Happy Mood States Research Articles

Using arterial spin labeling to examine mood states in youth.

IntroductionLittle is known about the neural correlates of mood states and the specific physiological changes associated with their valence and duration, especially in young people. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging is particularly well-suited to study sustained cerebral states in young people, due to its robustness to low-frequency drift, excellent interscan reliability, and noninvasiveness. Yet, it has so far been underutilized for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying mood states in youth.MethodsIn this exploratory study, 21 healthy adolescents aged 16 to 18 took part in a mood induction experiment. Neutral, sad, and happy mood states were induced using film clips and explicit instructions. An ASL scan was obtained following presentation of each film clip.ResultsMood induction led to robust changes in self-reported mood ratings. Compared to neutral, sad mood was associated with increased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the left middle frontal gyrus and anterior prefrontal cortex, and decreased rCBF in the right middle frontal gyrus and the inferior parietal lobule. A decrease in self-reported mood from neutral to sad condition was associated with increased rCBF in the precuneus. Happy mood was associated with increased rCBF in medial frontal and cingulate gyri, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral striatum, and decreased rCBF in the inferior parietal lobule. The level of current self-reported depressive symptoms was negatively associated with rCBF change in the cerebellum and lingual gyrus following both sad and happy mood inductions.ConclusionsArterial spin labeling is sensitive to experimentally induced mood changes in healthy young people. The effects of happy mood on rCBF patterns were generally stronger than the effects of sad mood.

Mood and the Attitude–Behavior Link

Attitude–behavior relations can be based on belief-based or associative processes. Understanding the basic regulatory mechanisms that determine which type of process guides behavior in a specific situation is of crucial importance for predicting behavior. In this article, the authors tested mood states as a moderator. In two studies, associative and belief-based measures for attitudes were administered in a preliminary session. In a second session, mood was manipulated and behavior toward the attitude object involved was observed. Consistent with predictions, the results showed that in happy mood states, associative, but not belief-based measures of attitudes predicted behavior, whereas in sad mood states belief-based, but not associative measures of attitudes predicted behavior. The authors conclude that mood moderates which evaluative process, belief-based or associative, regulates behavior.

Threat facilitates subsequent executive control during anxious mood.

Dual competition framework (DCF) posits that low-level threat may facilitate behavioral performance by influencing executive control functions. Anxiety is thought to strengthen this effect by enhancing threat's affective significance. To test these ideas directly, we examined the effects of low-level threat and experimentally induced anxiety on one executive control function, the efficiency of response inhibition. In Study 1, briefly presented stimuli that were mildly threatening (i.e., fearful faces) relative to nonthreatening (i.e., neutral faces) led to facilitated executive control efficiency during experimentally induced anxiety. No such effect was observed during an equally arousing, experimentally induced happy mood state. In Study 2, we assessed the effects of low-level threat, experimentally induced anxiety, and individual differences in trait anxiety on executive control efficiency. Consistent with Study 1, fearful relative to neutral faces led to facilitated executive control efficiency during experimentally induced anxiety. No such effect was observed during an experimentally induced neutral mood state. Moreover, individual differences in trait anxiety did not moderate the effects of threat and anxiety on executive control efficiency. The findings are partially consistent with the predictions of DCF in that low-level threat improved executive control, at least during a state of anxiety.

Event related field (ERF) correlates of visual attentional processing during experimentally induced sad and happy mood states: an emotional rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm.

