Hard-decision Forward Error Correction Threshold Research Articles

Low-complexity adaptive multipath interference and channel noise mitigation scheme based on optimized detection for bandwidth-limited IM/DD systems.

In this Letter, we propose a low-complexity adaptive multipath interference (MPI) and channel noise mitigation (AMCM) scheme in the receiver digital signal processing (DSP) for bandwidth-limited intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) transmission systems. Following channel equalization, MPI and channel noise are distributed in the low- and high-frequency parts, respectively, and exhibit the characteristics of bandstop filtering. The proposed AMCM is designed based on optimized detection, which incorporates an adaptive bandpass filter (BPF) and a log-maximum a posteriori estimation with a lookup table-based fixed number of surviving states (LUT-based FS-MAP) decoder. The adaptive BPF is capable of mitigating the MPI and channel noise based on spectral distribution. Moreover, the LUT-based FS-MAP decoder can eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) introduced by the BPF. The proposed AMCM is implemented in an O-band 56-Gbaud IM/DD optical 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) system with a 10.7-GHz bandwidth over a 10-km standard single-mode fiber with different linewidths. The results demonstrate that the proposed AMCM scheme can enhance signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) tolerance to 11 dB with only three real-valued multiplications per symbol, achieving a 7% hard-decision forward error correction threshold. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, this represents the inaugural instance of optimized detection being employed for MPI mitigation.

Theoretical probability distribution model and reduction techniques based on an interleaved DFT spread for PAPR in a digital sub-carrier multiplexing system

This paper presents a theoretical probability distribution model for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in the digital sub-carrier multiplexing (DSCM) system, which has not previously been proposed in the literature. To reduce PAPR, an interleaved discrete Fourier transform spread DSCM (I-DFT-S-DSCM) scheme is proposed, which introduces reversible correlations between subcarriers. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, a 64-GBaud 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) DSCM system with 4, 8, and 16 sub-carriers was constructed. In the digital domain, the results demonstrate that the proposed theoretical PAPR probability distribution model exhibits mean squared errors (MSE) below 10−5 for the observed and model-predicted complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDF) in both DSCM and I-DFT-S-DSCM schemes. Regarding PAPR reduction, the I-DFT-S-DSCM scheme demonstrated a reduction in PAPR of up to 1.44 dB compared to the conventional DSCM scheme. To further investigate the impact of PAPR on the bit error rate (BER) performance of the DSCM system, the I-DFT-S-DSCM scheme is implemented with 8 subcarriers transmitted over a 100-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). A comparative analysis with DSCM indicates that I-DFT-S-DSCM achieves a PAPR reduction of approximately 1.1 dB and improves receiver sensitivity by approximately 0.7 dB at a 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold, in 100-km single-mode fiber SSMF transmissions.

Neural network-based electrical dispersion pre-compensation for a 56 Gb/s PAM-4 over an 80 km fiber in intensity-modulation and direct-detection systems.

A neural network (NN)-based electrical dispersion pre-compensation (pre-EDC) scheme in intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD) systems is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this Letter. The scheme enables 56 Gbit/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) generation at a transmitter over an 80 km single-mode fiber (SMF) transmission in the C-band. The NN is utilized to better fit nonlinear phase-amplitude transformation due to the chromatic dispersion (CD) in IM/DD systems, in place of the existing Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) iterative algorithm and linear GS-based finite impulse response (GS-FIR) non-iterative compensation schemes. The experimental results show that the measured bit error ratio (BER) can be reduced to below the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3 with 0 dBm receiver optical power (ROP) by the NN-based non-iterative pre-EDC scheme, which also saves up to 81% of computational complexity compared to the GS-based scheme. The results indicate that our proposed scheme is promising for the CD pre-compensation at the transmitter.

