in all genotypes. The up-regulation of RhRS2 and RhRS6 is mainly induced by low non-freezing temperatures and freezing temperatures, respectively, but transcript levels for both were less pronounced than those for RhGolS2. Stem dehydration during cold acclimation was only found for ‘Chandos Beauty’ under long days and R. wichurana under short day length. R. wichurana was insufficiently acclimated to withstand freezing temperatures under short day length. This study clearly shows that the main factors triggering cold acclimation in roses in 5 rose genotypes are low non-freezing temperatures or freezing temperatures, but a synergistic effect of short photoperiod and low non-freezing temperatures was found for R. wichurana.

Relationship of personal factors and hardiness in students

Problem and purpose. The issue of resilience is very urgent today. Rapid social, economic, political changes in society, the speed of technical and technological changes affect the psychological health of a person, provoking stress, neuroses, inappropriate behavior, depressive states. The study of the relationship of resilience and its components with personality traits will serve as the basis for creating programs for the development of resilience, through the formation of personal characteristics of students necessary for harmonious development and professional self-realization in society. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe the relationship between personality traits and resilience in students. Materials and methods. The study involved 50 students between the ages of 20 and 25 of The Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia. The study was conducted from October to December 2020 (during the COVID-19 Pandemic) and was carried out remotely. using a Google form. The following methods were used in the study: Hardiness Survey (Hardiness Survey, S. Maddy), 5PFQ personality questionnaire, Multifactorial personality questionnaire 16PF R. Cattell, T.V. Kornilova New questionnaire uncertainty tolerance. To process the data obtained, methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis were used; descriptive statistics methods, r-Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results. The results of a theoretical and empirical study of hardiness and its relationship with personal factors in students of a pedagogical university are presented. Statistical data are presented, on the basis of which the relationship of hardiness and its components with communicative, intellectual, emotional and regulatory properties of a person is revealed. The study revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between the scale "Resilience" and such indicators of the Multifactorial Personality Questionnaire 16PF as factor A: "isolation-sociability" (r = 0.28; p≤0.05), factor C: "emotional instability-emotional stability "(r = 0.64; p≤0.05), and etc. Conclusion. It was found that hardiness and its components are positively associated with communicative factors (sociability, courage, that is, the activity of social communication, gullibility, plasticity and dominance in social contacts), intellectual factors (plasticity, radicalism, curiosity, that is, flexibility and efficiency of thinking), emotional factors (emotional stability, restraint, calmness and relaxation, expressiveness, that is, expressiveness, sensitivity) and regulatory factors (self-control, responsibility). The solution to the research problem is proposed in the form of creating and implementing a practice-oriented program for the development of hardiness in students.

Acclimations to Cold and Warm Conditions Differently Affect the Energy Metabolism of Diapausing Larvae of the European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.).

The European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis is a pest species, whose fifth instar larvae gradually develop cold hardiness during diapause. The physiological changes underlying diapause progression and cold hardiness development are still insufficiently understood in insects. Here, we follow a complex of changes related to energy metabolism during cold acclimation (5°C) of diapausing larvae and compare this to warm-acclimated (22°C) and non-diapause controls. Capillary electrophoresis of nucleotides and coenzymes has shown that in gradually cold-acclimated groups concentrations of ATP/ADP and, consequently, energy charge slowly decrease during diapause, while the concentration of AMP increases, especially in the first months of diapause. Also, the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), as well as the concentrations of NAD+ and GMP, decline in cold-acclimated groups, until the latter part of diapause, when they recover. Relative expression of NADH dehydrogenase (nd1), coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase (uqcr), COX, ATP synthase (atp), ADP/ATP translocase (ant), and prohibitin 2 (phb2) is supressed in cold-acclimated larvae during the first months of diapause and gradually increases toward the termination of diapause. Contrary to this, NADP+ and UMP levels significantly increased in the first few months of diapause, after gradual cold acclimation, which is in connection with the biosynthesis of cryoprotective molecules, as well as regeneration of small antioxidants. Our findings evidence the existence of a cold-induced energy-saving program that facilitates long-term maintenance of larval diapause, as well as gradual development of cold hardiness. In contrast, warm acclimation induced faster depletion of ATP, ADP, UMP, NAD+, and NADP+, as well as higher activity of COX and generally higher expression of all energy-related genes in comparison to cold-acclimated larvae. Moreover, such unusually high metabolic activity, driven by high temperatures, lead to premature mortality in the warm-acclimated group after 2 months of diapause. Thus, our findings strongly support the importance of low temperature exposure in early diapause for gradual cold hardiness acquisition, successful maintenance of the resting state and return to active development. Moreover, they demonstrate potentially adverse effects of global climate changes and subsequent increase in winter temperatures on cold-adapted terrestrial organisms in temperate and subpolar regions.