Event Abstract Back to Event Event related field (ERF) correlates of visual attentional processing during experimentally induced sad and happy mood states: an emotional rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm. Louisa Coulson1*, Sven Braeutigam1, Morten Kringelbach1 and Klaus Ebmeier1 1 University of Oxford, United Kingdom Previous studies report emotion-related, mood-congruent information processing biases in patients with Major Depression. We examined whether rapidly presented emotional word stimuli influenced visual attentional processing; recruiting a sample of 24 psychiatrically healthy participants following induced neutral and sad (n=12) or happy (n=12) mood. Mood induction procedures (MIPs) by means of self-referential statements and music were used to manipulate mood. We developed an emotional version of an RSVP paradigm wherein participants were instructed to identify a neutral yellow (T1) and neutral or emotional green (T2) word in a rapidly presented visual stream of distractor items (5 letter consonant strings). The attentional blink (AB), a phenomenon identified in RSVP paradigms, is the reduced ability to identify the second target word (T2) when participants are also required to identify the first target word (T1). We hypothesised that the AB would be associated with suppression of ERFs at 300-450ms (M3 component) and 450-600ms (M4 component) post-stimulus onset in left frontal and inferior parietal cortices. This effect would be reduced when T2 valence was congruent with the participants’ mood state, i.e. negative T2 following a sad MIP. Sad and happy MIPs altered mood state in the expected directions. A preliminary analysis of the behavioural data for the first 18 participants to complete the study following neutral and sad (n=8) or happy (n=10) MIPs was conducted. We found a main effect of duration (p<0.001) wherein a shorter latency between T1 and T2 presentation was associated with a larger proportion of T2 blinked trials. However the predicted interaction of mood*valence could not be found. A time-locked analysis of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data for T2 blinked trials will be presented to investigate the predicted effects, and beamformer analysis will utilise MRI data to model the sources of the electrophysiological brain activity. Conference: Biomag 2010 - 17th International Conference on Biomagnetism , Dubrovnik, Croatia, 28 Mar - 1 Apr, 2010. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Neurocognition and Functional Connectivity Citation: Coulson L, Braeutigam S, Kringelbach M and Ebmeier K (2010). Event related field (ERF) correlates of visual attentional processing during experimentally induced sad and happy mood states: an emotional rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm.. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: Biomag 2010 - 17th International Conference on Biomagnetism . doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2010.06.00225 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 30 Mar 2010; Published Online: 30 Mar 2010. * Correspondence: Louisa Coulson, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, louisa.coulson@psych.ox.ac.uk Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Louisa Coulson Sven Braeutigam Morten Kringelbach Klaus Ebmeier Google Louisa Coulson Sven Braeutigam Morten Kringelbach Klaus Ebmeier Google Scholar Louisa Coulson Sven Braeutigam Morten Kringelbach Klaus Ebmeier PubMed Louisa Coulson Sven Braeutigam Morten Kringelbach Klaus Ebmeier Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Feasibility and validity of computerized ambulatory monitoring in drug-dependent women

AimTo examine the feasibility and validity of computerized ambulatory monitoring in drug-dependent women. Method61 women recruited from public substance abuse treatment centers in Montreal, Canada participated in the current study, 84% of whom reported past 30-day polysubstance use. Mood states, craving, and drug use were assessed by standard clinical instruments and by electronic interviews during 7-days of computerized ambulatory monitoring. Feasibility was assessed by examining compliance with intensive monitoring and equipment loss. Concurrent validity was assessed by examining the degree of correspondence of ambulatory data on craving, mood, and substance use with clinic-based assessments of similar constructs. ResultParticipants completed an average 80% of all electronic assessments and no data collection devices were lost or stolen. Relationships among mood, stress, consumption, and craving assessed in the electronic interviews conformed to well-established patterns, and evidence of concurrent validity were found between scores from standard clinical instruments and similar constructs in daily life. Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CESD) scores were positively related to sad mood reported during the electronic interviews (p=0.001) and negatively related to happy mood states (p<0.001), explaining approximately 20% of the variance in each mood state. ASI drug use severity scores were positively associated with craving (p<0.001) and substance use (p<0.001), and explained 46% and 30% of these outcomes, respectively. ConclusionComputerized ambulatory monitoring is a feasible and valid data collection strategy in drug-dependent individuals.

Extending the brand image on new products: the facilitative effect of happy mood states

Abstract Investigates the influence of mood and brand favorability on the evaluation of brand extensions. It is argued that affective states have an impact on the likelihood that the evaluation of a new product is based on the implications of the brand rather than on the implications of the features of the new product. Specifically, participants reported more positive evaluations of a new product when it was introduced by a positive rather than a negative brand – and this differential impact of category information was more pronounced for participants in a positive compared to a neutral or a negative mood. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

A pilot study of positive mood induction in euthymic bipolar subjects compared with healthy controls

