Happiness Scale Research Articles

The effectiveness of gratitude skill training on anticipatory social behavior, empathy, and happiness in female students with social anxiety

Using purposive sampling, 40 female students with social anxiety were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group and a control group (n = 20 each). The experimental group received nine 90-minute sessions of gratitude skill training, whereas the control group received no training. The research instruments included the Anticipatory Social Behavior Questionnaire, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Oxford Happiness Scale. In the experimental group, the mean and standard deviation (±SD) of anticipatory social behavior, empathy, and happiness in the pretest stage were 34.06 (±3.12), 39.26 (±4.51), and 55.66 (±5.28), respectively; while in the posttest stage, the means (±SD) were 22.86 (±3.20), 61.60 (±7.98), and 69.13 (±9.49), respectively. The results demonstrated that gratitude skill training improved anticipatory social behavior (F = 114.07, p < .01), empathy (F = 55.96, p < .01), and happiness (F = 17.33, p < .01) in the experimental group.

Happiness of High School Teachers: Research in Da Nang City and QuangNam Province, Central Region of VietNam

Feeling happy in the teaching process plays a crucial role in supporting students. When teachers are happy, it not only directly impacts their performance but also affects the psychological development of students. Using the method of testing the happiness scale developed by (Phan Thi Mai Huong., 2019), which considers several factors connected to negative emotions, positive emotions, and job satisfaction and value. We surveyed over 360 high school teachers in Da Nang City and QuangNam province. The results showed that high school teachers over the age of 50 have a higher sense of happiness compared to those under 30. Female teachers have a higher level of satisfaction and sense of value in their work than male teachers. Based on these findings, we propose several measures to improve the sense of happiness among high school teachers. Received: 10 August 2024 / Accepted: 27 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

Integrative Medicine Elective for the Wellbeing of Pharmacy Students

ObjectiveTo describe the impact of an integrative medicine elective on the wellbeing of pharmacy students at the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and examine the relationship between perceived stress and happiness. MethodsStudents completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) prior to and three months after taking the course. Our study compared the outcomes of each composite score from the PSS and SHS before and after course participation to detect any difference. The interpretation of single composite scores was analyzed similarly. The correlation of the PSS and SHS was checked to determine their relationships, and the correlation between the change in PSS and the time the students spent practicing their identified integrative modality was also analyzed to detect whether any association existed. ResultsA total of 49 students completed both the pre and post wellness inventories over three offerings of the class (2020, 2022 and 2023). There was a decrease in PSS of 0.8 that was not statistically significant with most students reporting moderate perceived stress on both the pre-PSS and post-PSS. The average SHS was 4.7. There was a strong negative correlation between the PSS and SHS. There was a moderate negative correlation between the time practicing the integrative medicine modality and post-course PSS. ConclusionThis practical, hands-on experience will add non-pharmacologic tools to the pharmacy student tool kit, which could be used in both patient care and pharmacy student wellness.

Factor structure and validation of the electronic form of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in patients with COVID-19

Background and Objectives: Background and Aim: Validity Scale Validation can help identify coronavirus disease patients; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the validation of the electronic form of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in patients with COVID-19. Methods: This study is instrumental psychometrics that the statistical population includes all patients in 19 cases in Tehran. The number of samples was determined based on psychometric criteria to be 100 for the predictive validity section and 251 for the convergence validity section. Samples were selected by cluster sampling. Research data were collected electronically through two questionnaires of happiness (Oxford) and happiness of positive psychological characteristics by sending the questionnaire link to the participants' mobile phones. To evaluate the validity of the scale, content validity, convergence, and factor analysis methods were used. The reliability of the scale was assessed by internal consistency methods and class reliability. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the researcher-made questionnaire consists of three factors and has good validity and reliability. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the three-factor model. This questionnaire was administered along with the short form of the Oxford Happiness Scale, which had 13 items of good reliability and validity. Conclusion: The Oxford Happiness Scale in COVID-19 patients can be used to assess happiness in COVID-19 patients.

