Hard Winter Wheat Varieties Research Articles

Influence of agricultural machinery on the potential realization of winter hard wheat yield

The article is devoted to the problem of choosing agricultural machinery, as productive potential of plants depends on its effective operation. The correct choice of parameters and modes of agricultural machinery is the fundamental paradigm for solving this problem. Grain yield is made up of the integration of agricultural machinery and its genetic potential. It is the optimization of the parameters that contributes to the formation of a full-fledged desired, stable yield. In the field, productivity is influenced by many difficult-to-control factors (weather conditions, agrotechnical characteristics of the equipment, seed resistance, etc.). To optimize the process of increasing the productivity of grain, the selection of seed material, its disinfection, as well as sowing using innovative technologies are required. The multi-criterion task of choosing the optimal modes of machinery and the preliminary selection and analysis of high-yielding grain is facilitated by the Harrington function. The object of the research is seven varieties of hard winter wheat, differentiated by the method of Kazakova and Lysogorenko. In 2020 high yields were obtained from the varieties of Amazonka (8,32 t/ha), Kristella (8,27 t/ha), Yantarina (8,07 t/ha), Yakhont (7,81 t/ha). Further analysis of seed material by embryo morphotypes (EMT), maximum and minimum mass of an individual grain was carried out using the Harrington function. A comprehensive assessment of the grains of major and minor EMT has shown that the high-yielding varieties of Amazonka and Christella have an optimal weight of 1000 grains, contain the minimum number of grains with minor EMT and the maximum number of seeds with the main EMT. A comprehensive assessment of sowing equipment showed that the use of this technique affects the yield. So when sowing wheat with the SPM-360 seeder, the declared yield is reduced by 10–15%.

Winter hard wheat in Kursk Region

Kursk Federal Agricultural Research Center, together with National Grain Center named after P.P. Lukyanenko, has been studying and selecting hybrid populations, lines and varieties of hard winter wheat since 2012. Since 2017, they have been studied for ecological plasticity and the presence of economically valuable features when cultivating in the Central Chernozem Region (Kursk Region) varieties of winter hard wheat bred by FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”on the basis of agreements on creative and scientific cooperation. At this stage of research, a large number of seedlings of winter hard wheat were tested, of which the most promising ones were identified. Using highly effective methods of ecological selection and having worked out breeding material in the environmental breeding laboratory of Kursk FARC, research data for 2018-2020. on yield, resistance to creep, overwintering, crop structure (height of plants, number of plants, number of stems, number of productive stems, total bush, productive bush, mass of 1000 grains, length of main spike, number of grains in main spike, weight of grain from one plant) and grain quality, on the basis of which grades and lines of winter hard wheat are evaluated. Over the years of research, weather conditions have developed in a variety of ways. Adverse environmental factors made it possible to better assess the level of adaptability of the studied sorto samples to abiostresses. In this regard an important task of joint breeding, is to increase environmental sustainability, the ability to ensure high stable yields in the soil and climatic conditions of the cultivation region.

Productivity of hard winter wheat varieties depending on technological methods of cultivation in the south of Ukraine

Productivity of hard winter wheat varieties depending on technological methods of cultivation in the south of Ukraine

Validation of Molecular Markers for New Stem Rust Resistance Genes in U.S. Hard Winter Wheat

ABSTRACTStem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is one of the most serious diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. The discovery of new Pgt races in Africa, Ug99 and its variants, brings a new threat to global wheat production. Pyramiding several stem rust resistance genes into adapted varieties as opposed to breeding varieties with a single resistance gene is considered a more effective method to combat new races, but the success of gene pyramiding depends on the availability of molecular markers tightly linked to resistance genes. Markers for Ug99‐effective genes, Sr2, Sr22, Sr26, Sr32, Sr35, Sr39, and Sr40, were evaluated for usefulness in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) of hard winter wheat (HWW) using 10 resistance gene donor lines, 17 recently released U.S. HWW varieties or breeding lines, and 20 advanced introgression lines. Markers XcsIH81‐BM and XcsIH81‐AG for Sr22, Xsr26#43 and XBE51879 for Sr26, Xbarc55 for Sr32, Xbarc51 for Sr35, Xrwg27 for Sr39, Xsr39#22r for Sr40, and csSr2‐derived single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker for Sr2 are diagnostic for the set of HWW accessions evaluated in this study. These markers should be useful in marker‐assisted pyramiding of stem rust resistance genes to develop HWW cultivars with multiple gene resistance against Ug99 races.