Dynamics of development of hardiness as a factor in the formation of successful activity in the population future teachers – psychologists

The article presents a systematic theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of «hardiness». The main components of hardiness and their relationship are described. Features of formation of successful activity in the course of students, hardiness are defined. The influence of the components of hardiness on the formation of successful activity is characterized. The results of an empirical study of the level of hardiness of future teachers – psychologists are presented. On the basis of empirical data and literature analysis, the model «Dynamics of the development of hardiness in future teachers – psychologist» is built. Attempts are made to concretize the accumulated theoretical experience about the phenomenon of hardiness and its connection with successful activity. The results of measuring the dynamics of the development of hardiness in future teachers – psychologists and the impact on the formation of their successful activities are presented.

Autumn Warming Delays the Downregulation of Photosynthesis and Does Not Increase the Risk of Freezing Damage in Interior and Coastal Douglas-fir

During autumn, evergreen conifers utilize the decrease in daylength and temperature as environmental signals to trigger cold acclimation, a process that involves the downregulation of photosynthesis, upregulation of photoprotection, and development of cold hardiness. Global warming will delay the occurrence of autumn low temperatures while daylength remains unaffected. The impact of autumn warming on cold acclimation and the length of the carbon uptake period of species with ranges that encompass diverse climates, such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), remains unclear. Our study investigated intraspecific variation in the effects of autumn warming on photosynthetic activity, photosynthetic pigments, and freezing tolerance in two interior (var. glauca) and two coastal (var. menziesii) Douglas-fir provenances. Following growth under simulated summer conditions with long days (16 h photoperiod) and summer temperatures (22/13°C day/night), Douglas-fir seedlings were acclimated to simulated autumn conditions with short days (8 h photoperiod) and either low temperatures (cool autumn, CA; 4/−4°C day/night) or elevated temperatures (warm autumn, WA; 19/11°C day/night). Exposure to low temperatures in the CA treatment induced the downregulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and photosystem II efficiency, increased the size and de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigment pool, and caused the development of sustained nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Seedlings in the WA treatment exhibited no downregulation of photosynthesis, no change in xanthophyll cycle pigment de-epoxidation, and no development of sustained NPQ. Albeit these changes, freezing tolerance was not impaired under WA conditions compared with CA conditions. Interior Douglas-fir seedlings developed greater freezing tolerance than coastal seedlings. Our findings suggest that autumn warming, i.e., short photoperiod alone, does not induce the downregulation of photosynthesis in Douglas-fir. Although autumn warming delays the downregulation of photosynthesis, the prolonged period of photosynthetic activity does not bear a trade-off of impaired freezing tolerance.

Genesis of Antibiotic Resistance (AR) LXVII: Inverse Correlation of morbidity and mortality rate with social distancing, stay‐home program / shelter‐in program/lockdown – A “Cogent Transmission Model” (CTM) for personal hardiness bolstering herd immunity