Translation and Validation of the Malayalam Version of the Subjective Happiness Scale

AbstractThe subjective happiness scale (SHS) is a brief instrument used to measure global subjective happiness that has been translated from its original English to many other languages. To date, there is no reported translation of this scale into Malayalam, a language spoken by over 32 million people especially in the southern state of Kerala, India. In the present study, 656 community-dwelling older adults participating in the Kerala Einstein study (KES) completed the Malayalam version of the SHS. The Malayalam version demonstrated high internal consistency and good convergent validity, as assessed by comparison to measures of depression and anxiety. We also used factor analysis to determine that the Malayalam version of the SHS has a unidimensional structure, akin to the original English as well as other language adaptations. Our study adds to the repertoire of tools to measure happiness in non-English-speaking populations, enabling future research to explore the foundations of well-being across diverse cultures.

Effect of an Exercise Intervention Based on General Adaptation Syndrome Model on Psychological Experience in Community-Dwelling Elderly.

With the intensification of population aging globally, the mental health of the elderly is not only related to their personal well-being but also directly affects family harmony and social stability. However, few studies have been conducted on interventions for mental health issues in the elderly. From September to December 2023, a total of 164 elderly individuals were recruited from Ronghui Shanshui community in Fuzhou City of China through random cluster sampling and randomly divided into the control and experiment groups. The experiment group was given a three-month intervention based on general adaptation syndrome model, whereas the control group was given no intervention. At the end of the intervention period, an effect comparison was conducted between the two groups using the Physical Activity Rating Scale, University of California at Los Angels (UCLA) Loneliness Scale, and Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness. After the intervention, the well-being of the experiment group increases significantly and is significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). After the intervention, the loneliness of the experiment group decreases significantly and is significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Exercise participation significantly mediates the relationship between the intervention and psychological experience (P < 0.001). This intervention model is not only beneficial for improving positive psychological experience in the elderly but can also effectively reduce their negative psychological experience. This study provides valuable reference for scientific intervention in the mental health of the elderly.

Aversion to happiness mediates effects of meaning in life, perfectionism, and self-esteem on psychological distress in Turkish adults

ABSTRACT Objective Previous research has found a negative association between aversion to happiness and various aspects of mental well-being. In the present study, we hypothesised that aversion to happiness (as measured by the fear of happiness scale) would mediate the association between psychological distress and three predictors: Meaning in life, self-esteem, and perfectionism. We included five dimensions of perfectionism separately, and a composite of the five dimensions to measure overall perfectionism. Method We used a sample of 317 individuals from Turkey (mean age = 27.31) to test our hypotheses. We employed both ordinary least square regression analysis and path analysis to examine the mediation hypotheses. Results The results of mediation analyses showed that aversion to happiness was a significant mediator of the associations between psychological distress and self-esteem, meaning in life, the five aspects of perfectionism, and overall perfectionism. In a path model with meaning in life, self-esteem, and overall perfectionism, aversion to happiness was found to significantly mediate only the effects of meaning in life and perfectionism. Conclusions These results highlight the importance of meaning in life, self-esteem, and perfectionism as predictors of aversion to happiness and the role of aversion to happiness as a mediator for the links between these predictors and mental well-being.

Mental health and binge-watching behavior among university students in Egypt

BackgroundBinge-watching has become increasingly popular in recent years. Although it can provide a form of entertainment and mood regulation, it has also been associated with adverse mental health issues. In this study, we explored the association between binge-watching behavior and mental health. MethodsUsing a cross-sectional survey conducted from May to November 2018, we surveyed 535 participants over 18 years old from Ain Shams University by using a combination of online and pen-and-paper methods. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and TV series watching patterns were collected, and participants completed the Binge-Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire (BWESQ), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS).ResultsAmong the 535 participants surveyed, 333 were retained and divided into three groups (i.e., non-binge-watchers, trouble-free binge-watchers, and problematic binge-watchers) in accordance with previous binge-watching research. Significant between-group differences were found in terms of relationship status, commonly used devices (mobile, laptop, TV), and perceived dependency on TV series watching. Problematic binge-watchers showed significantly higher scores for all BWESQ and BSI-18 subscales.ConclusionTrouble-free binge-watchers and problematic binge-watchers were more likely to be single than non-binge-watchers and demonstrated a marked preference for using mobile phones and laptops over traditional television. A significant positive relationship was found between problematic binge-watching and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization.