A Rapid, Small‐Scale Sedimentation Method to Predict Breadmaking Quality of Hard Winter Wheat

ABSTRACTBreeders and processors are always looking for rapid and accurate methods to evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, small‐scale method to accurately determine breadmaking quality for early generation hard winter wheat (HWW) breeding lines by combining the solutions used in the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation method (American Association of Cereal Chemists [AACC] 56‐70 [AACC, 2000]) and the centrifugation process found within the solvent retention capacity (SRC) method (AACC 56‐11 [AACC, 2000]). A preliminary test of the hybrid SDS‐SRC method was performed on eight HWW varieties and compared to AACC (56‐70) and in‐house Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory (HWWQL) methods to show proof of concept. Further validation of the hybrid method was conducted on a diverse set of 53 HWW varieties. The hybrid method was performed in 66% less time than AACC 56‐70 and HWWQL methods. Furthermore, sample size was reduced from 6 g for the AACC method to 1 g for the hybrid method. Results obtained from the hybrid method exhibited a higher correlation to bread loaf volume (r ≥ 0.84) compared to results from the AACC method (r > 0.42) and HWWQL method (r ≥ 0.64) for wheat flour. Due to enhanced speed, accuracy, and simplicity the hybrid SDS‐SRC sedimentation method may prove useful in breeding programs, grain elevators, and other scenarios where rapid assessment of end‐use quality determination is required.

Differential responses of two types of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) to autumn- and spring-applied mesosulfuron-methyl

Field experiments were conducted in the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 crop seasons to evaluate the tolerance of hard winter wheat (HWW) and soft winter wheat (SWW) varieties to post-emergence mesosulfuron-methyl treatment. The application of mesosulfuron-methyl at 11.25 g a.i. ha −1 plus a noninonic surfactant at 252 g a.i. ha −1 to three HWW and three SWW varieties in either autumn (Zadoks stage 14–15) or spring (Zadoks stage 24–25) resulted in visible injury, including chlorisis, stunting and leaf deformities. The greatest injury occurred at fourteen days after treatment (DAT) for all wheat varieties. All varieties showed the same initial sensitivity to herbicide treatment, but differed significantly in their recovery from plant damages. The HWW varieties recovered more successfully from spring-applied herbicide than the SWW varieties; conversely, the SWW varieties recovered more rapidly from damage caused by autumn-applied herbicide than the HWW varieties. Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) values were severely affected by autumn herbicide application for HWW varieties and spring application for SWW varieties. Autumn herbicide application for SWW varieties and spring herbicide application for HWW varieties produced higher grain yields. Based on these data, we conclude that applying mesosulfuron-methyl plus a noninonic surfactant in autumn for SWW varieties and in spring for HWW varieties is optimal, and that application timing has profound implications for herbicide tolerance and production of wheat.

Effects of Genotype and Environment on the Antioxidant Properties of Hard Winter Wheat Bran

Recent consumer interest in controlling and preventing chronic diseases through improved diet has promoted research on the bioactive components of agricultural products. Wheat is an important agricultural and dietary commodity worldwide with known antioxidant properties concentrated mostly in the bran fraction. The objective of this study was to determine the relative contributions of genotype (G) and growing environment (E) to hard winter wheat bran antioxidant properties, as well as correlations of these properties to growing conditions. Bran samples of 20 hard winter wheat varieties grown in two locations were examined for their free radical scavenging capacities against DPPH, ABTS cation, peroxyl (ORAC), and superoxide anion radicals and chelating properties, as well as their total phenolics and phenolic acid compositions. Results showed significant differences for all antioxidant properties tested and multiple significant correlations between these properties. A factorial designed analysis of variance for these data and pooled previously published data showed similar results for four of the six antioxidant properties, indicating that G effects were considerably larger than E effects for chelating capacity and DPPH radical scavenging properties, whereas E was much stronger than G for ABTS cation radical scavenging capacity and total phenolics, although small interaction effects (GxE) were significant for all antioxidant properties analyzed. Results also showed significant correlations between temperature stress or solar radiation and some antioxidant properties. These results indicate that each antioxidant property of hard winter wheat bran is influenced differently by genotype and growing conditions.

Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Wheat Extracts

Three hard winter wheat varieties (Akron, Trego, and Platte) were examined and compared for their free radical scavenging properties and total phenolic contents (TPC). Free radical scavenging properties of wheat grain extracts were evaluated by spectrophotometric and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry methods against stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) and radical cation ABTS*+ (2,2'-azino-di[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate]). The results showed that the three wheat extracts differed in their capacities to quench or inhibit DPPH* and ABTS*+. Akron showed the greatest activity to quench DPPH radicals, while Platte had the highest capacity against ABTS*+. The ED50 values of wheat extracts against DPPH radicals were 0.60 mg/mL for Akron, 7.1 mg/mL for Trego, and 0.95 mg/mL for Platte under the experimental conditions. The trolox equivalents against ABTS*+ were 1.31 +/- 0.44, 1.08 +/- 0.05, and 1.91 +/- 0.06 micromol/g of grain for Akron, Trego, and Platte wheat, respectively. ESR results confirmed that wheat extracts directly reacted with and quenched free radicals. The TPC were 487.9 +/- 927.8 microg gallic acid equivalents/g of grain. No correlation was observed between TPC and radical scavenging capacities for DPPH* and ABTS*+ (p = 0.15 and p > 0.5, respectively).