Efficient Direct Detection of Twin Single-Sideband Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying Using a Single Detector with Hierarchical Blind-Phase Search

We propose a novel reception scheme for twin single-sideband (twin-SSB) signals using just a single photodetector (PD), significantly reducing the system complexity and cost. To detect a twin-SSB with power-unbalanced quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK) sidebands upon detection via a single PD at the receiver side, two QPSKs carried in two sidebands are coherently superposed and detected in a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) format. This technique notably diminishes the linearity and effective number of bits required for the transmitter components in high-speed optical transmission systems. Moreover, a hierarchical blind-phase search (HBPS) algorithm is proposed to compensate for the imperfect phase rotation of QPSK signals during transmission. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, we successfully conducted simulations of 112 Gb/s 16-QAM signal transmission over a 10 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), achieving bit error ratios (BERs) of 7.84×10−4, well below the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8×10−3. In addition, the synthetic transmission scheme proposed in this paper is compared with the traditional 16-QAM signal transmission scheme, and the results show that the proposed scheme does not introduce a performance cost with the same received optical power (ROP) and transmission distance.

Enabling cost-effective wireless THz communication through semiconductor optical amplifier’s direct/cross gain modulation for seamless integration of hybrid fiber-coaxial connectivity

We propose a cost-effective THz wireless communication scheme for future femtocell networks that leverages either direct gain modulation (DGM) or cross gain modulation (XGM) of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) to convert coaxially or optically carried data into intensity-modulated THz waves, respectively. This architecture, based on an SOA and a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode (UTC-PD), has advantages over typical THz modulation schemes involving a resonant tunneling diode or an electro-optic modulator combined with a UTC-PD. Consequently, it facilitates the seamless convergence of hybrid fiber-coaxial networks to THz radio access networks with low cost, straightforward monolithic integration, and a more compact footprint. Furthermore, we experimentally verified the possibility of non-return-to-zero on–off keying wireless communication over 0.5 m in the 300 GHz band, achieving real-time transmission of 4 Gbit/s for coaxial access via an SOA’s DGM and 10 Gbit/s for fiber access via the SOA’s XGM. Notably, these data rates were attained by simple non-coherent THz intensity demodulation based on a Fermi-level managed barrier diode while meeting the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold (3.4×10−3). Finally, we conducted an analysis of the merits and drawbacks of the proposed THz communication scheme based on the combination of an SOA and a UTC-PD, discussed bottlenecks that hinder further rate improvement, and explored possibilities for optimization. In conclusion, this scheme is crucial for realizing future ultra-high-speed wireless networks that seamlessly connect to fiber-coaxial networks.

SC and OFDM hybrid coherent optical transmission scheme based on 1-bit bandpass delta-sigma modulation.

High-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can effectively improve the capacity and spectral efficiency of coherent optical transmission systems. However, as the modulation order increases, the signal becomes less tolerant to noise and nonlinear effects during transmission, and the implementation cost also increases. We propose a single carrier (SC) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) hybrid coherent optical transmission scheme based on a 1-bit bandpass (BP) delta-sigma modulation (DSM). The driving I-channel and Q-channel signals for the optical in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator carry SC-modulated and OFDM-modulated transmitter data, respectively. Optical quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) modulation is realized by the 1-bit DSM quantizer and I/Q modulator, which can effectively suppress quantization noise and reduce the complexity of digital signal processing (DSP) and the performance requirements of optoelectronic devices. In addition, the hybrid transmission of SC and OFDM can balance the advantages of both to meet the variable channel conditions and complex application scenarios. High-fidelity transmission of SC 512QAM and OFDM 512QAM hybrid signals, in the form of a 60 Gbaud optical QPSK signal, over 60 km single-mode fiber-28 (SMF-28) is verified by offline experiments, and the bit error rates (BERs) of both SC 512QAM and OFDM 512QAM are below the hard-decision forward-error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8e-3.

Pairwise Tomlinson-Harashima precoding for multiple-lane IM-DD transmissions.

As for the photonic interconnection based on the multiple-lane intensity modulation direct detection (IM-DD) transmission, both intra-channel inter-symbol-interference (ISI) originating from bandwidth constraint, and inter-channel performance discrepancy emerging from inter-channel component differences are the major bottleneck for the throughput enhancement. Here, we propose a pairwise Tomlinson-Harshima precoding (P-THP) scheme, in order to simultaneously deal with both intra-channel ISI and inter-channel performance discrepancy. The effective function of the proposed P-THP scheme is experimentally evaluated by transmitting 4-channel 81-GBaud PAM4 signals over 2 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Compared with the conventional scheme with only applying THP on individual wavelength channel, the required optical received power (ROP) under the back-to-back (B2B) transmission can be reduced by 0.75∼1 dB with the help of proposed P-THP in different experimental component configurations, at the 7% hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of BER = 3.8 × 10-3. After the 2 km SSMF transmission, only the use of proposed P-THP can guarantee to reach the designated HD-FEC threshold, leading to a net rate of >600 Gbit/s.