Construction and Validation of a Muslim Religious Trauma Scale

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure the traumatic religious experiences among Muslims and assess its validity, reliability, and factor structure. Data were collected from 452 (25.9% men and 74.01% women) Muslim participants in Turkey aged 18–60 or over (the average age group was 30–33) on an online platform. Measures included an original Muslim Religious Trauma Scale comprising newly constructed religious trauma items, Religiosity Scales, the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Brief Trauma Questionnaire, the Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale, and the Dissociation Scale. The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed six factors: spiritual incongruence, spiritual disappointment, social or peer pressure, feelings of sin and guilt, sexual abuse, and corporal punishment. It was found that the association of religious trauma with general trauma, post-traumatic symptoms, and dissociation supported the assumption of concurrent validity of the newly developed Muslim Religious Trauma Scale. Additionally, it also confirmed the idea that some of the adverse religious experiences could be traumatic.

The Influence of Pet Attachment with Happiness Levels in Cat Pet Owners in Padang City

Nowadays, the phenomenon of keeping animals, especially cats, is very common among people. Due to the great interest in cats, communities and groups of cat lovers are formed. In modern times, animals are considered to play a role in fulfilling human needs, one of which is to be happy. One alternative method to increase happiness is to build attachments with animals and obtain social support from them. This study aims to examine the effect of pet attachment on the level of happiness of cat owners in Padang City. This study used quantitative methods with a population of cat pet owners in Padang City and involved a sample of 111 subjects. Data were collected using two scales, namely the happiness scale consisting of 28 items with a reliability coefficient of 0.950, and the pet attachment scale consisting of 21 items with a reliability coefficient of 0.922. Data analysis was carried out using simple linear regression techniques. The results of the study using simple linear regression analysis obtained the results of the correlation value r = 0.331, from the output obtained the coefficient of determination (R Square) of 0.110, the value of F count = 13.417 with a significance level of 0.000 &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that there is an influence between pet attachment and the level of happiness of cat pet owners in Padang City.

하이브리드 머신러닝 접근에 의한 영유아교사의 포괄적 행복척도 단축형 개발

Objective: This study develops and validates a shortened version of the Comprehensive Happiness Scale for early childhood teachers using a hybrid machine learning approach. Methods: Secondary data on 212 early childhood teachers were used to develop and validate a comprehensive 53-item happiness scale. First, the full 53-item data were fed through unsupervised learning to stratify the latent population for item responses. Next, candidate shortened versions with different item counts, (3-25 items), were created to investigate concurrent validity. The shortened instruments’ validity was compared using Kappa coefficients and AUC values calculated by supervised learning. Results: First, after inputting early childhood teachers’ response data on all 53 items, the entire sample (N = 212, m = 3.59, sd = 0.40) was stratified into three latent groups through unsupervised learning. These groups were identified to have lower overall composite happiness, with particularly low levels of “satisfaction and engagement with the organization” and “leisure and physical well-being” (N = 52, m = 3.11, sd = 0.18), higher overall composite happiness with particularly high levels of “psychological well-being” (N = 50, m = 4.11, sd = 0.25); and an intermediate group (N = 110, m = 3.58, sd = 0.17) similar to the total population mean and distributed between the other two groups' composite happiness levels. Second, the shortened 17-item instrument was adequate to categorize the low (Kappa = 0.98, AUC = 1.00), high (Kappa = 0.98, AUC = 1.00), and intermediate (Kappa = 0.85, AUC = 0.98) groups in terms of comprehensive happiness. Conclusions: A shortened 17-item instrument was developed to measure early childhood teachers’ comprehensive happiness. This shortened instrument can be used to more easily and accurately measure the happiness level of infant and toddler teachers and support their comprehensive happiness.

