Hard Copy Images Research Articles

Earbook

Abstract: it’s not an era where you can take a book anywhere, and it's getting harder to carry and read a book every day. Here I came up with this solution. This yearbook application helps you convert hard copies of books to PDF format. In this application, the user simply clicks on the hard copy image with her mobile camera and it is converted to PDF format. Optical character recognition and text-to-speech are used to convert hardcopy pages to PDF format. The application allows you to update the book with a click of the hard copy and also saves this audio file in the database. This app helps you read books on your mobile phone just by installing this app and convert your notes and books to audio files (PDF) so that you can read your favorite books and notes with just a few clicks. This application also helps other visually impaired adults by allowing them to listen to audio files anytime, anywhere

Veterinary prescription errors in a community pharmacy setting: A retrospective review

BackgroundCommunity pharmacies are poised to see more veterinary prescriptions as a result of increased pet ownership especially during the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic. Concern has been raised about the lack of veterinary pharmacy training that community pharmacists receive, but no studies have evaluated the actual prevalence of errors in veterinary prescriptions including the prevalence of prescription writing errors. ObjectivesThis study identifies the prevalence of errors in veterinary prescriptions at independent community pharmacies. MethodsAn electronic form was used to ensure required information was pulled from the pharmacy software systems in a consistent manner. Information was pulled from the hard copy image and the prescription label corresponding to that fill. Prescribing trends, such as species and errors, were assessed using descriptive statistics for the overall sample. Error comparisons between written and verbal prescriptions and between weight-based and nonweight-based prescriptions were assessed using chi-square and Fisher exact tests. ResultsWeight, although not legally required but clinically necessary for evaluation of veterinary prescriptions, was omitted from 97.8% of prescriptions. When evaluating the prevalence of errors between handwritten and verbal prescriptions, it was more likely to see errors in prescriptions handwritten by the veterinarian (105 of 119; 88%) than verbal prescriptions (257 of 389; 66%). Conversely, handwritten prescriptions were less likely to omit the required Drug Enforcement Agency number on controlled substance prescriptions. ConclusionBased on the number of errors seen in both handwritten and verbal prescriptions, emphasis should be placed on training pharmacists to be competent in clinically evaluating veterinary prescriptions and training veterinarians on handwriting prescriptions to include both legally and clinically required information needed before dispensing.

Automatic Digitization of Engineering Diagrams using Intelligent Algorithms

At present usage of computational intelligence became the ultimate need of the heavy engineering industries. Digitization can be achieved in these sectors by scanning the hard copy images. When older documents are digitized are not of very high fidelity and therefore the accuracy, reliability of the estimates of components such as equipment and materials after digitization are remarkably low since (Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams) P&IDs come in various shapes and sizes, with varying levels of quality along with myriad smaller challenges such as low resolution of images, high intra project diagram variation along with no standardization in the engineering sector for diagram representation to name a few, digitizing P&IDs remains a challenging problem. In this study an end to end pipeline is proposed for automatically digitizing engineering diagrams which would involve automatic recognition, classification and extraction of diagram components from images and scans of engineering drawings such as P&IDs and automatically generating digitized drawings automatically from this obtained data. This would be done using image processing algorithms such as template matching, canny edge detection and the sliding window method. Then the lines would be obtained from the P&ID using canny edge detection and sliding window approach, the text would be recognized using an aspect ratio calculation. Finally, all the extracted components of the P&ID are associated with the closest texts present and the components mapped to each other. By the way of using such pipelines as proposed the diagrams are consistently of high quality, other smaller problems such as mis-spelling and valuable time churn are solved or minimized to large extent and paving the way for application of big data technologies such as machine learning analytics on these diagrams resulting in further efficiencies in operational processes.