Adaptive-memory-length look-up table (LUT)-based digital pre-distortion for IM/DD underwater wireless optical communications.

A digital pre-distortion (DPD) scheme based on an adaptive-memory-length look-up table (AML-LUT) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in a four-level pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system. By implementing adaptive memory length for each pattern in the AML-LUT-based DPD, the size of the AML-LUT can be significantly reduced without sacrificing performance compared to both the full-size LUT and the multi-symbol simplified look-up table (MSS-LUT)-based DPDs. The performance of the proposed AML-LUT-based DPD is experimentally evaluated for a 625 Mbit/s 4-PAM UOWC over 1 m transmission length. Experimental results show that compared with the full-size LUT with a memory length of 7 (LUT-7)-based DPD, the proposed AML-LUT-based DPD (i) incurs a marginal power penalty of 0.5 dB at both the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) and KP4-FEC threshold limits, while simultaneously reducing the implementation complexity (i.e., the LUT size) by 93%; (ii) achieves comparable transmission performance compared to the MSS-LUT-based DPD, while reducing the implementation complexity by 89%; and (iii) shows great potential for high-speed, low-complexity and memory-efficient intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) UOWC and short-reach optical interconnects.

Simultaneously enhancing capacity and security in free-space optical chaotic communication utilizing orbital angular momentum

Optical chaotic signals emitted from an external-cavity feedback or injected laser diode enable small-signal information concealment in a noise-like carrier for secure optical communications. Due to the chaotic bandwidth limitation resulting from intrinsic relaxation oscillation frequency of lasers, multiplexing of optical chaotic signal, such as wavelength division multiplexing in fiber, is a typical candidate for high-capacity secure applications. However, to our best knowledge, the utilization of the spatial dimension of optical chaos for free-space secure communication has not yet been reported. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a free-space all-optical chaotic communication system that simultaneously enhances transmission capacity and security by orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. Optical chaotic signals with two different OAM modes totally carrying 20 Gbps on–off keying signals are secretly transmitted over a 2 m free-space link, where the channel crosstalk of OAM modes is less than −20 dB, with the mode spacing no less than 3. The receiver can extract valid information only when capturing approximately 92.5% of the OAM beam and correctly demodulating the corresponding mode. Bit error rate below the 7% hard-decision forward error correction threshold of 3.8×10−3 can be achieved for the intended recipient. Moreover, a simulated weak turbulence is introduced to comprehensively analyze the influence on the system performance, including channel crosstalk, chaotic synchronization, and transmission performance. Our work may inspire structured light application in optical chaos and pave a new way for developing future high-capacity free-space chaotic secure communication systems.

Simplified THP and M-Log-MAP Decoder Based Faster Than Nyquist Signaling for Intra-Datacenter Interconnect

In this paper, a joint application of simplified Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -log-maximum a posteriori probability ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -log-MAP) decoder at transceivers is proposed for low complexity faster than Nyquist (FTN) 4-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) signaling. A THP with only two taps is applied at the transmitter for FTN-induced inter-symbol interference elimination and equalization-induced noise amplification issue mitigation, which effectively relieves the burden of the receiver. At the receiver, a low complexity M-log-MAP decoder is equipped for residual impairments cancellation, thus a feedback channel is not required to accurately obtain the channel state information for the transmitter. Taking advantage of this collaborative approach, the proposed scheme performs much better than applying the two schemes separately. We experimentally demonstrate the proposed scheme in 70, 75, and 80GBaud PAM4 systems with a 32-GHz brick-wall filter, corresponding to 0.914, 0.853, and 0.8 FTN compression factor, respectively. The results show that the 80GBaud PAM4 signal is successfully transmitted over 2-km single mode fiber with the bit-error-rate (BER) under the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−3</sup> . It is also observed that the proposed scheme shows about 0.7dB receiver sensitivity improvement compared to the error propagation-free decision feedback equalizer, namely the performance upper bound of the THP, at BER of 7% HD-FEC threshold in a 75GBaud FTN PAM4 system. According to the experimental results, the proposed scheme is a promising solution for bandwidth-starved low-cost intra-datacenter interconnect.

