Districts Of Hangzhou Research Articles

Quantifying the Carbon Reduction Difference Based on Households' Willingness to Transform Their Lifestyles from the Micro Perspective

Cities are gathering places for residents, industries, and energy consumption, and the carbon emissions generated by urban residents' consumption are becoming increasingly prominent. Under the "dual carbon" goal, how to effectively guide the transformation of urban households' lifestyles and achieve consumption side carbon reduction has become an important issue. Based on questionnaire surveys and face-to-face interviews in the main districts of Hangzhou, the total amount and component of household consumption carbon reduction potential in Hangzhou were calculated by adopting a carbon emission coefficient model, and the relevant factors influencing various types of household consumption behaviors and carbon reduction potential were analyzed through virtual regression models and binary logistic regression. Our results showed that the consumption carbon reduction potential of different groups of residents in the four dimensions of food, clothing, housing, and transportation was significantly different, and electricity consumption had significant direct and indirect impacts on household consumption behaviors and carbon reduction potentials. Age and income were the key factors leading to significant differences in the carbon reduction potential of household consumption. Economic interests and environmental emotional factors were the main factors that affected the transformation of residents' family lifestyle, and their strengths and weaknesses were different. Personal habits, demonstration effects of surrounding people, time costs, etc., were the main reasons affecting residents' willingness to transform their lifestyles. The findings therefore had important implications for climate change mitigation and policy measures associated with lifestyle. On the premise of ensuring stable economic development and improving the well-being of residents, differentiation guides the lifestyle choices of community residents providing reference for better realization of the "double carbon" goal.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in the first trimester in China

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a zoonotic parasite, significantly affects human health. Pregnant women infected with T. gondii are at risk of congenital anomalies or fetal death. Seroepidemiological surveys of toxoplasmosis can help develop control measures. This study measured the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies among Chinese pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy in 13 districts of Hangzhou, eastern China. The overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was 3.6 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 2.8–4.6 %). Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM positivity was 3.5 % (95 % CI: 2.7–4.4 %) and 0.1 % (95 % CI: 0–0.3 %), and one pregnant woman tested positive for IgG and IgM. Seropositivity increased significantly from 3.4 % (95 % CI: 2.4–4.9 %) in 2013 and 2.3 % (95 % CI: 1.3–3.8 %) in 2015 to 7.2 % (95 % CI: 4.6–10.9 %) in 2023 (P = 0.001). There was regional heterogeneity in seroprevalence. Seroprevalence was highest in Qiantang District (11.1 %, 95 % CI: 0.6–49.3 %) and lowest in Tonglu District (0). Overall seroprevalence was higher in the age group 41–49 years (10.7 %, 95 % CI: 2.8–29.4 %) than in the age group 18–40 years (3.0–4.3 %). Thus, health education and promotion should target the age group 41–49 years.

Predicting Land Use Changes under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway–Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios to Support Sustainable Planning in High-Density Urban Areas: A Case Study of Hangzhou, Southeastern China

Amidst the challenges posed by global climate change and accelerated urbanization, the structure and distribution of land use are shifting dramatically, exacerbating ecological and land-use conflicts, particularly in China. Effective land resource management requires accurate forecasts of land use and cover change (LUCC). However, the future trajectory of LUCC, influenced by climate change and urbanization, remains uncertain. This study developed an integrated multi-scenario framework by combining system dynamics and patch-generating land use simulation models to predict future LUCC in high-density urban regions under various Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)–Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The results showed the following: (1) From 2020 to 2050, cultivated land, unused land, and water are projected to decrease, while construction land is expected to increase. (2) Future land use patterns exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity across three scenarios. Construction land will expand in all districts of Hangzhou, particularly in the main urban areas. Under the SSP585 scenario, the expansion of construction land is most significant, while it is the least under the SSP126 scenario. (3) Distinct factors drive the expansion of different land use types. The digital elevation model is the predominant factor for the expansion of forest and grassland, contributing 19.25% and 30.76%, respectively. Night light contributes the most to cultivated land and construction land, at 13.94% and 20.35%, respectively. (4) The average land use intensity (LUI) in central urban districts markedly surpasses that in the surrounding suburban areas, with Xiacheng having the highest LUI and Chun’an the lowest. Under the SSP126 scenario, the area with increased LUI is significantly smaller than under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios. These findings offer valuable guidance for sustainable planning and built environment management in Hangzhou and similarly situated urban centers worldwide.

