Hanshui River Research Articles

Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of tuberculosis aggregation in schools in Wuhan, China during 2017-2022.

Wuhan is located in the hinterland of China, in the east of Hubei Province, at the intersection of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River. It is a national historical and cultural city, an important industrial, scientific, and educational base, and a key transportation hub. There are many schools in Wuhan, with nearly a thousand of all kinds. The number of students is ~2.2 million, accounting for nearly one-fifth of the resident population; college or university students account for ~60% of the total student population. The geographical location of these colleges is relatively concentrated, and the population density is relatively high, making it prone to tuberculosis cluster epidemic. This study analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of tuberculosis aggregation in schools in Wuhan, China, during 2017-2022 to provide the basis for the scientific development of tuberculosis prevention and control strategies and measures in schools. This study adopted the methods of descriptive epidemiology to analyze the epidemic characteristics of tuberculosis aggregation in schools in Wuhan from January 2017 to December 2022, collecting the relevant data on tuberculosis prevention and control in all kinds of schools in the city using Questionnaire Star, an application of the China network questionnaire survey, and analyze the influencing factors of tuberculosis aggregation by using multifactor logistic regression analysis. From 2017 to 2022, 54 outbreaks of pulmonary tuberculosis aggregation in schools were reported in Wuhan, which involved 37 different schools, including 32 colleges or universities and five senior high schools; 176 cases were reported, among which 73 were positive for pathogens and 18 were rifampicin or izoniazid resistant. The median duration of a single cluster epidemic was 46 (26,368) days. Universities were more prone to cluster outbreaks than middle schools (χ2 = 105.160, P = 0.001), and the incidence rate among male students was higher than that of female students in cluster epidemics (χ2 = 12.970, P = 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that boarding in school (OR = 7.60) is the risk factor for a tuberculosis cluster epidemic in schools. The small number of students (OR = 0.50), the location of the school in the city (OR = 0.60), carry out physical examinations for freshmen (OR = 0.44), carry out illness absence and cause tracking (OR = 0.05), dormitories and classrooms are regularly ventilated with open windows (OR = 0.16), strict implement the management of sick student's suspension from school (OR = 0.36), and seeking timely medical consultation (OR = 0.32) were the protective factors for a tuberculosis cluster epidemic in schools. We successfully identified the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of tuberculosis aggregation in schools in Wuhan. The results revealed the influence and status of various factors and indicated ways for schools to improve their TB prevention and control measures in their daily activities. These measures can effectively help curb the cluster epidemic of tuberculosis in schools.

Occurrence, fate, seasonal variability, and risk assessment of twelve triazine herbicides and eight related derivatives in source, treated, and tap water of Wuhan, Central China

Triazine herbicides have been widely used, are frequently detected in aqueous environments and soils, and can cause acute or chronic toxicity to living organisms. We collected source water samples (n = 20) originating from the Hanshui River and the Yangtze River of Wuhan section, treated water samples (n = 20), and tap water samples (n = 169) in Wuhan, Central China during 2019 for determination of twelve triazine herbicides and their eight derivatives (collectively defined as TZs) and characterizing their fate during water treatment. Eighteen of the twenty TZs were detected in the source water. Atrazine (ATZ) had the highest concentrations (median: 22.4 ng/L) in the source water samples while DACT had the highest concentrations (median: 31.4 ng/L) in the treated water. “Tryns” (ametryn, prometryn, simetryn, terbutryn) were efficiently removed by conventional water treatment, while other target analytes were not; interestingly, hydroxypropazine and prometon increased significantly accompanied by prometryn disappearance, which implicated potential transformation pathways. In addition, “tryns” might be transformed into “tons” (atraton, prometon, secbumeton, terbumeton) by ozonation. In the tap water samples, diaminochlorotriazine had the highest concentrations (median: 34.9 ng/L) among the target analytes, followed by ATZ (18.3 ng/L), hydroxyatrazine (5.17 ng/L), deethylatrazine (5.00 ng/L), hydroxypropazine (3.20 ng/L), deisopropylatrazine (2.05 ng/L), hydroxydesethylatrazine (1.68 ng/L), and others. The TZs had the highest cumulative concentration in July in the tap water samples (median: 89.7 ng/L). This study found that ozonation in combination with activated carbon was more efficient in removing triazine herbicides, although “tryns” could also be transformed during conventional treatment. Ecological risk assessment showed moderate risks posed by hydroxyterbuthylazine, prometryn, and simetryn; the Hanshui River had higher risks than the Yangtze River, and July had higher risks than February. Human exposure to the TZs via water ingestion was low compared to the reference doses. This study characterized the occurrence of some new emerging TZs in the source water, their fate during drinking water treatment, and their seasonal variability in the tap water.