A Digital Grayscale Generation Equipment for Image Display Standardization

The standardization of grayscale display is essentially significant for image signal communication, transmission, and terminal reading. The key step of this standardization is establishing a traceable equipment of grayscale. As a relative value, grayscale is transferred to two different absolute values to satisfy different traceability methods, including optical density for hardcopy image and luminance for softcopy. For luminance, a generation equipment is designed to build the relationship between luminance and grayscale. In this work, novel equipment is established using digital light processing (DLP) by time-frequency modulation, and the corresponding uncertainty is analyzed. The experiment result shows that this digital equipment builds the relationship between grayscale and luminance in the range of 0.16-4000 cd/m2. It enables traceable measurement of grayscale to luminance on this equipment with high accuracy and can provide a standardized reference for the display of grayscale images in the fields of medicine, remote sensing, non-destructive testing, etc.

Multi Orientation Text Detection in Natural Imagery

Constant advancement and growth in digital technology is swiftly changing the scenario of text detection from hard copy images to natural images. An in-depth study of the previous research work reveals that though a lot of research work has been done on text detection and recognition in natural scene images, but most of the researchers have concluded their survey either on a horizontal or near to horizontal texts. Their survey somewhat speaks about multi-orientation text detection, but the curved text detection in natural images escaped their attention. It has necessitated exploration on the vital aspect of text detection field where detailed study of horizontal, near to horizontal, multi-orientation, and curved text finds a place in a single cover. To achieve this goal, the present study will focus on fundamental understanding, existing challenges, and the proven algorithms for text detection in natural images. The authors discuss the future perspective of recent advances in text detection in natural images with various benchmark datasets and performance metrics.

Development of a Method of Evaluating Uniformity Based on the Human Vision Property

Uniformity is an important quality factor of a hard-copy image and needs to be properly managed using a numerical index. We therefore developed a new method of evaluating quality. The evaluation method involves calculating the delta E profile using the color difference of the neighborhood to remove the effect of image noise. This calculation algorithm is based on a persons contrast detection mechanism. Furthermore, the maximum color difference is extracted by comparing profiles because a person evaluates the part having the worst uniformity part in multiple regions. Our method provides a numerical index that represents a subjective score of image uniformity. We expect to manage image quality using our method.

The Importance of Human-Computer Interaction in Radiology E-learning.

With the development of cross-sectional imaging techniques and transformation to digital reading of radiological imaging, e-learning might be a promising tool in undergraduate radiology education. In this systematic review of the literature, we evaluate the emergence of image interaction possibilities in radiology e-learning programs and evidence for effects of radiology e-learning on learning outcomes and perspectives of medical students and teachers. A systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, ERIC, and PsycInfo was performed. Articles were screened by two authors and included when they concerned the evaluation of radiological e-learning tools for undergraduate medical students. Nineteen articles were included. Seven studies evaluated e-learning programs with image interaction possibilities. Students perceived e-learning with image interaction possibilities to be a useful addition to learning with hard copy images and to be effective for learning 3D anatomy. Both e-learning programs with and without image interaction possibilities were found to improve radiological knowledge and skills. In general, students found e-learning programs easy to use, rated image quality high, and found the difficulty level of the courses appropriate. Furthermore, they felt that their knowledge and understanding of radiology improved by using e-learning. In conclusion, the addition of radiology e-learning in undergraduate medical education can improve radiological knowledge and image interpretation skills. Differences between the effect of e-learning with and without image interpretation possibilities on learning outcomes are unknown and should be subject to future research.

An Efficient Approach for Automatic Cloth Panel Extraction from Pattern Images

D cloths for different body sizes from 2D patterns of any size has recently gained attention in both academic and industry fields. Most of the classical patterns in old books and magazines are available only in hardcopy forms. Thus, there is a need to produce softcopies of those patterns in the old books and magazines. In this research work, efficient solutions for these two issues are provided. First, a specific pattern size given any size pattern is automatically generated. This greatly facilitates the generation process of different size patterns in the apparel industry. Second, the design of customized apparel products provided in hardcopy images is fully automated. This automation process can greatly improve the efficiency of cloth production in the apparel industry.