How to Improve the Performance of Elderly Care facility Embedded in Communities？—Case Study from Two Districts of Hangzhou, China

China's population is ageing, and urban centres have high densities of older people.The Zhejiang Provincial Government has proposed that ‘institutions should follow the elderly’, requiring that not only the number of beds per 1,000 elderly persons should be counted, but also the distance between the facilities and the homes of the elderly should be taken into account.Applying both the new supply capacity calculations and the old calculations shows that the number of beds in elderly care facility(ECF) in Up-town District is well below the planning requirements.However, the occupancy data collected from the actual research shows that there are many elderly care facilities with a certain percentage of vacancies.This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of six of these facilities and finds that facility location, space quality, and quality of operational services, all affect occupancy rates.The study reminds the government to pay attention not only to the location of facilities, but also to the service quality of existing facilities. Finally, two dimensions of coping strategies are proposed.

Application of Gale-Shapley algorithm in optimal matching for healthcare facilities to elderly population: the case of Hangzhou, China

ABSTRACT This paper serves as the first empirical research applying the Nobel Prize winning Gale-Shapley algorithm to study optimal stable matching of healthcare facilities to elderly population living in residential neighbourhoods in main urban districts of Hangzhou, China. Through bilateral considerations of supply side attributes of healthcare facilities and demand side preferences of elderly population, this research shows that the Gale-Shapley matching is superior to unilateral spatial or non-spatial utility matching and can optimize stable matching for elderly population in a way similar to the Pareto optimal. Further, this study provides a conceptual model classifying urban spaces for healthcare services at various levels.

RESIDENTIAL SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL IN HANGZHOU, CHINA

Residential spatial differentiation is an important social issue for every large city to explore. The “subcultural” clusters formed by the subjective choices of a city’s residents divide the living spaces of the city and create residential differentiation. A study of this phenomenon would help to facilitate the allocation of urban resources and the formulation of relevant development strategies. In recent years, Hangzhou, one of the major developed cities in China, has seen a gradual increase in the proportion of its non-local population. Employing principal component analysis and K-means clustering, this study investigated the city’s spatial differentiation of living spaces at the community level and identified the social clustering areas. The Shannon-Wiener index and the index of dissimilarity were used to examine the degree of residential segregation in each administrative district. The results showed that the functional distinctions among the districts of Hangzhou were pronounced and had certain degrees of class solidification. A certain spatial coupling was observed between residential differentiation and housing prices. More reasonable allocations of social resources would help to ameliorate the negative effects caused by the spatial differentiation of living spaces.

Evaluation and Optimization of the Layout of Community Public Service Facilities for the Elderly: A Case Study of Hangzhou

Community public service facilities have a primary supportive role in the health of the elderly. Under the background of global aging, it has become vital to evaluate the elderly-adaptability of their layouts. Based on the supply and demand interaction perspective, this study used the questionnaire-AHP-2SFCA method for this purpose. Firstly, taking the six main districts of Hangzhou as an example, we analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of the elderly population, and a weight index table of the health importance of public service facilities was constructed using a questionnaire survey and the AHP method. Secondly, the improved 2SFCA was used to analyze the accessibility of public service facilities in Hangzhou, and combined with the weight index table, the elderly-adaptability of public service facilities in the community life circle was comprehensively evaluated. Finally, the demands of the elderly and the supply of public service facilities in the same region were superimposed to study the differential pattern of supply and demand. The results showed the following: (1) The communities with the largest elderly population are mainly concentrated in Shangcheng District, Xiacheng District, the north of Gongshu District, the west of Jianggan District, and the north of Binjiang District. (2) Green space facilities in parks are most important to the health of the elderly, with a weight of 0.46. (3) The overall evaluation results of the community life circle in the study area were good, and the proportion of areas above the medium level was more than 50%. This showed that the concepts of “neighborhood center” and “big community elderly care” in Hangzhou have achieved initial positive results. (4) Based on the interaction between supply and demand, the research area can be divided into four patterns: supply and demand balance, supply shortage, demand gap, and low supply and demand. The results of this study will help to improve the layout and aging-friendly status of community life circle facilities in Hangzhou, and provide information for other aging cities.