Five degradates of imidacloprid in source water, treated water, and tap water in Wuhan, central China

Imidacloprid (IMI) is one of the most applied neonicotinoid insecticides worldwide. The occurrence of its degradates such as desnitro-imidacloprid (DN-IMI), imidacloprid-urea (IMI-urea), and desnitro-imidacloprid-olefin (DN-IMI-olefin) in environment water and their fate during drinking water treatment were seldom documented. In this study, IMI and its degradates were determined in source water (the Yangtze River and its largest tributary, the Hanshui River), treated water, and tap water (n = 20, 20, and 169, respectively) in different seasons of 2019 in Wuhan, central China. Their occurrence, removal efficiency, and seasonal variations were evaluated. Advanced water treatment with ozone combined with activated carbon might remove target analytes efficiently but conventional water treatment cannot. IMI and its degradates were 100% detectable in the conventionally treated water samples in July. IMI and DN-IMI decreased while IMI-urea, DN-IMI-olefin, imidacloprid-olefin (IMI-olefin), and 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid (5-OH-IMI) increased during conventional drinking water treatment. IMI and its degradates were found in the tap water samples treated conventionally (range: 1.17–32.0 ng/L for IMI; 0.57–7.00 ng/L for DN-IMI; 0.58–4.50 ng/L for IMI-urea; 0.04–0.65 ng/L for DN-IMI-olefin; < method detection limit [MDL]–0.80 ng/L for IMI-olefin; < MDL–0.35 ng/L for 5-OH-IMI). The concentrations of DN-IMI and IMI-urea observed in this study were higher than those observed in North America. Sodium sulfite did not increase the levels of DN-IMI and IMI-urea in tap water samples in the present study. This is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of DN-IMI and IMI-urea in water in China and the occurrence of DN-IMI-olefin, IMI-olefin, and 5-OH-IMI in water.

Spatial variation of fipronil and its derivatives in tap water and ground water from China and the fate of them during drinking water treatment in Wuhan, central China

Fipronil (FP) is an emerging insecticide, however, its occurrence in drinking water and source water is limited. In this work, a total of 789 tap water and 95 ground water samples were collected from China in June 2019 in order to assess occurrence of FP and its derivatives (FPs). FPs were also analyzed in source, treated (n = 10, July), and tap water samples (n = 81, July and October 2019) originating from the central Yangtze River and its tributary, the Hanshui River in Wuhan. The sum concentrations of FPs (ΣFPs) in the tap water in China ranged from not detected (ND) to 5.07 (median: 0.03 ng/L), with FP found in 55.3% of the samples, and other targets ≤ 50.0%. Significant regional variations in the ΣFPs values were found between East China (75th percentile: 0.31 ng/L) and Northwest China (0.04), as well as between East China and North China (0.04). Similar ΣFPs values were found for ground water and tap water. The estimated daily intake of ΣFPs via water ingestion was below 200 pg/kg-bw/day for all age groups and was lower than the reference dose for FP (0.2 μg/kg-bw/day). Additionally, FPs were found in all of the source water samples collected in Wuhan with concentrations in the range of 0.84–2.72 ng/L for ΣFPs (median: 2.39). Most of these FPs were removed during water treatment. Higher concentration of ΣFPs in tap water was observed in July (median: 0.04 ng/L) compared to that in October (ND). This is the first study on the occurrence of FPs in the Yangtze River, the fate of FPs during the tap water treatment, and the regional distribution of FPs in tap water from China.

L’étude des bifaces de la Hanshui River Valley, Chine

Hanshui River valley is a frequently human active region. Early human left rich stone artefacts in this region. A number of Palaeolithic sites are distributed in the upper reaches of Hanshui River valley. As yet, there are about 40 handaxes sites. The material of handaxes in. Hanshui River valley is mainly the siliceous lime stone, quartzite, sandstone, tuff, etc. Handaxes made on pebble are in a higher proportion than those made on flake. The shape of handaxes is mainly triangular and ovate. The retouch technique is direct hammer retouch, lacking soft hammer retouch. These handaxes are retouched according to function and the blank's shape. Most of the handaxes don’t retouch on the handle. This is the character of handaxes in China. The discovery of handaxe industry in China poses a question: the origin of this industry is from Africa or Asia? In our opinion, the handaxes discovered in China are very similar to the Acheulian handaxes in European and South Korea, but its different from that in Africa. The main reasons contributed to the difference are the environment, the stone material and technical method etc. So I think the handaxe industry in China was born locally. It is very important for us to study Palaeolithic culture in Asia and Europe.