Fast polarization state tracking for dual-polarization direct detection with Jones-space field recovery.

Direct detection system is expected to possess the phase and polarization diversity in order to achieve high spectral efficiency and fiber impairment compensation such as chromatic dispersion and polarization rotation. In this Letter, we theoretically extend the concept of the proposed Jones-space field recovery (JSFR) to include a dynamic polarization rotation matrix and experimentally demonstrate the rapid polarization state tracking ability of the JSFR receiver based on a 3 × 3 optical coupler. Under a rotation of the state of polarization at a rate of 1 Mrad/s, we successfully transmit 59-GBd dual-polarization 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation signals over an 80-km standard single-mode fiber based on a decision-directed least mean square (DD-LMS) or a recursive least square (DD-RLS), with a bit-error rate below the 14% hard-decision forward error correction threshold of 1 × 10-2. The experimental results indicate that the legacy polarization tracking algorithms designed for coherent optical communication are also applicable for this direct detection scheme. To our best knowledge, this work demonstrates the first polarization rotation-tolerant direct detection system with phase and polarization diversity, providing a low-cost and high-speed solution for short-reach communications.

An improved deep learning-based end-to-end autoencoder for UAV-to-ground free space optical communication

In this paper, an improved deep learning-based end-to-end autoencoder is proposed for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to ground free space optical communication to mitigate atmospheric turbulence. Deep neural network (DNN) is applied to the intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) autoencoder, including transmitter, receiver as well as channel model. The performance is improved by two-stage deep learning training because the minimum Hamming distance between the codewords is increased through pre-training. Simulation results show that the bit error rate of our proposed scheme can reach the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold at signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 22 dB and in strong atmospheric turbulence where the maximum Rytov variance is 3.5. Our proposed scheme can outperform the state-of-the-art IM/DD system with PPM transmitter and maximum likelihood receiver by achieving approximately 12 dB improvement and reducing ∼51.3% of the decoder's running time without the need for accurate channel state information.

Adaptive Bayes-Adam MIMO Equalizer With High Accuracy and Fast Convergence for Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexed Transmission

In this paper, a novel Bayes-Adam-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) equalizer was proposed and experimentally demonstrated for an orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexed (MDM) optical fiber communication system. In general, MIMO equalization is required to compensate the crosstalk of the random intra-group mode coupling in the OAM mode. However, due to the time-varying characteristics of the OAM-MDM transmission, it is a long-standing challenge for MIMO equalization to achieve the high accuracy and fast convergence. In this work, a Bayes-Adam MIMO equalizer based on a penalty term and the Bayesian principle is developed for MDM transmission using eight OAM modes over a 20 km ring-core fiber, which smooths the cost function to achieve global optimization with fast convergence and high accuracy. Experiments show that the proposed adaptive Bayes-Adam MIMO equalizer outperforms two other conventional equalizers in terms of convergence speed and accuracy. The proposed approach achieved fast convergence with only 3,000 iterations for the <+4, left> OAM mode at an OSNR of 22 dB, which is much faster than that of Adam MIMO equalizer (11000 iterations) and SGD MIMO equalizer (16000 iterations). Furthermore, compared with a conventional Adam MIMO equalizer, the proposed scheme gains the OSNR improvement of 4 dB and 3 dB for OAM mode of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> = <-4, right> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> = <-5, left> at the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold, respectively, indicating its strong potential for OAM-MDM transmission.