A pilot study using an infrared imaging system in prevention of post-endoscopic submucosal dissection ulcer bleeding

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for superficial gastric neoplasm is a curative method. The aim of this study was to detect potential nonbleeding visible vessels (NBVVs) by using an infrared imaging (IRI) system. A total of 24 patients (25 lesions) were consecutively enrolled between March 2010 and December 2010. The day after ESD, endoscopist A (K.M.), who was blinded to the actual procedure of ESD, performed esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) of the post-ESD ulcer base using the IRI system. Endoscopist A marked gray/blue points in the hard-copy images with the IRI system. After the first procedure, endoscopist B (Y.Y.), who was blinded to the results recorded by endoscopist A, performed a second EGD with white light endoscopy and administered water-jet pressure with the maximum level of an Olympus flushing pump onto the post-ESD ulcer base. This test can cause iatrogenic bleeding via application of pressure to NBVV in the post-ESD ulcer. The IRI system detected 58 gray points and 71 blue points. The post-ESD ulcer was divided into the central area and the peripheral area. There were 14 gray points (24 %) in the central area and 44 gray points (76 %) in the peripheral area. There were 19 blue points (27 %) in the central area and 52 blue points (73 %) in the peripheral area. There was no significant difference when comparing the distribution of gray points and blue points. Bleeding occurred with a water-jet pressure in 11 of 58 gray points and in none of the blue points (P = 0.000478). Among the gray points, bleeding in response to a water-jet pressure occurred in 2 points in the central area and in 9 points in the peripheral area. The IRI system detects visible vessels (VVs) that are in no need of coagulation as blue points, and VVs have a potential risk of bleeding as gray points.

Effect of Nicotinic Acid as a Toner on Photothermographic Materials Based on Silver Benzotriazole

The photothermographic(PTG) imaging materials are the kind of digital hardcopy imaging medium usually used in diagnostic medical field. The hardcopy image was obtained by thermal printing process using driving laser or thermal print head on PTG materials based on electronic data. Toner, as the most important of components to provide better image quality, is a compound could modify the shape and size of Ag0 particles to correct the image color from yellow-brown to black in thermal imaging process. In the paper, the effect of nicotinic acid as a new toner on PTG based on silver benzotriazole as silver sources had been studied. The results indicated that development of silver benzotriazole PTG materials was promoted by the introduction of nicotinic acid and the function of nicotinic acid was influenced by the pH of the silver benzotriazole emulsion and the amounts of nicotinic acid. The promotion of nicotinic acid was strengthened with the pH in system increased in the condition of the same amounts of nicotinic acid added in PTG emulsion. The best promotion could be obtained in the case of the mol ratio of nicotinic acid to silver benzotriazole 0.1 and value of pH in emulsion about eight. The IR spectrum data implied that the silver complex, which was supposed to be easy to transmit silver ions from silver salt to development center, was produced by nicotinic acid and silver benzotriazole.

Criminal Action Surveillance System

The proposed system is automated system to reduce paperwork in the criminal investigation. It is a stand-alone application keeping in mind the security issues. Following are the key features of the software to be implemented, 1. It basically involves storing the records of the criminals along with the images, medical details, finger-prints, crime conducted, punishments, officers’ involved in short the case-file. 2. Verification of criminals on the basis of finger-print matching. 3. It also stores the details of the officers’ within the jurisdiction of the main jail where the software is installed. 4. It will also be able to store FIRs’ along with the scanned image of the written FIR (hard copy image). 5. It will take into account the attendance of the individuals using the biometric system. 6. It also involves the instant messaging facility over the mobile which can inform all the main centres in the country about some emergency. 7.The system will also take into account the passport-verification data required to be done for every citizen for passport issue.