Relationship Between Happiness, Culture, Socio-Economic Status, And Religious Coping Among Muslim Women Students Residing In Sokoto State, Nigeria

The goal of happiness is to have a stress-free and functional society. Yet, stress from cultural and socio-economic factors may arise when Muslim women student’s issues are discussed within society practices; which has resulted in illiteracy in Nigeria due to low enrolment attendance and school completion rates. Despite this, the World Happiness Report (WHR, 2023) ranked Nigeria as 95th happiest country in the world, and the fifth happiest country in Africa. Nevertheless, not many researches on happiness among Muslim women students in Northern Nigeria have been reported. This study investigated the relationship between happiness, culture, socio-economic status (SES), and religious coping, among Muslim women students at the Women Centre for Continuing Education (WCCE), in Sokoto, Northern Nigeria. A total number of 269 Muslim women students were selected to participate in this study using purposive random sampling. Instruments namely Orientation to Happiness Scale (OHS), Cultural Questionnaire for Women, (CQW), Socio-Economic Status Scale (SESS), Islamic Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE) were used for data collection. The total Cronbach’s alpha Coefficiency was 0.937, which was found to be reliable. The results were analysed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The measurement model was evaluated using items loading of average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability (CR). The findings of this study showed that the direct relationship of culture, socio-economic status and religious coping towards happiness were significant. As a conclusion, this study provides useful information for counsellors who can assist their clients in improving and maintaining their positive religious coping practices, as well as their ability to encounter positive feelings, engage in Islamic practices, have a meaningful life, and cope with stressors. Future research on happiness in other Northern states of Nigeria is recommended.

Exploring the impact of subjective well-being on medication adherence: A cross-sectional study among individuals with multiple chronic diseases

BackgroundMedication non-adherence is a significant barrier to optimal treatment goals. The study explores the association between subjective well-being (SWB) and medication adherence among Lebanese individuals with multiple chronic diseases and identifies additional factors that may influence adherence in this population. MethodsAn exploratory, cross-sectional study was conducted for three months at six community pharmacies. Adherence was assessed using the Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale Arabic Lebanese Version (ARMS-A). The SWB was measured using the Arabic Scale of Happiness (ASH), Love of Life Scale (LLS), Arab Hope Scale (AHS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Spearmen's Rho correlation analyzed the association between ARMS-A and SWB constructs. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of adherence among individuals with chronic diseases and on multiple chronic medications. ResultsOf 400 participants, 106 (26.5 %) with a 95 % CI, 0.22–0.31, were adherent. Lower medication adherence (reflected in higher ARMS-A scores) was associated with lower SWB (p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that lower education (OR=2.21, 95 % CI, 1.01–4.81), lack of a specific diet (OR = 1.64, 95 % CI, 1.01–2.69), and frequent hospital and/or emergency visits (OR=3.29, 95 % CI, 1.75–6.17 for 2 visits; OR = 2.71, 95 % CI, 1.43–5.14 for ≥3 visits) significantly increased the odds of non-adherence to chronic treatment. However, higher income (OR = 0.06, 95 % CI, 0.01–0.38), healthcare provider occupation (OR = 0.42, 95 % CI, 0.21–0.48), and having diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.59, 95 % CI, 0.36–0.96) correlated with better adherence. ConclusionA significant portion of participants failed to adhere to their prescribed chronic medications, influenced by multicomplex socioeconomic, psychological, and health-related factors. These findings demonstrate the need for culturally-tailored, pharmacist-led interventions to improve medication adherence and overall health outcomes.

Associations between social isolation, perceived ageism and subjective well-being among rural Chinese older adults: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between social isolation, perceived ageism and subjective well-being among rural Chinese older adults and its mechanisms of action. MethodsA total of 403 rural resident older adults were surveyed from March to April 2024. Data were collected using the General Information Questionnaire, the General Alienation Scale (GAS), the Perceived Ageism Questionnaire (PAQ), and the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH). SPSS 27.0 and PROCESS macro were used to analyze the data. ResultsPearson correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation (p<0.01) between subjective well-being and social isolation (r = -0.720) and perceived ageism (r = -0.661) among rural older adults. Perceived ageism partially mediated the effect between social isolation and subjective well-being in rural older adults, and the mediating effect accounted for 29.9 % of the total effect (p<0.001). ConclusionSocial isolation can reduce the subjective well-being of rural older adults through perceived ageism.

