Hard Real-time Transactions Research Articles

하드와 소프트 실시간 트랜잭션을 위한 통합된 동시성제어 기법

Most concurrency control protocols have been devised for resolving data conflicts among real-time transactions of a single type. Recent real-time database systems should support various types of real-time transactions due to needs of many different types of applications and steady improvement of hardware. In this paper, we propose integrated concurrency control protocol to resolve data conflicts among hard and soft real-time transactions. Our proposed protocol, based on PCP(Priority Ceiling Protocol) for a hard real-time transactions and MVPR(Multiversion with Precedence Relationship), guarantees that hard real-time transactions meet their deadline, and decreases the deadline miss ratio of soft real-time transactions. We also proved that the proposed protocol guarantees serializable schedules and no deadlocks. The performance of the proposed protocol has been compared with other real-time concurrency protocols.

Strategies for resolving inter-class data conflicts in mixed real-time database systems

Although many efficient concurrency control protocols have been proposed for real-time database systems, they are mainly restricted for systems with a single type of real-time transactions or a mixed set of soft real-time and non-real-time transactions only. Their performance objective usually aims at the minimization of the number of missed deadlines of soft real-time transactions or to guarantee the deadline satisfaction of hard real-time transactions. So far, it is still lack of any good study on the design of concurrency control strategies for mixed real-time database systems (MRTDBS), which consist of both hard and soft real-time transactions, and together with non-real-time transactions. Due to the very different performance requirements of hard and soft real-time transactions, existing real-time concurrency control protocols may not be suitable to MRTDBS. In this paper, we propose strategies for resolving data conflicts between different types of transactions in an MRTDBS so that the performance requirements of each individual transaction type can be satisfied and, at the same time, the overall system performance can be improved. The performance of the proposed strategies is evaluated and compared with a real-time optimistic approach, which has been shown to give a better performance than the lock-based protocols for soft and firm real-time transactions.

Evaluation of concurrency control strategies for mixed soft real-time database systems

Previous research in real-time concurrency control mainly focuses on the schedulability guarantee of hard real-time transactions and the reduction of the miss rate of soft real-time transactions. Although many new database applications have significant response time requirements, not much work has been done in the joint scheduling of traditional non-real-time transactions and soft real-time transactions. In this paper, we study the concurrency control problems in mixed soft real-time database systems, in which both non-real-time and soft real-time transactions exist simultaneously. The objectives are to identify the cost and the performance tradeoff in the design of cost-effective and practical real-time concurrency control protocols, and to evaluate their performance under different real-time and non-real-time supports. In particular, we are interested in studying the impacts of different scheduling approaches for soft real-time transactions on the performance of non-real-time transactions. Instead of proposing yet another completely new real-time concurrency control protocol, our objective is to design an efficient integrated concurrency control method based on existing techniques. We propose several methods to integrate the well-known two phase locking and optimistic concurrency control with the aims to meet the deadline requirements of soft real-time transactions and, at the same time, to minimize the impact on the performance of non-real-time transactions. We have conducted a series of experiments based on a sanitized version of stock trading systems to evaluate the performance of both soft real-time and non-real-time transactions under different real-time supports in the system.

The Reduced Ceiling Protocol for Concurrency Control in Real-time Databases with Mixed Transactions

This paper proposes a real-time concurrency control protocol called Reduced Ceiling Protocol (RCP) for real-time database systems (RTDBS) consisting of hard and soft real-time transactions. The schedulability of hard real-time transactions can be improved by bounding the blocking time from soft real-time transactions. Different concurrency control strategies are proposed to resolve data conflicts between different combinations of hard and soft real-time transactions, and the properties of the RCP schedules are shown. In the RCP, methodologies are proposed to reduce the number of aborts for soft real-time transactions due to data conflicts with hard real-time transactions. Simulation experiments have been performed to study the performance of the RCP as compared with the optimistic concurrency control with wait 50 (OCC wait-50) under different workloads of soft real-time transactions, various ratios of read/write operations, and deadline constraints. It has been found that the RCP can not only guarantee the performance of hard real-time transactions but also reduce the number of deadlines missed of the soft real-time transactions under all situations.