As of May 25, 2020, 15:38 GMT, the total number of coronavirus cases across the globe as 5,542,056, deaths: 347,381and recovery of 2,321,556 cases. (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/). We have chosen India as a prototype for the analysis of morbidity and mortality rates to learn about the principles and practices for achieving minimum causality under the most complex practical scenario. The State of Goa where 5 cases / 100,000 with no death reported as of May 25, 2020, 8:21 A.M. At the time of the data analysis, India was on 62nd day of lockdown. Based on the data available at this time, here we present an inverse correlation of decreased morbidity and mortality rate with increased social distancing, stay‐home program / shelter‐in program administered by Indian authorities. It is intriguing that a population of approximately 1.3 billion people, reporting a minimum morbidity and mortality rate (M&M rate) could be an exceptional example of coordination of incredibly diverse cultural and complex administrative fabric. In all, our hypothesis is that it is the herd immunity conferred the protection for an en masse from the current pandemic event. Based on the lessons learned from this current SARS‐CoV‐2, here we present a “Cogent Transmission Model” (CTM) in which community living confer and/or reinforce herd immunity induced protection from the future pandemic of infectious diseases caused by antibiotic resistance bacterial pathogens (ARBP). The success in sustaining a minimum M&M rate could be due in part by the social support system which is a significant element for the development of hardiness to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. The success of the current lockdown is a reflection of the social support system which is intertwined with perceptions of personal control enabling the coping process. Such a level of hardiness is also referred to as “Internal Locus of Control” (ILC). It is our observation that a pattern of consistency on the confidence level of each and every member of the community having considerable control over the events in overcoming the illness and combating the diseases is truly flabbergasting. Such a level of resilience draws a corollary of the hardy personality as identified in the “Personal Hardiness” (J. Pers and Soci. Psych 37, 1–11: 1979). Traits such as a. sense of commitment to self, b. control over their life at the individual level and c. view and make adjustments as challenges arise rather than viewing it as a source of stress. Taken together we suggest that commitment to self, control of self in dynamic social environmental circumstances and readjustment to challenges separate the people with “Personal Hardiness” from the rest of the society as a remarkable trait to overcome the fear of the unknown in a pandemic event (FASEB Journal 2019 33:1_supplement, 483.16‐483.16). It would be a dream come true, should the principles of “Personal Hardiness” disseminated across the globe at all socioeconomic levels in every nook and corner at the earliest possible time, it would definitely vanquish the plausible pandemic of infectious diseases at its blossom.

The peculiarities of the usage of AR technologies in the process of hardiness of future professionals

One of the main challenges of today is to increase the resilience of individuals to stressful environmental factors and preserve the quality of life and efficiency. Hardiness is a psychological phenomenon, the essence of which is a productive way out of the crisis towards personal growth. Taking into account the effectiveness of information and technological progress, the issue of internalization of AR technologies in the process of training a competitive, viable specialist who is able to mobilize and self-realize internal potential resources is vital. The scientific article analyzes the possibilities of using innovative AR technologies in the process of developing the hardiness of the future specialist on the basis of the implementation of competence and subject-personal approach to the introduction of AR technologies in the educational process in the system of higher education. The article describes the experience of integrated implementation of elements of augmented reality in the program of development of hardiness - Hardiness Enhancing Lifestyle Program based on the concept of BYOD. According to the results of the obtained empirical data the efficiency of using innovative AR technologies in the structure of mobile applications in the process of development of the components of hardiness of the personality of the future specialist is proved. Prospect for further research is the development of a methodology for integrated implementation of AR technologies in the practice of higher education in order to optimize the training of future professionals.