Older Chinese adults’ social participation and happiness: the mediating effect of spirituality

ABSTRACT This quantitative study explored the relationship between social participation and happiness among older adults in a Chinese context by introducing the mediator of spirituality. The Howden Spirituality Assessment Scale (SAS), the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH), and the Frequency of Social Participation Scale, which was developed specifically for this study, were used to measure older participants’ spirituality, happiness, and social participation. Data were collected from a sample of 658 older participants located in sixteen cities across nine provinces in China and were subsequently analysed via structural equation modelling. Three main conclusions were obtained. First, Chinese older adults’ frequency of social participation was low, their level of spirituality was high, and their sense of happiness was fair. Second, older Chinese adults’ social participation, spirituality, and happiness were positively correlated with each other. Third, older Chinese adults’ spirituality fully mediated the relationship between social participation and happiness. Our data suggest that, first, it is fundamentally necessary to promote social participation among older adults with the aim of improving their happiness; second, older adults’ need for spiritual development and spiritual growth should be viewed as the core goal of the design of social activities; third, spiritual education should be included in the focus on older adult education.

Assessing workplace well-being in healthcare: The violence-prevention climate and its relationship with workplace happiness.

To identify the relationship between the violence-prevention climate and workplace happiness in hospitals. The secondary objective is to adapt a valid and reliable scale to a different culture in healthcare settings. Healthcare settings are not immune to the harmful effects of violence, which can exacerbate existing challenges such as staff shortages. In the midst of these challenges, organizational efforts to ensure the safety of health workers are critical. These efforts can contribute positively to workers' happiness or well-being. Using a cross-sectional design with 400 healthcare professionals from five hospitals in Trabzon, Turkey, data collection involved the Violence-Prevention Climate Scale and Workplace Happiness Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale, and the consistency coefficient was calculated. The findings revealed that, on average, employees exhibited high levels of violence-prevention climate ( = 4.22) and moderate levels of workplace happiness ( =3.70). Subsequently, correlation analysis unveiled a statistically significant association between the dimensions of violence-prevention climate and workplace happiness (p<0.05, r=0.392). It was observed that those who experienced violence and did not feel safe in the workplace had lower levels of happiness. The instances of healthcare workers being exposed to violence identified in the study largely align with previous theories related to both individual and organizational effects. Violence-prevention climate affects the safety and workplace happiness of workers. Employees expect their managers to seriously consider all reports of violence. In this context, creating a violence-prevention climate would be a good start. According to WHO 2030 targets, in an environment where there is a significant shortage of healthcare personnel, especially nurses, ensuring that existing employees work in a safer and happier environment will make a positive contribution to healthcare systems.

Measuring self-beliefs of creativity and well-being

The purpose of this investigation was to develop an instrument that measures the extent to which people believe that creativity leads to well-being. The instrument was designed to have two factors: belief that creativity leads to well-being in the short-term and belief that creativity leads to well-being in the long-term. The factors reflected a bipartite conceptualization of well-being as hedonia (short-term) and eudaimonia (long-term). Study 1 provided a basis for reliability and the hypothesized factor structure, offering evidence that there is indeed a distinction between seeing the connection between creativity and well-being more beneficially in the short-term versus the long-term. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis provided further evidence for the two-factor structure. We also found a weak but significant relationship to two related measures: the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al., 1985), and with creative self-efficacy.