New evidence of a lithic assemblage containing in situ Late Pleistocene bifaces from the Houfang site in the Hanshui River Valley, Central China

As few lithic assemblages containing in situ bifaces in China have been dated to over 600ka and few industries with the association of in situ bifaces and reliable Late Pleistocene dates have been formally reported, the nature and evolution of Chinese industries with bifaces remained unclear for a long time. The Houfang site, deposited in the Aeolian soils of the second terrace of the Hanshui River, Central China, yielded 162 stone artifacts including 2 typical bifaces in stratigraphic context. TT-OSL dating indicated that the sediments containing bifaces were deposited between 110 and 90kaB.P. Preliminary technological analysis suggested that the percentage of bifaces in this assemblage is much lower (<3%) than in the Acheulean complex and that the operative schemes for producing typical bifaces are totally different from those of Acheulean implements. So, on the one hand, it provides new evidence for questioning the validity of the “Movius Line” sensu stricto and, on the other hand, it serves as an important marker for investigating the technological evolution and possible cultural affiliation within East Asia and casts new light on the technological specificity and continuity in East Asia and on the main cultural differences between this area and the Old World Acheulean Complex.

Mutagenicity of drinking water sampled from the Yangtze River and Hanshui River (Wuhan section) and correlations with water quality parameters.

A total of 54 water samples were collected during three different hydrologic periods (level period, wet period, and dry period) from Plant A and Plant B (a source for Yangtze River and Hanshui River water, respectively), and several water parameters, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and total organic carbon (TOC), were simultaneously analyzed. The mutagenicity of the water samples was evaluated using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. According to the results, the organic compounds in the water were largely frame-shift mutagens, as positive results were found for most of the tests using TA98. All of the finished water samples exhibited stronger mutagenicity than the relative raw and distribution water samples, with water samples collected from Plant B presenting stronger mutagenic strength than those from Plant A. The finished water samples from Plant A displayed a seasonal-dependent variation. Water parameters including COD (r = 0.599, P = 0.009), TOC (r = 0.681, P = 0.02), UV254 (r = 0.711, P = 0.001), and total nitrogen (r = 0.570, P = 0.014) exhibited good correlations with mutagenicity (TA98), at 2.0 L/plate, which bolsters the argument of the importance of using mutagenicity as a new parameter to assess the quality of drinking water.

Middle Pleistocene hominin occupation in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, Central China: studies of formation processes and stone technology of Maling 2A site

Danjiangkou Reservoir Region (DRR) is one of the areas where Acheulean-like stone technology (Mode 2) was reported in central and south China. It is located at the end of the upper reaches of the Hanshui River (the largest tributary of the Yangtze River). Systematic field investigations documented more than ninety Paleolithic sites along the fluvial terraces of the Hanshui and Danjiang Rivers (the latter a tributary of the upper reach of the Hanshui River). Subsequent excavations at more than 30 sites led to the discovery of a large number of Paleolithic stone artifacts in the past decade, showing that early hominins lived in the region at least by the early part of the Middle Pleistocene. However, little is known from the archaeological record about the context of the sites and their formation processes, the technological characteristics of the stone artifact assemblages, and whether they truly belong to Mode 2 technology or just to core and flake technology, and the overall hominin behavioral patterns and adaptation during the Middle to Late Pleistocene.Maling locality 2A (ML2A) is buried in the front edge of the third alluvial terrace of the Danjiang River. Archaeological excavations, undertaken at the site in 2011, recovered 1026 stone artifacts from a red clay deposit. Preliminary OSL dating and geomorphological comparisons between the terraces in the Hanshui River system suggest that the site is dated to the late Middle Pleistocene. Patterns of artifact concentration suggest that the site was buried in secondary context where the stone artifacts were transported by water from a relatively higher location nearby. The artifacts, primarily made on quartzite and quartz cobbles, include cores, whole flakes, various fragments, retouched pieces, two bifaces and a hammerstone. All flaking is by direct hard hammer without core preparation. The majority of flakes in the early stages of core reduction indicate that the cores are not extensively reduced. Choppers are the predominant core category, together with discoids, polyhedrons, and core scrapers. It should be noted that two bifacially flaked cobbles can classed as mode 2 implements. Eleven retouched pieces are recognized, and they were casually modified by direct hammer percussion. Although only two bifaces were excavated from this site, many more are recorded in the larger study area. The ML2A artifact assemblage may be considered as a Chinese variant of an Acheulean-like (Mode 2) industry. It can be deduced that Homo erectus was likely the responsible for manufacturing the stone artifacts.