МОДЕЛЬ РАЗВИТИЯ ЖИЗНЕСТОЙКОСТИ КУРСАНТОВ В ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ ВУЗА МЧС РОССИИ

The article is devoted to scientific rationale of the hardiness development model among cadets, integrated into the educational process at Saint-Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia. According to the authors, using this model would help to resolve the existing contradic-tions between the personality requirements in extreme conditions of their professional activities and practice that ensures the knowledge interiorization up to the level of competence. The model presents a system of practices distributed throughout all the cadets’ studying process in various organizational forms of the educational and out-of-school processes, such as lectures, seminars and practical classes, all types of practices, cultural and educational pro-jects, and psychological support of professional contingents of the State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia. The main methods are the following: Review and analytical method, document analysis, empirical method, modeling method, and probabilistic method. The model of the hardiness development is a phased process in which participants research their life world and ways of answering existential questions, development and imple-mentation of resilient practices in activities with subsequent reflection of self-consciousness and self-change experience. The content of the program includes two modules. The first module “Hardiness attitudes” is focused on understanding the universal conditions of human existence, existential data of being, semantic values self-determination. The purpose of the first module is to strengthen existential attitudes - risk acceptance, control, and engagement. The content of the second module is focused on three dimensions. These are psychological (self-knowledge and self-design), social (communicative skills), psychophysical (copping and self-regulation). Organizational forms of implementation the psychological mechanisms for resilience development are cognitive, activity and reflexive blocks. It is concluded that the use of the hardiness development model in educational process will contribute to the formation and development of psychological readiness of cadets to solve combat problems in extreme conditions by developing the capacity for mature and complex forms of self-regulation at the levels of existential attitude, psychological and psychophysical functioning of the personality, ability to make and implement decisions based on the existing knowledge and experience.

A phenomenon of hardiness as an integral feature of personal potential

The paper is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of hardiness as an integral characteristic of personal potential. The topicality of this problem is determined by the fact that in the process of socialization and personal development, each person faces the need to overcome certain life difficulties: psychological crises, stressful situations, the effects of external social negative factors, and many others. Moreover, due to specific features of psychic processes, an individual always strives to overcome difficulties in the most effective and least burdensome way. Not only the psychological well-being of a person, but also the harmonious existence of the whole society depends on the choice of one or another method of coping behavior (constructive or destructive). The paper presents the results of a study of the interrelationship between the level of subjective control, the spheres of motivation and needs, values and meaning of a person’s personality and the development level of a person’s hardiness. The paper contains the results of the theoretical and methodological analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the research topic; the results of a comprehensive diagnosis of the level of hardiness development of a person and hardiness in different life situations; specific features of subjective control, the spheres of motivation and needs, values and meaning of an individual’s personality and their relationship with the hardiness development level. It has been proved that people with different levels of hardiness have: different levels of subjective control (in people with a high level of hardiness, the level of subjective control is higher); a different value and meaning frame of an individual’s personality (hierarchy and structure of personal values and meanings depends on the level of hardiness); different levels of positive and negative motivation (motivation for success and motivation for failure). The conclusions have been drawn that hardiness has its own structure and turns out to be a key personality variable, mediating the influence of external (stressful) factors on a person, as well as on the success of activity.&#x0D; Keywords: hardiness, coping behavior, personal potential, subjective control, sphere of motivation and needs, sphere of values and meaning.

Champions of winter survival: cold acclimation and molecular regulation of cold hardiness in evergreen conifers.

Evergreen conifers are champions of winter survival, based on their remarkable ability to acclimate to cold and develop cold hardiness. Counterintuitively, autumn cold acclimation is triggered not only by exposure to low temperature, but also by a combination of decreasing temperature, decreasing photoperiod and changes in light quality. These environmental cues control a network of signaling pathways that coordinate cold acclimation and cold hardiness in overwintering conifers, leading to cessation of growth, bud dormancy, freezing tolerance and changes in energy metabolism. Advances in genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic tools for conifers have improved our understanding of how trees sense and respond to changes in temperature and light during cold acclimation and the development of cold hardiness, but there remain considerable gaps deserving further research in conifers. In the first section of this review, we focus on the physiological mechanisms used by evergreen conifers to adjust metabolism seasonally and to protect overwintering tissues against winter stresses. In the second section, we review how perception of low temperature and photoperiod regulate the induction of cold acclimation. Finally, we explore the evolutionary context of cold acclimation in conifers and evaluate challenges imposed on them by changing climate and discuss emerging areas of research in the field.