The impact of family doctor system on patients' utilisation of general practitioner in primary care facilities-Evidence from Hangzhou, China.

This study aims to examine whether participating in the contracted family doctor system increases patients' utilisation of primary care general practitioner for multiple disease outcomes in China. Binary logistic regression models were estimated using data collected from 372 community residents in nine selected districts of Hangzhou, China. Findings revealed that (1) for patients with influenza, diabetes, upper respiratory infection, and gingivitis, those who participated in the contracted family doctor system were approximately 4.3 times, 98.4%, 92.5%, and 52.8% more likely to choose primary care general practitioners (GP) for their initial diagnosis, respectively, as compared with their counterparts who did not have contracted family doctors; (2) For patients with stroke or cerebrovascular disease and cholecystitis or cholelithiasis, those who had contracted family doctors were 1.111 times and 80.6% more likely to choose primary care GP for their subsequent disease maintenance, respectively, as compared to their counterparts without contracted family doctors. Our findings indicate that the contracted family doctor system not only increases the utilisation of primary care GP for patients with many chronic conditions but also promotes the overall completion of China's hierarchical medical system in the long run. Policy implications were provided to help policymakers actively construct and develop the contracted family doctor system to promote the hierarchical medical system in China.

The Correlation Analysis between Air Quality and Construction Sites: Evaluation in the Urban Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic

This research studies the data on air quality and construction activities from 29 January 2020 to 30 April 2020. The analysis focuses on three sample districts of Hangzhou’s Xiacheng, Gongshu, and Xiaoshan districts. The samples, respectively, represent low-level, mid-level, and high-level districts in the scale of construction projects. The correlative relationships are investigated, respectively, in the periods of ‘pandemic lockdown (29 January 2020–20 February 2020)’ and ‘after pandemic lockdown (21 February 2020–30 April 2020)’. The correlative equations are obtained. Based on the guideline values of air parameters provided by the Chinese criteria and standards, the recommended maximum scales of construction projects are defined. The numbers of construction sites are 16, 118, and 311 for the Xiacheng, Gongshu, and Xiaoshan districts during the imposed lockdown period, respectively, and 19, 88, 234, respectively, after the lockdown period. Because the construction site is only one influential factor on the air quality, and the database is not large enough, there are some limitations in the mathematical model and the management plan. Possible problem solving techniques and future studies are introduced at the end of the research study.

Single-vision spectacle use and myopia progression in children with low myopia, a propensity score matching study.

PurposeTo investigate the impact of single-vision spectacle use on myopia progression in children with low myopia.MethodsMYOSOTIS is a prospective myopia screening survey including all 46 primary and junior high schools in two districts of Hangzhou, China. After 1-to-1 propensity score matching (PSM), 1,685 pairs of students with low myopia were included. Group 1 was composed of 1,685 non-spectacle users at baseline, and group 2 consisted of 1,685 spectacle wearers at both survey rounds. Refraction was examined by noncycloplegic autorefraction and mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of both eyes was analyzed. Myopia progression was measured by average rate of change in SER (r∆SER) between two survey rounds and compared between the two groups.ResultsAfter PSM, no significant difference in age, sex ratio, SER, and uncorrected visual acuity (VA) between the two groups was found at baseline. For myopic progression, r∆SER showed no significant difference between the two groups (− 0.67 ± 0.97 versus − 0.69 ± 0.81 diopter/year, P = 0.448). After adjusting for age, sex, SER, and VA, the difference in r∆SER between the two groups was not significant (− 0.031, 95% CI − 0.089 ~ 0.028 diopter/year, P = 0.302). In the subgroup analyses stratified by age and SER, and in the sensitivity analyses by eye side, there was still no significant difference in myopia progression between the two groups.ConclusionsOur study indicates that single-vision spectacle use has no impact on myopia progression in children with low myopia. Spectacles are recommended in children with low myopia if their visual acuity has interfered with the daily life.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00417-021-05423-6.