Time-variant coupling model for regulation and storage calculation of complex water resources systems

Complex water resources systems generally consist of a water supply and a utility network that comprises water supply nodes and water receiving units. In such systems, the water supply nodes are divided into local surface water, underground water, transfer water and reclaimed water nodes. Because inflow processes of local surface water and transfer water vary randomly with changes in meteorological processes, the water supply process for water resources systems is time-variant; however, the water demand of receiving units is relatively steady, being primarily dependent on population, economic development and seasonal characteristics. To realize the supply and demand balance of water resources systems, regulation and storage nodes are required. In this study, a time-variant coupling model for regulation and storage calculation of a complex water resources system was constructed based on the complex system network theory, and a time-variant coupling matrix for multiple water resources and multiple users, as well as a relative algorithm was established. The model was then used for regulation and storage calculation of the Hanshui River to Weihe River Water Distribution Project. The annual demand of regulation and storage capacity for the project with different inflow frequencies was obtained, laying a good foundation for regulation and storage design of this project.

A macroscopic technological perspective on lithic production from the Early to Late Pleistocene in the Hanshui River Valley, central China

The nature and variability of Chinese Paleolithic culture remain unclear because the method of studying lithic industries has been essentially typological, and few regions have been intensively researched. A technological and techno-functional methodology provides a new perspective for exploring the cognitive modes of hominids and interpreting the intra and inter-regional homogeneity and variability of Paleolithic cultures. Over the last few decades, numerous Paleolithic sites with stone artifacts were excavated in the Hanshui River Valley. Based on a new methodology and recent discoveries, this paper reviews the Paleolithic sites of the Hanshui River Valley and studies representative industries to investigate regional lithic production and human behaviors. In terms of operative schemes, débitage and façonnage coexisted at nearly all sites and showed continuity and stability throughout the Pleistocene. For débitage, the Type C was present in nearly all sites. For façonnage, operative scheme 1 (unifacially-knapped on matrix of simple bevel) was predominant. The operative schemes of both débitage and façonnage were extremely similar in that great emphasis was placed on the selection of natural technical characters rather than on intentional preparation. For inter-regional variability, the percentage of bifaces was much lower (<5%) than in Acheulean Complex and the operative schemes for producing these tools were different from those of Acheulean bifaces, which suggested a clear distinction of techno-cognitive modes between hominids of the Hanshui River Valley and those of the West. Regarding intra-regional variability, the technological and techno-functional method provides a new perspective for interpreting the variability of hominids' techno-cognitive modes during lithic production. More extensive dating analysis would enable the construction of a more detailed chronological sequence of the Hanshui River Valley.

Water quality model establishment for middle and lower reaches of Hanshui River, China

With the development of industry and agriculture, nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in the Hanshui River greatly increase and eutrophication has become an important threat to the water quality of the Hanshui River, especially in the middle and lower reaches. The primary objective of this study was to establish the water quality model for the middle and lower reaches of the Hanshui River based on the model of MIKE 11. The main pollutants migration and transformation process could be simulated using the water quality model. The rainfall-runoff model, hydrodynamic model and water quality model were established using MIKE 11. The pollutants, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen (DO), were simulated and predicted using the above three models. A set of methods computing non-point source pollution load of the Hanshui River Basin was proposed in this study. The simulated and observed values of COD, BOD5, ammonia, nitrate, DO, and total phosphorus were compared after the parameter calibration of the water quality model. The simulated and observed results match better, thus the model can be used to predict water quality in the future for the Hanshui River. The pollution trend could be predicted using the water quality model according pollution load generation. It is helpful for government to take effective measures to prevent the water bloom and protect water quality in the river.

Relationship between archaeological sites distribution and environment from 1.15 Ma BP to 278 BC in Hubei Province