Preservation of Photographic Images for Future Generations: New Opportunities for Prints and Photo Books

Upon discovering the 120 year old object in their grandparents' attic, most people today would be hard-pressed to play back a recording made on a wax cylinder of the late 1800s. What will people do just 50 years from now with an optical disk or magnetic hard drive? Over time, we have recorded our memories in many ways: letters, post cards, photographs, movies, audio and video recordings are a few examples. In earlier days, interpreting those recordings was independent of the technology used to create them – you could hold and view a hard copy document in your hand. How will future generations deal with those post cards, letters to the family, and photographs that have now been replaced by "Word documents", email, and digital images on the computer? While professional and mass-portrait labs recognize the importance of hard copy images, the word needs to spread from there. The end consumer in particular needs to become aware of long-term storage issues that relate to the preservation of the data behind digital documents including photographic images. Longerterm issues beyond routine backup and migration of data need to be considered, and preservation via human-readable hardcopy images is a key option. This paper provides an update on preservation strategies for the consumer and suggestions for the professional imaging laboratories to communicate these strategies to the consumer. While the familiar advice to "make a hard copy" provides a solid foundation, we go beyond this recommendation, with the intent to raise consumer awareness of the need to create a long-term preservation plan for their most treasured images and the data behind them.

Capacity Analysis For Orthogonal Halftone Orientation Modulation Channels

Halftone dot orientation modulation has recently been proposed as a method for data hiding in printed images. Extraction of data embedded with halftone orientation modulation is accomplished by computing, from the scanned hardcopy image, detection statistics that uniquely identify the embedded orientation. From a communications perspective, this data hiding setup forms an interesting class of channels with dot orientation as input and a vector of statistics as the output. This paper derives capacity expressions for these channels that allow for numerical evaluation of the capacity. Results provide significant insight for orientation modulation based print-scan resilient data hiding: the capacity varies significantly as a function of the image graylevel and experimentally observed error free data rates closely mirror the variation in capacity.

The Research on Effect of Ambient Light on the Impact of the Soft Proofing

Soft proofing technology is the development of new technologies in recent years, application is becoming more widely. As the use of display image simulating hard copy image, display settings, ambient light conditions and the observe conditions will affect the impact of soft proofing. 68 pairs of test images own the average value of different color originated from four typical images by transfer functions. In the image manipulation progress, each original image was altered in two aspects: lightness, chroma respectively .Using EIZO CG19 display to show in different ambient light conditions. A visual evaluation experiment was carried out aiming at test images by a psychophysical experiment, testing and analyzing color difference resolution influence of display image under different ambient light conditions, optimal lighting conditions and ranges of the soft proofing viewing environment was determined.

Photorealistic ink‐jet digital printing – factors influencing image quality, image stability and print durability

Digital cameras have now replaced film‐based cameras as the most popular method of still image capture. As a consequence, there has been a rise in growth of the photo‐realistic digital‐printer market as many amateur and professional photographers choose to produce their own hard copy images. The most popular digital printing technology for producing photo‐realistic images is currently drop‐on‐demand ink jet. There has been much research into key factors influencing the quality, stability and durability of images produced using this, and other, digital printing technologies. A key area of study in achieving photo‐realistic images from digital printing systems has been ink‐receivable layers and dye/pigment colorants, and most importantly compatibility between the two. As with any new technology it is important to achieve an acceptable standard of performance and, to this end, research work has been instigated by the International Standards Institute since the mid‐1990s, to achieve a set of standards appertaining to areas such as light fastness, water fastness, thermal stability, humidity fastness and pollution susceptibility. This paper reviews the current state regarding the aforementioned areas with respect to their influence on print quality, stability and durability.

Effect of slice thickness on liver lesion detection and characterisation by multidetector CT

The purpose of our study was to compare the effectiveness of 3.2 mm, 5 mm and 7.5 mm slice thicknesses in the detection and characterisation of liver lesions found on CT in patients with known or suspected malignant disease. 110 patients underwent portal phase imaging using four-slice MDCT. Two blinded observers independently read hard copy images at each slice thickness. The size and location of each lesion detected was recorded by each observer on a diagram of liver segmental anatomy. Each lesion was characterised as benign, malignant or indeterminate in nature. A diagnostic confidence score was allocated for each lesion on a scale of 1-4. The pathology or behaviour of lesions was assessed using surgery with intra-operative ultrasound (IOUS) and histology, or interval imaging with MRI, CT, or sonography. 294 lesions were detected, 64 (22%) of which were malignant. Both observers detected significantly more lesions on the 3.2 mm versus 7.5 mm slice thickness (p < 0.0001). Both observers detected more malignant lesions on 3.2 mm and 5 mm slice thicknesses versus 7.5 mm. As slice thickness decreased there was a significant increase in the sensitivity of malignant lesion detection for observer 1 (p < 0.001) and borderline significance for observer 2 (p = 0.07). As slice thickness decreased the proportion of lesions characterised as indeterminate by both observers fell. With thinner slices, both detection and characterisation of liver lesions were improved. A slice thickness no greater than 5 mm should be used to maximise both detection and correct characterisation of liver lesions.

