Hard Component Of Cosmic Radiation Research Articles

Solar-diurnal variations of Cosmic rays (CR), connected with the passage of the Earth through the Neutral Layer of the Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (IMF) and the earthquake problem

Key explanation on effect of Fundamental Law of Momentum Conservation is given on the basis of Cosmo-Physical processes, which can be connected with all kinds of recently known geo-effective phenomena. Many works have been devoted to searches of extraterrestrial sources of generation of earthquake initiation preconditions. There is a direct indication on the fact in these works that all kinds of geo-active fluxes of plasma, which goes ahead of strong geomagnetic storms, concomitant to the earthquakes, may be served as favourable conditions for earthquake appearance. If in one group of works, the increase of seismic activity during geo-active solar flare is reported, then in the other group of works, there is the direct indication on the fact, that it is necessary to study the mechanism of generation of electro-magnetic emanation in the seismically active regions of Earth. Certain strong destructive earthquakes are putting in touch by some authors with the outburst of cosmic rays in distant regions of Universe during stellar explosion of supernovae. It's impossible to avoid our attention from announcement of 100% increase of hard component of cosmic radiation above Yerevan 30 minutes ahead of 1988 Spitak Earthquake. And finally, the data on article, in which is shown that about 75% of earthquakes with magnitude M≥6 takes place during traverse of neutral layer of Interplanetary Magnetic Field by the Earth, in the presence of good correlation with 11-years cycle of Solar Activity. Above mentioned geo-effective phenomena, with an increasable amount, can be reviewed in frame of the Law of Momentum Conservation, if we take into account the peculiarities of its development for a given specific cases.

Frequency Distribution of Quasi-Effective Energy of Natural Radiation in Japan

The quasi-effective energy of natural radiation, excluding the hard component of cosmic radiation, was evaluated at 768 sites in Japan using (a) an equation of relationship between the quais-effective energy and the quasi-exposure rates of natural radiation, and (b) the exposure rate of natural radiation already published. It is found that in Japan the mean quais-effective energy of natural radiation is about 1.03±0.25 MeV, and that it is larger in eastern than western Japan. This result reveals that, from the viewpoint of energy a 60Co gamma ray source is suitable for calibrating TL dosemeters and for the measurement of exposure rate from natural radiation.

On the Momentum Spectrum of Cosmic-ray Muons at Sea Level

The Manchester spectrum of muons arriving vertically at sea level is discussed in terms of the processes leading to the formation of the sea-level hard component of cosmic radiation. Evidence is presented to show that above a momentum of 20 GeV/c there are particles, probably muons, at sea level which cannot be explained in terms of π-μ decay only.

Atmospheric effects on the hard component of cosmic radiation near sea level

Atmospheric effects on the hard component of cosmic radiation were studied at Lincoln. Nebraska (51° N geomagnetic latitude; 350 m altitude) with narrow- and wide-angle Geiger-counter telescopes (20 cm Pb absorber). Intensity measurements were made from 1 Sept, 1953 through 16 Feb. 1956, and linear regression analyses were carried out for several possible combinations of atmospheric variables and the cosmic-ray intensity. A detailed comparison is made of the results obtained from triple-regression calculations based upon the 50 mb, 100 mb and 200 mb Duperier models and the Olbert model. It is found that the 50 mb Duperier model is superior to all others tested, but the extent to which the intensity can be corrected by statistical methods is limited at present by the accuracy of the radiosonde data. Experimental results are in good general agreement with those of other investigators and agree well with the theoretical predictions of Trefall with regard to the temperature effect. They are in poor agreement with the predictions of Trefall on the barometric effect, however, and do not substantiate the theoretical conclusions of Olbert. The smoothing of the intensity curves seems to be practically indifferent to the terms employed in the regression equation if it involves three or more atmospheric variables.

The Diurnal Variation of the Barometer Coefficient for Cosmic Rays at Hobart

The records from a vertical counter telescope measuring the hard component of cosmic radiation at sea-level have disclosed significant diurnal variations of the barometer coefficient at Hobart, Tas. The amplitude of the variation is about 5 per cent., and there are secular changes of the same order during the mean day.

LXI. The penetrating component of cosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere

Summary The vertical intensity of the hard component of cosmic radiation has been measured in geomagnetic latitude 56°, to a minimum atmospheric depth of 4 g/cm2. The intensity, determined with a precision of 2·5%, shows no maximum. This agrees closely with the results of Pomerantz. The primary particle flux at this latitude, capable of penetrating 90 g/cm2 of lead is found to be 0 ·164±0·003 particles cm−2 sec−2 ster−1. The flux of μ-mesons in the upper atmosphere has been derived, and shows a maximum of 0.039 particles cm−2 sec−1 ster−1 at a depth of 150 g/cm2. Penetrating showers produced in lead have also been measured to a minimum atmospheric depth of 7 g/cm2, the primaries being found to have an absorption length of 120 g/cm2 of air.

The Hard Component of Cosmic Radiation as Affected by the Variation in Air Mass Distribution with Latitude

The Hard Component of Cosmic Radiation as Affected by the Variation in Air Mass Distribution with Latitude

On the nuclear forces and the magnetic moments of the neutron and the proton

It was first suggested by Heisenberg that the forces between a proton and a neutron are connected with an exchange of charge between the two heavy particles. This exchange nature of the neutron-proton forces is now generally accepted. It would follow from this assumption that in suitable circumstances a proton (neutron) could emit a positively (negatively) charged particle transforming itself into a neutron (proton). At first sight it seemed that the emission of positive or negative electrons in theβ-decay could in this way be made responsible for the nuclear forces. This was, in fact, suggested by Iwanenko (1934) and Tamm (1934). It has also been pointed out by Wick (1935) that the virtual emission ofβ-electrons might explain the values of the magnetic moments of the proton and the neutron. These theories, however, were not successful. The nuclear forces, for instance, turn out to be too small by a factor of more than 1010and have far too small a range; this is due to the fact that theβ-decay constant is extremely small. Since theβ-decay is a process which, in nuclear dimensions, takes “geological ages”, one might think that the ordinary properties of the heavy particles have no direct connexion with this process and that an approximate theory of the nuclear forces should be possible without the inclusion of theβ-decay. A new hope for such an “exchange theory” of the properties of nuclei is offered by the probable existence of a hitherto unknown type of particle constituting the hard component of cosmic radiation. Since these particles do not lose much energy by radiation, it has been suggested by Neddermeyer and Anderson (1937) that they are (positive and negative) “heavy electrons” with a mass between that of an electron and a proton. From cosmic-ray data the mass of these particles can hardly be determined yet, but it can be limited to values between 3 and 300 electron masses. There are, however, some arguments favouring a mass nearer to the upper limit of 100-200 electron masses.