Booster immunization of meningococcal meningitis vaccine among children in Hangzhou, China, 2014-2019.

Despite China's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) provides 2 doses of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV-AC) for children at 3 years and 6 years old, more self-paying group ACYW135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines (MPV-ACYW135) have been used as an alternative to MPV-AC to prevent Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C,Y,W135. We provide recommendations for Chinese booster immunization of meningococcal meningitis vaccine by analyzing the service status of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135. Reported data of routine immunization coverage from all districts of Hangzhou registered in the China Information Management System For Immunization Programming (CIMSFIP) between 2014 to 2019 were described and evaluated. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to characterize the data. Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) were collected from Chinese national adverse event following immunization information system (CNAEFIIS) to compare the safety of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135. 1376919 doses of booster immunization of meningococcal meningitis vaccine (MenV) in CIMSFIP were conducted in China Hangzhou from 2014 to 2019, with reported immunization coverage rates above 95%. The proportion of children using MPV-ACYW135 increased from 12.63% in 2014 to 29.45% in 2019. The incidence of AEFI of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135 were 49.75 per 100,000 and 45.44 per 100,000, respectively, without statistical difference. Children in Hangzhou had high booster immunization of MenV coverage. The use amount and use rate of MPV-ACYW135 increased year by year, indicating more and more parents had chosen MPV-ACYW135 as an alternative to MPV-AC at their own expense for children. The use proportions of MPV-ACYW135 were different in urban, suburban and rural areas. Both MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135 were safe for children.

Differences of bisphenol analogue concentrations in indoor dust between rural and urban areas

Bisphenol analogues (BPs) are widely applied in varying consumer products. Many studies have reported their presence in indoor dust samples from China. However, the differences in occurrence and concentration profiles of BPs in indoor dust between rural and urban areas are still not well characterized. In this study, eight BPs were measured in 60 indoor dust samples collected from rural and urban districts of Hangzhou, China. Bisphenol A (BPA; mean 1.8 μg/g, range 0.20–7.2 μg/g) was the predominant BP in indoor dust samples, accounting for mean 57% of the total BP (∑BP) concentration, followed by bisphenol S (BPS; 0.58 μg/g, <LOD–2.4 μg/g) and bisphenol AF (0.43 μg/g, <LOD–2.6 μg/g). Indoor dust samples from the urban areas (n = 27) contained significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of ∑BPs, BPA, and BPS than that from the rural areas (n = 33). Comparatively, bisphenol F and bisphenol AP were more frequently detected in urban indoor dust samples. Daily intakes (DIs) of BPs through the indoor dust inhalation were estimated for infants, children, and adults. Infants had much higher (p < 0.01) DIs of BPs than children and adults, mainly owing to their lower body weights and higher indoor dust ingestion rates. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies examining the regional differences of BP concentrations in indoor dust from China, which could contribute to the more accurate evaluation of human BP exposure through indoor dust intake.