Comparing Level of Happiness and Depression Between Turkish and International Medical Students

This cross-sectional study was aimed to compare happiness and depression levels among group Turkish and international medical students in Istanbul, Turkey. Data were collected through an online survey that included demographic inquiries, the Oxford Happiness Scale, and Beck’s Depression Inventory II. Significant contrasts emerged in demographic and lifestyle factors between Turkish and international students. Turkish medical students displayed a higher prevalence of unhappiness, although this difference was not statistically significant (66.3% for Turkish students vs. 59.1% for international students; χ² = 2.472, p = 0.116). Conversely, no marked differences were observed in the severity of depression between the two groups (χ² = 0.028, p = 0.986). Conversely, no marked differences were observed in the severity of depression between the two groups (χ2 = 0.028, p = 0.986). Logistic regression analyses revealed noteworthy associations. Factors such as age, academic phase, family history of psychiatric illness, and prior psychiatry treatment were linked to heightened odds of experiencing unhappiness among students. Similarly, significant predictors of depression included a family history of depression and prior psychiatry treatment. However; gender, age, relationship status, accommodation, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, and repeated academic years did not exhibit significant associations with unhappiness among the sampled medical students. While the models demonstrated modest explanatory power, these findings emphasize the urgent need to address mental health issues among medical students. Tailored interventions targeting specific vulnerable subgroups are crucial and further research is needed to identify additional factors contributing to psychological distress in this demographic.

Deciphering temporal perspectives: A key to happiness and optimism for healthy aging in nursing practices”

BackgroundWith the global population of older individuals increasing rapidly, it is important to understand the factors contributing to their well-being. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between older adults' time perspective and their experiences of happiness and optimism. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted on a substantial sample size of 300 older adults from January to March 2023. The study utilized reliable and validated measures, including the Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and the Arabic Scales of Happiness, Optimism, and Pessimism. ResultsThe study found that older adults with a negative view of the past (PN perspective) had lower levels of happiness (r=-0.374, p<0.01), while those with a hedonistic view of the present (PH perspective) had higher levels of happiness (r=0.266, p<0.01). Additionally, a fatalistic view of the present (PF perspective) was associated with lower levels of happiness (r=-0.178, p<0.05) and optimism (r=-0.168, p<0.05). Negative views of the future (FN perspective) were correlated with lower happiness levels (r=-0.546, p<0.01), while positive views of the future (FP perspective) were associated with higher levels of optimism (r=0.432, p<0.01). ConclusionOlder adults with a balanced time perspective, marked by positive and negative views of the past and an optimistic outlook on the future, reported moderate happiness and optimism. Older adults with a negative view of the past and a fatalistic view of the present tend to have lower levels of happiness and optimism. On the other hand, those who have a hedonistic view of the present and a positive view of the future tend to have higher levels of happiness and optimism. Older adults with a pessimistic outlook toward past experiences or the future may require additional emotional support and targeted interventions to foster a more positive mindset.

Sport anxiety and subjective happiness of college athletes: a self-determination theory perspective.

Sport anxiety not only impacts the performance of college athletes but also influences their psychological well-being. The psychological well-being of sports students is crucial for both academic performance and competition, as they need to balance their academic performance with professional athletic training. Based on self-determination theory, this study examines the relationship between various factors in sport anxiety (somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption) and subjective happiness, as well as the mediating role of need satisfaction in this relationship. A total of 835 college athletic students participated in the study, completing the Sport Anxiety Scale-2, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale-in General, and Subjective Happiness Scale. An analysis of gender differences revealed that female participants scored significantly higher on somatic anxiety (t = -2.21, df = 833, p = 0.028, Cohen's d = -0.155) and worry (t = -3.17, df = 833, p = 0.002, Cohen's d = -0.223) compared to males. In the analysis by sport type, participants engaged in team sports scored significantly higher on somatic anxiety (t = 2.70, df = 833, p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.187), Worry (t = 1.97, df = 833, p = 0.049, Cohen's d = 0.136), and concentration disruption (t = 2.73, df = 833, p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.189) than those in individual sports. Additionally, in the analysis by grade level, freshman college athletes exhibited significantly lower sport anxiety compared to sophomore athletes [F(4, 830) = 4.06, p = 0.003, =0.019]. The mediation analysis revealed that concentration disruption in sport anxiety is significantly and negatively related to subjective happiness. Additionally, need satisfaction (competence, autonomy, and relatedness) mediates the relationship between worry, as well as concentration disruption in sport anxiety and subjective happiness. Future research should build on the current study by employing longitudinal designs and integrating multiple objective measures to further explore the relationship between sport anxiety and subjective happiness.