Variation in the Breadmaking Quality and Rheological Properties of Wheat in Relation to Sulphur Nutrition under Field Conditions

Seven field experiments were conducted at four sites in England in the 1994/95 and 1995/96 cropping seasons to investigate the effects of S application on the breadmaking quality of the premium hard winter wheat variety Hereward. Two N levels (180 and 230 kg/ha) were combined with three S levels (0, 20 and 100 kg/ha) in all experiments. Loaf volume was increased significantly by S in four out of the seven experiments, whereas increasing the N rate significantly increased loaf volume in only one experiment. Responses of breadmaking quality to S were more common than responses in terms of grain yield. Sulphur application did not affect grain protein concentration directly, but tended to increase gel protein weight in flour and the proportion of polymeric proteins. The elastic modulus of gel protein and dough resistance were decreased consistently by S, whereas dough extensibility was increased by S. Correlation and regression analyses showed that grain protein concentration was a poor indicator of loaf volume, whereas grain S status (S concentration and N:S ratio) was more influential. These results indicate that there is a current need to apply S fertiliser to wheat in many areas of England in order to maintain breadmaking quality.

Wheat protein.

Results from AID-supported Nebraska research to improve the nutritional quality of wheat indicate that substantial genetic variation for grain protein content exists in wheat. Experimental lines with 5% higher protein in their grain than ordinary varieties have been selected from a high-protein X high-protein cross. Genetic variablity for lysine in wheat grain is limited. The genetic component of total lysine variability among 12,6000 wheats in the USDA World Collection was only 0.5%. Genetic increases in lysine ranging from 0.4 to 0.7% lysine have been identified in selections from a high-lysine X high-lysine cross. Lysine per unit protein is negatively correlated with protein content. In contrast, lysine per unit weight of grain is positively correlated with protein content suggesting that increasing the protein content of wheat can effectively increase the amount of lysine in the grain. Seed fractionation studies have determined that high protein in whole wheat results mainly from increased protein content of the starchy endosperm. Lysine differences were detected both in the endosperm and nonendosperm fractions. A new productive high-protein hard winter wheat variety derived from Atlas-66, with genetic potential for 2% higher grain protein content was released to growers by the Agricultural Research Service, USDA and the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station in 1975.

Yield and Protein Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer of Two Winter Wheat Varieties Differing in Inherent Protein Content of Their Grain1

AbstractGenes that increase the grain protein potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are known. The interaction of such genes with factors of the production environment, particularly soil nitrogen availability, determines their probable value and contribution to higher protein content in wheat.Two hard winter wheat varieties differing inherently in the protein content of their grain were grown in replicated plots at selected sites in Nebraska over a 3‐year period. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at five rates in the 1st year and at seven rates in the 2nd and 3rd years. Data were recorded for yield, test weight, and protein content of the grain.Significant protein responses to nitrogen fertilizer occurred in all trials. Responses of both varieties were linear and positive. C.I.14016 maintained a protein advantage of 2 percentage points over ‘Lancer’ at all levels of fertilizer. The protein advantage of C.I.14016 over Lancer was independent of the relative yields of the two varieties. The feasibility of effectively increasing the grain protein content of wheat by breeding is indicated by the data.Statistically significant yield responses to fertilizer were recorded in 6 of 10 trials. Yield responses of both varieties were nonlinear with the second‐degree polynomial providing a good fit of the data. Less nitrogen fertilizer was required for maximum yield of Lancer, the lower protein variety, than for C.I.14016. Test weight responses of the varieties to fertilizer were negative and linear. The test weight of Lancer was higher than C.I.14016 at all fertilizer rates.

The Effects of Different Intensities of Grazing upon Three Varieties of Wheat in Western Kansas

RAYMOND F. ROEMER, Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of grazing upon the yield and the development of roots and of other structures of three varieties of hard winter wheat. The wheat plant has been studied by many investigators. Some have made observations on the plant as a whole while others have specialized on its various parts, but to the author's knowledge, little data have been published on the effects of grazing upon root penetration and yield of the wheat plant. Hard winter wheat, the type most commonly grown in western Kansas, is a winter annual which is planted in the fall of the year and matures early the following summer. The three varieties of this type of wheat chosen for observation were turkey, a late maturing wheat, tenmarq, which matures a few days earlier than turkey, and early blackhull, which, as its name implies, is one of the first varieties to complete its growth. Mr. A. F. Swanson of the Fort Hays Experiment Station furnished certified seed and also gave the author many hints and aids in carrying out the experiment. The plot in which the seed was planted was located near the center of a much larger field and on a north facing slope of not more than 3 per cent with no visible signs of erosion. The field had been summer-fallowed the year prior to the seeding. A modern drill of the semi-deep furrow type was used to seed the wheat. The rows were planted thirty inches apart instead of the standard ten inch spacing used by most farmers (Fig 1). This greater width was used to make it more convenient to remove and study the root developments. The seed was planted at the rate of sixty pounds per acre and at an average depth of 1.5 to 2 inches. The rows were approximately 120 feet long and ran approximately on the contour. The rows were arranged somewhat as follows: On the south the first row was planted to turkey; the second row to tenmarq, and the third to early blackhull. This arrangement was duplicated three times, making a total of nine rows in the plot. Before the wheat was pastured the plot was divided into three equal parts. The middle one-third was fenced to keep out livestock. The west one-third was left open to grazing and the east one third was clipped each week to a height of 1 inch in addition to the grazing as given the west one-third.