Image storage and permanence considerations in the long-term preservation of photographic images – update 2010

Archivists and consumers, alike, need to become aware of long-term storage and preservation issues that relate to the preservation of the data behind digital photographic images. The more obvious issues, such as accidental or catastrophic data loss and hardware format evolution, are only now being recognized in the archiving community. Consumers need to be alerted to these issues and be prepared to develop preservation strategies as well. However, longer-term issues beyond routine backup and migration of data need to be considered. The very basic solution of preservation via hardcopy images stored in shoeboxes or albums is one option, but this raises a fundamental question regarding image preservation that transcends even the more complex solutions—the long-term stability of the chosen media, whether digital or analog. This paper discusses archiving and preservation as it relates to images, and the data behind those images, along with historical perspectives and an overview of possible longer-term preservation strategies [1–3]. The importance of image permanence standards, as they relate to overall selection of preservation strategies, will also be discussed.

The Brain MR Image Segmentation Techniques and use of Diagnostic Packages

This article provides a survey of segmentation methods for medical images. Usually, classification of segmentation methods is done based on the approaches adopted and the domain of application. This survey is conducted on the recent segmentation methods used in biomedical image processing and explores the methods useful for better segmentation. A critical appraisal of the current status of semiautomated and automated methods is made for the segmentation of anatomical medical images emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) used by radiologists as a second opinion has become one of the major research areas in medical imaging and diagnostic radiology. A picture archiving communication system (PACS) is an integrated workflow system for managing images and related data that is designed to streamline operations throughout the whole patient care delivery process. By using PACS, the medical image interpretation may be changed from conventional hard-copy images to soft-copy studies viewed on the systems workstations. The automatic segmentations assist the doctors in making quick diagnosis. The CAD need not be comparable to that of physicians, but is surely complementary.

Digital mammographic screening in Japan

We describe the current status of mammographic screening and investigate how digital mammography is used in screening in Japan. Despite the widespread use of digital mammographic equipment, the mammographic screening rate for invited women is very low. In the majority of cases, digital hard copy images are read for screening. Soft-copy reading of digital mammography is not widely used, because of the difficulty of handling large amounts of CR data, the cost of workstations with 5 M LCD monitors, and the loading of full-field digital mammography on the mobile unit. Digital mammography has a number of advantages and has increasingly replaced conventional film-screen mammography, becoming the gold standard in combination with soft-copy reading in screening settings.

The cost effectiveness of implementing picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) in the operating room

Background Intraoperative access to radiographic images is essential for the accurate diagnosis, operative planning and surgical treatment of many musculoskeletal conditions. Traditionally, hardcopy radiographs have been readily available for this purpose. Recently, however, hardcopy radiographs have become less accessible because many hospitals have transitioned to digitally-based picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). Typically, PACS is available in hospital clinics, emergency rooms, and radiology departments but not, as in our institution, in the operating room. The purpose of this study was to determine the merits of implementing and having access to PACS in the operating room. Methods All hardcopy radiographs generated solely for use in orthopaedic surgery cases at our institution were prospectively tracked for 3 months. The annualized costs associated with these hardcopy images (film, production, storage, technical time) were compared with the projected cost of acquiring, mounting, and maintaining PACS monitors in the orthopaedic surgery operating room. Results Comparative cost analysis determined that the initial 12-month cost for orthopaedic surgery PACS in the operating room would be realized at 9 months after implementation; the projected PACS net savings for our institution would be approximately $500,000 at 10 years after implementation.