A total of 1362 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Warring States time in Hubei Province increase gradually from west to east and from high land to low land. The number of Paleolithic sites with altitude of 50–500 m account for 78% of the whole, while 71%–95% of sites from the Neolithic Age to the Warring States time mainly distribute at the areas of 0–200 m. The temporal-spatial distribution of archeological sites in this area is affected by two factors. For one thing, the human beings of every period need to choose the first or the second terrace as living sites which are near water source and are easy to withstand flood. Additionally, affecting by the regional tectonic uplift since the Holocene, down cutting of rivers can form new river valley, and lateral erosion and accumulation of river in stable time of tectonic movement can result in increasing of many new terraces. So, the human beings migrated to adapt to the change of terrace location, leading to the sites increase gradually in the lower areas of the central and eastern parts of this province. For other things, the temporal-spatial distribution of archeological sites in this area is affected by the climate condition. The Paleolithic sites mostly distribute in the Hanshui River Valley in northeastern Shiyan, southeast of Jinzhou and east of Jinmen, which is because rivers distributed in higher areas in this period. During the Chengbeixi Culture period, the sites are rare in the quondam Paleolithic sites distribution area, but increase obviously along the Yangtze River near the southwest Yichang. The spore-pollen record of Dajiuhu Basin indicates that only 23 Chengbeixi cultural sites may be related to more precipitation and flood during the Holocene wet and hot period. The Daxi Culture, Qujialing Culture and Shijiahe Culture are corresponding to middle and top of the Dajiuhu spore-pollen Zone IV, during which the climate is in order as a whole and is propitious to agricultural development. In the Qujialing Culture period, 32 of original 34 Daxi cultural sites disappeared, while 90 sites increase abruptly in the higher highlands in the north of Xiangfan-Jinmen-Xiaogan, which may respect with enlarging of water areas. The Chu Culture period is corresponding to Dajiuhu spore-pollen Zone V, which is in warm and dry Holocene phase, but it seems that the climate condition is still propitious to agricultural cultivation and the number of archeological sites increase heavily to 593. In addition, there are the least archaeological sites in the lake areas of southeast Hubei Province because of low-lying topography with altitude of 0–50 m and the severest flood.

Determination of trace rare earth elements in natural water by electrothermal vaporization ICP-MS with pivaloyltrifluoroacetone as chemical modifier

A novel method based on gaseous compounds introduction into the plasma as their pivaloyltrifluoroacetone (PTA) chelates was developed for electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determination of trace rare earth elements (REEs) in natural water. The factors affecting formation of the chelates and their vaporization behaviors were studied in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (3σ) of REEs for this method were from 0.20 to 0.91 ng L−1, the relative standard deviations for 0.1 µg L−1 REEs were 2.5–9.1% (n = 9), and the linear ranges of calibration curve for REEs covered at least three orders of magnitude. The proposed method had been applied to the determination of trace REEs in water samples of Yangtze river, Han Shui river and East lake (Wuhan), and the recoveries for the spiked water samples were 93–105%.

Observed precipitation trends in the Yangtze river catchment from 1951 to 2002

The monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation trends in the Yangtze river catchment have been detected through analysis of 51 meteorological stations’ data between 1950–2002 provided by National Meteorological Administration. Results reveal that: 1) Summer precipitation in the Yangtze river catchment shows significant increasing tendency. The Poyanghu lake basin, Dongtinghu lake basin and Taihu lake basin in the middle and lower reaches are the places showing significant positive trends. Summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches experienced an abrupt change in the year 1992; 2) The monthly precipitation in months just adjoining to summer shows decreasing tendency in the Yangtze river catchment. The upper and middle reaches in Jialingjiang river basin and Hanshui river basin are the places showing significant negative trends; 3) Extreme precipitation events show an increasing tendency in most places, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river catchment.

Lake Evolution of Jianghan Plain: A Case Study of the Hebosuo Reduction &amp; Emergence in the Ming Dynasty

本文以一种执行经济功能为主的税收机构──河泊所为切入点,探讨了明初江汉平原中小湖泊的分布及明中后期该类湖泊的淤塞演变过程,揭示出江汉湖群演变的时间特点和空间规律.时间特点:成化(1465年)以前,淤积缓慢;成化至弘治间(1465-1505年),淤积加快,但淤塞仍轻;正德末(1517-1521年)以后,众湖群迅速淤浅、淤废,直至明末空间规律;汉水泥沙自上游向下游依次淤积;江水泥沙先自上游向下游淤积,而后又向上游回溯淤积.;There were many medium and small-sized lakes in the early Ming dynasty, which were linked each other by many deep or shallow canals in Jianghan plain.Along with the economic development, population growth, protective embankments in lakeside areas mushrooming and booming, there broke out more and more inundation after Chenghua(1465-1487).From the last phase of Zhengde (1506-1521) to early stage of Wanli (1573-1620),many medium-sized and small-sized lakes had been silting-up from the Yangtze River and Hanshui River, The spatial-temporal distribution of the lake evolution were different duo to the following reasons: Mire and sand from Hanshui River were deposited from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, while those from the Yangtze River were firstly silted up from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, then deposited back to the upper reaches.We can see this evolving trend clearly from the reducing and merging process of Hebosuo, an organization for levying piscatorial taxes.

Sedimentologic evidence for date of southward moving of the Yangtze River in the Jianghan Plain since the Holocene

The study of the sediment of Core M1 from Jianghan Plain suggests that the sediment source of this area changed in the Holocene, which corresponds with thr south moving of the Yangtze River. Since then, the sediment source has been mainly from the Hanshui River.