Multifrequency Vector Mm-Wave Signal Generation with No Optical Filtering Based on One Dual-Arm MZM with Phase Factor Optimization

In order to reduce the number of devices in and cost of a multifrequency vector millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal generation system, we propose a novel scheme for multifrequency vector mm-wave signal generation based on one dual-arm Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) without optical filtering. This scheme utilizes the carrier suppression modulation of a single modulator, without the need for optical filtering and combines precoding technology to generate high-frequency QPSK and 16 QAM mm-wave signals. The transmitter is applied with precoding technology to make the frequency multiplying vector mm-wave signal display regular vector modulation at the receiver, and the system is optimized with a phase factor to ensure that the phase distribution of QPSK signal at the receiver is symmetrical. We demonstrated the generation of 4-Gbaud 76 GHz QPSK and 16 QAM vector mm-wave signals through simulation. The simulation results show that, at a fiber transmission distance of 12 km, when the launched optical power of the PD is greater than −20.535 dBm, the bit error ratio (BER) of the QPSK signal is lower than the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10−3. At a fiber transmission distance of 10 km, when the launched optical power of the PD is greater than −18.637 dBm, the BER of 16 QAM signal is also lower than 3.8 × 10−3.

Direct detection system based on a single photodiode receiving the independent quadruple-SSB signal.

We propose and verify a direct detection (DD) system based on a single photodiode (PD) receiving the independent quadruple-single-sideband (quadruple-SSB) signal. At the transmitter side, an I/Q modulator is utilized to modulate the independent quadruple-SSB signal, the signal is received via one PD without optical bandpass filters (OBPFs). Then, the independent quadruple-SSB signal is separated into four sideband signals by subsequent digital signal processing (DSP). In the scheme of back-to-back (BTB), 1-km and 5-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) transmission, the four sideband signals are extensively studied and analyzed. The simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) of 1Gbaud, 2Gbaud and 4Gbaud independent quadruple-SSB signal can reach the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3 when the received optical power (ROP) is -21, -20 and -17.2 dBm in 5-km SSMF transmission. Meanwhile, as the frequency interval gets wider, the crosstalk in the sideband signal reception can be mitigated and the BER decreases. This scheme for the first time demonstrates that the independent quadruple-SSB signal can further expand the system transmission capacity and enhance the spectrum efficiency. Our simplified independent quadruple-SSB signal direct detection system has a simple structure and high spectral efficiency, which will have a promising future in high-speed optical communication.

Generation of high-speed PAM-4 signal with 3-bit DAC enabled by CRD-NS in optical interconnect.

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrated a 2-km high-speed optical interconnection with pulse-shaped pre-equalized four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signal generated by a 3-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with the aid of in-band quantization noise suppression techniques under different oversampling ratios (OSRs) to reduce the influence of quantization noise. The simulation results show that the quantization noise suppression capability of high computational complexity digital resolution enhancer (DRE) is sensitive to taps number of the estimated channel and match filter (MF) response when OSR is sufficient, which will lead to further significant computational complexity increase. To better accommodate this issue, channel response-dependent noise shaping (CRD-NS) which also takes channel response into consideration when optimizing quantization noise distribution is proposed to suppress the in-band quantization noise instead of DRE. Experimental results show that about 2 dB receiver sensitivity improvement can be achieved at the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold for 110 Gb/s pre-equalized PAM-4 signal generated by 3-bit DAC when the traditional NS technique is replaced by the CRD-NS technique. Compared to the high computational complexity DRE technique, in which channel response is also considered, negligible receiver sensitivity penalty is observed for 110 Gb/s PAM-4 signal, when the CRD-NS technique is utilized. Considering both the system cost and bit error ratio (BER) performance, the generation of high-speed PAM signal with 3-bit DAC enabled by the CRD-NS technique is regarded as a promising scheme for optical interconnection.

Optimal Design of Eigenvalues for the Full-Spectrum Modulated Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexing Transmission System

Nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) system is an optional candidate to overcome the fiber nonlinearity limit. A full-spectrum modulated NFDM system, modulating data on combined continuous spectrum (CS) and discrete spectrum (DS) together, was proposed in recent years to improve the data rates and spectral efficiency (SE) by exploiting all the degrees of freedom offered in the nonlinear spectrum. However, the selection of discrete eigenvalues greatly affects the performance of both CS and DS. Designing appropriate eigenvalues of DS is an important issue to ensure the high SE and excellent performance of the system. In this paper, we discussed the selcection principle of eigenvalues and analyzed it from multiple perspectives, 11 eigenvalues with 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM) are selected for DS. Besides optimizing the eigenvalues at the transmitter, the linear minimum mean-square estimate (LMMSE) method was used at the receiver to furtherly improve the performance of DS. Through the numerical simulation, a 113 Gb/s (SE of 2.8 bits/s/Hz) full-spectrum modulated NFDM system was set up and transmitted 1120 km distance, where the Q-factors of both CS and DS are above the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold. The results provide a way to design an efficiently full-spectrum modulated NFDM system.