ЖИТТЄСТІЙКІСТЬ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ ФІНАНСОВОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ БІЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕСАМИ

У сучасній методиці управління бізнес-процесами особливої актуальності набуває проблема підбору показників фінансового та антикризового управління, яка забезпечить підприємству здійснення поточної діяльності у запланованих межах, дасть змогу швидко адаптуватися до змін в умовах ризику та кризових явищ, сформує бачення перспективи розвитку підприємства. Фінансове та антикризове управління є основою для забезпечення життєстійкості підприємства в умовах глобальної економічної кризи. Життєстійкість передбачає здатність підприємства протистояти загрозам і швидко відновлюватися у разі якщо ці загрози стали реальністю і завдали відчутної шкоди. Здійснюючи ефективне управління бізнес-процесами, підприємство здатне ставити адекватні цілі та їх реалізувати, своєчасно забезпечувати свою діяльність зовнішніми та внутрішніми ресурсами, ефективно управляти ризиками.

The developmental trajectories of mathematics anxiety: Cognitive, personality, and environmental correlates

Students who are highly anxious about mathematics-related activities generally exhibit lower mathematics achievement and motivation compared to their less anxious counterparts. Despite negative implications of mathematics anxiety (MA) on mathematics learning, there is a paucity of research examining how MA develops over time. Using the Longitudinal Study of American Youth dataset (N = 3116), the present study investigated two main questions regarding the development of MA in secondary school: (1) Is the development of MA characterized by a heterogeneous subset of growth trajectories? (2) How are time-varying personal and environmental factors (e.g., mathematics achievement; perceptions of math teachers) related to specific MA growth trajectories? Student MA was repeatedly assessed in six annual waves spanning across middle and high school. Using growth mixture modeling, we identified four growth trajectories of MA: (1) The non-anxious group that exhibited chronically low MA; (2) The highly anxious group which displayed moderately high MA over time; (3) The resilient group that exhibited high initial MA that steadily decreased over time; and (4) The vulnerable group that reported low initial MA that drastically increased over time. In addition, significant differences in the development of mathematics achievement, personality hardiness, and perceptions of mathematics teachers were found in these four MA groups. Findings highlight heterogeneity in the development of MA, identify middle school as a critical period for MA development, and emphasize the importance of examining developmental changes in cognitive, personality, and environmental factors to help clarify distinct MA trajectories across middle and high school.

Hardiness of Different Generations of Russian People

For a person, belonging to a certain generation has now become an indication of having witnessed certain historic events and possessing certain social and psychological qualities. This is a marker that most company executives, advertisers, managers, marketing specialists, and teachers take in consideration. Why is investigating differences between generations relevant? On one hand, both general public and the scientific community have demonstrated a growing interest in social psychology. On the other hand, this problem has not yet been sufficiently studied. In spite of large amounts of empirical data on the psychological differences in multi-age groups, there seem to be little to no research works focused on basic social and psychological characteristics of the generations. The society today, with its swift socio-economical changes, instability, and loss of values, is becoming more and more stressogenic. Events of the recent years (economic crisis, terrorist threats, technogenic disasters, unstable political relations etc.) constitute a major factor that exerts its influence on a personality. It has been noted that people generally feel less secure and protected after experiencing those events. The science is now facing the task of revealing and processing the psychological characteristics and predispositions that ensure a person’s ability to successfully adapt to the world that is constantly changing. The capacity of dealing with life troubles depends on the personality potential of an individual, on how psychologically mature an individual is, and on their value and purpose-in-life orientations. In foreign psychology, the notion of “hardiness” is used as a synonym to the idea of the personality potential. The present research is based on the results of a diagnostic survey that was addressed to Russian citizens from different regions of the Russian Federation, aged from 18 to 75. The diagnostic survey used the following methods: the “Hardiness Test” by D. Leontyev, the “Purpose in Life Orientation Test” by D. Leontyev, and the method of “Subjective Economic Well-Being” by V. Khashchenko. Therefore, the purpose in life and the economic mindset were used as determinants of hardiness. With age, the number of factors influencing the development of hardiness becomes larger; however, age does not determine the development of hardiness as a specific personality trait. Representatives of Generation Y (young Russian people aged 18 to 34) currently show the highest level of hardiness because their personalities are dominated by the “commitment” and “control” factors. In general, the presence of components of hardiness prevents the increase of psychological tension in stress situations because such individuals are highly resilient and give less importance to stress situations, doing a better job coping with these.