Demonstrating differences between euthymic bipolar subjects and healthy controls in response to positive (happy) mood induction may help elucidate how mania evolves. This pilot study evaluates the Go task in a reward paradigm as a method for inducing a happy mood state and compares the response of euthymic bipolar subjects and healthy controls. The Sense of Hyperpositive Self Scale, the Tellegen positive and negative adjectives, the Global-Local task and a visual analogue scale for measuring positive affect were administered to 15 euthymic bipolar subjects and 19 age-and-sex-matched healthy control subjects before and after they had performed the Go task in a reward paradigm. Significant differences were found between subjects and controls on several measures at each time-point but there were no differences across the groups across time except for the visual analogue scales, where subjects had a more sustained duration in self-reported happiness compared with controls. This pilot study has shown that a positive affect can be induced in bipolar subjects and controls which can be demonstrated by changes in scores on several tasks. However, only the visual analogue scales showed a significant difference between cases and controls over time. Such tests may prove valuable in furthering understanding about the evolution of manic mood states.

The effect of induced mood states on performance profile areas of perceived need

The performance profile technique is now widely used by a range of sports scientists, usually as the first step in implementing a training programme. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of altered mood states on areas of perceived need for an individual identified by the performance profile. Sixty-seven university sports science students (30 females, 37 males) participated in the study. They completed their performance profile and a shortened version of the Bi-polar Profile of Mood States before and after four separate mood manipulation treatments (happy, sad, neutral, control. The participants were allocated at random to one of four groups and completed the treatments in a counterbalanced order. Mood manipulation checks identified that both the happy and sad manipulations were successful. Profile areas of perceived need, identified through discrepancies in an individual's perceptions of ideal and current state, were not affected by the sad and neutral manipulations or by the control condition. However, areas of perceived need were significantly lower after the happy mood manipulation than before the treatment. Our results show that asking individuals to complete their profiles when in a happy mood state is likely to affect judgements and result in an underestimation of perceived need for improvement.

Incongruent effects of sad mood on self‐ conception valence: It's a matter of time

AbstractA new hypothesis is proposed to account for the relation between sad mood and self‐ conception valence, the ‘first, congruency; then, incongruency’ hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, sad mood initially influences the valence of open‐ended self‐descriptions in a mood‐congruent fashion, but after a short period of time self‐descriptions become mood‐incongruent. Subjects were placed into a sad, neutral, or happy mood state, and were subsequently asked to freely describe themselves in writing. The results were consistent with the hypothesis. Sad mood affected the valence of the first half of self‐descriptions in a congruent manner, but affected the valence of the second half of self‐descriptions in an incongruent manner That is, with the passage of time sad mood led to increasingly positive self‐descriptions (i.e. equally positive as neutral mood did). Implications of the findings are discussed.

Hypnotic susceptibility, mood state, and cardiovascular reactivity.

In this study we explored the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility measured with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS) and cardiovascular parameters. After assessing their degree of hypnotic susceptibility, we induced 21 female students into happy mood states and into sad mood states. During the mood state induction we monitored blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac vagal tone continuously. The study demonstrated a strong relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and both cardiac vagal tone and heart rate reactivity. Subjects with lower heart rate and greater vagal tone during baseline and greater heart rate increases during mood induction were more susceptible to hypnosis. Multiple regression analyses indicated that approximately 40% of the individual difference variance of hypnotic susceptibility was accounted for by baseline cardiac vagal tone and heart rate reactivity during mood state. The data demonstrate that autonomic tone, assessed by cardiac vagal tone and heart rate reactivity, are related to hypnotic susceptibility as measured by the HGSHS.

Mood induction effects upon goal setting and performance in young children

The purpose of the present investigation was to demonstrate that goal setting varies with happy/sad mood-induced states in young children. In turn, on the basis of current Goal Setting Theory, it was predicted that goal level mediates the child's subsequent performance. Young children were assigned randomly to either happy or sad mood induction states, were asked to set their own goals, and then performed the task. In light of the findings, mood state was manipulated effectively in the children, with the following result: A happy mood state produced a significantly higher goal and superior performance than a sad mood state. However, no strong evidence was provided for the notion that goal setting mediated the impact of mood induction upon performance. The developmental implication of these findings are discussed.