Deep-learning-based multi-user framework for end-to-end fiber-MMW communications.

Fiber-wireless integration has been widely studied as a key technology to support radio access networks in sixth-generation wireless communication, empowered by artificial intelligence. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a deep-learning-based end-to-end (E2E) multi-user communication framework for a fiber-mmWave (MMW) integrated system, where artificial neural networks (ANN) are trained and optimized as transmitters, ANN-based channel models (ACM), and receivers. By connecting the computation graphs of multiple transmitters and receivers, we jointly optimize the transmission of multiple users in the E2E framework to support multi-user access in one fiber-MMW channel. To ensure that the framework matches the fiber-MMW channel, we employ a two-step transfer learning technique to train the ACM. In a 46.2 Gbit/s 10-km fiber-MMW transmission experiment, compared with the single-carrier QAM, the E2E framework achieves over 3.5 dB receiver sensitivity gain in the single-user case and 1.5 dB gain in the three-user case under the 7% hard-decision forward error correction threshold.

400-Gbps/80-km Rate-Flexible PCS-64-QAM WDM-CPON With Pseudo-m-QAM Chaotic Physical Layer Encryption

For next-generation high-capacity, rate-flexible, and secure 400-G passive optical network (PON), a scheme joint wavelength division-multiplexed (WDM), entropy-regulated probabilistic constellation shaping-64-quadrature amplitude modulation (PCS-64-QAM) and chaotic encryption mapping, is proposed and demonstrated. For the first time, chaotic encryption is realized over the PCS-based PON with the architecture from one optical line terminal (OLT) to multiple optical network units (ONUs). Chaotic encryption with an initial-value-sensitive feature can generate a large amount of parallel encrypted sequences which provide a key pair corresponding with every possible entropy/rate. A novel mapping from PCS-64-QAM with various entropies to pseudo- <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> -QAM is designed, which erases the entropy information of the link and encrypted the original information of the sequence. The encryption transmission is demonstrated over a real-time dual-polarized coherent optical platform with an 80-km link and typically one-to-many PON configuration, and a net 211.80∼348.12-Gb/s rate result within the hard-decision forward error correction (FEC) threshold is achieved for 6λ × 2 ONUs group. The rate of each polarization state can be tuned in a minimum 3.408-Gbps step in the demonstration. Expanding from the basis of the original WDM-CPON, this work prepares an adapted chaotic encryption scheme for large-scale access. Overall, our proposed scheme can provide an abundant system loss budget, a large rate tunable range, and basic physical layer security for next-generation rate-flexible coherent PON (FLCS-CPON).

Optical amplification-free deep reservoir computing-assisted high-baudrate short-reach communication.

An optical amplification-free deep reservoir computing (RC)-assisted high-baudrate intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) system is experimentally demonstrated using a 100G externally modulated laser operated in C-band. We transmit 112 Gbaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) and 100 Gbaud 6-level PAM (PAM6) signals over a 200-m single-mode fiber (SMF) link without any optical amplification. The decision feedback equalizer (DFE), shallow RC, and deep RC are adopted in the IM/DD system to mitigate impairment and improve transmission performance. Both PAM transmissions over a 200-m SMF with bit error rate (BER) performance below 6.25% overhead hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold are achieved. In addition, the BER of the PAM4 signal is below the KP4-FEC limit after 200-m SMF transmission enabled by the RC schemes. Thanks to the use of a multiple-layer structure, the number of weights in deep RC has been reduced by approximately 50% compared with the shallow RC, whereas the performance is comparable. We believe that the optical amplification-free deep RC-assisted high-baudrate link has a promising application in intra-data center communications.