Characterization of dietary patterns and assessment of their relationships with metabolomic profiles: A community-based study

Determining dietary patterns in China is challenging due to lack of external validation and objective measurements. We aimed to characterize dietary patterns in a community-based population and to validate these patterns using external validation cohort and metabolomic profiles. We studied 5145 participants, aged 18-80 years, from two districts of Hangzhou, China. We used one district as the discovery cohort (N=2521) and the other as the external validation cohort (N=2624). We identified dietary patterns using a k-means clustering. Associations between dietary patterns and metabolic conditions were analyzed using adjusted logistic models. We assessed relationships between metabolomic profile and dietary patterns in 214 participants with metabolomics data. We identified three dietary patterns: the traditional (rice-based), the mixed (rich in dairy products, eggs, nuts, etc.), and the high-alcohol diets. Relative to the traditional diet, the mixed (ORadj=1.7, CI 1.3-2.4) and the high-alcohol diets (ORadj=1.9, CI 1.3-2.7) were associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, respectively. Similar results were confirmed in the external validation cohort. In addition, we also identified 18 and 22 metabolites that could distinguish the mixed (error rate=12%; AUC=96%) and traditional diets (error rate=19%; AUC=88%) from the high-alcohol diet. Despite the complexity of Chinese diet, identifying dietary patterns helps distinguish groups of individuals with high risk of metabolic diseases, which can also be validated by external population and metabolomic profiles.

Analysis on Influencing Factors of Services Satisfaction with Family Doctors and Contract Signing----Take Hangzhou as an Example

This research is financed by the 2019 Zhejiang University of Science and Technology extracurricular Science and Technology Innovation and Practice project; Science and Technology Innovation Activity Plan for Zhejiang province University Students in 2020 (Grant No.2020R415022);Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for University Students of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology in 2020(Grant No.2020-CXCY033); National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Plan for College Students in 2020(Grant No.202011057033). Abstract Family doctors, as an important part of primary medical care, are the cornerstone for the full implementation of the Healthy China policy and the realization of health for all in 2030. In order to understand the current situation of family doctor service and contract signing in Hangzhou, on the basis of a questionnaire survey with residents in various districts of Hangzhou, the importance matrix was adopted to analyze the satisfaction of contracted residents, principal component analysis and binary logistic regression were used to explore the influencing factors of signing the contract, it has been found that the service level, medical guidance, derivative services and future development significantly influenced the residents' intention to sign contracts. According to the research and analysis, some suggestions have been proposed to further improve the family doctor policy. Keywords: Family doctor; Medical services; Satisfaction; Contract situation DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-20-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Associations Between Body Fat, Muscle Mass, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Study.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common forms of liver disease worldwide and has emerged as a significant public health concern in China. A better understanding of the etiology of NAFLD can inform effective management strategies for this disease. We examined factors associated with NAFLD in two districts of Hangzhou, China, focusing on the relationship of regional body fat distribution, muscle mass, and NAFLD. We used baseline data to carry out a cross‐sectional analysis among 3,589 participants from the Wellness Living Laboratory (WELL) China study, a longitudinal population‐based study that aims to investigate and promote well‐being among the Chinese population. NAFLD was defined using the widely validated fatty liver index (FLI). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess independent associations between NAFLD and metabolic risk factors (e.g., insulin resistance) and dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)‐derived measures (e.g., android fat ratio [AFR] and skeletal muscle index [SMI]). Of the 3,589 participants, 476 (13.3%) were classified as having FLI‐defined NAFLD (FLI ≥60). Among those, 58.0% were men. According to our analysis, AFR (odds ratio [OR], 10.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.8‐18.5), insulin resistance (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 3.0‐5.3), high alanine aminotransferase levels (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 5.8‐10.0), smoking (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4‐3.0), and male sex (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0‐4.2) were positively associated with NAFLD risk, while SMI (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.07‐0.13) was inversely associated with NAFLD risk. Conclusion: In addition to known metabolic risk factors, DXA‐derived AFR and SMI may provide additional insights to the understanding of NAFLD. Interventions that aim to decrease AFR and increase SMI may be important to reduce the burden of NAFLD in this population.

Effects of evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine nursing skill training program for community nurses based on Kirkpatrick Model

Objective To develop the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) nursing skill training program for community nurses and to evaluate its effects based on Kirkpatrick Model. Methods Totally 83 community nurses from 2 districts of Hangzhou between April and August 2017 were selected using convenient sampling and divided into the control group (n=42) and the observation group (n=41) . Community nurses in the control group received conventional training, while community nurses received TCM nursing skill training, and its effects were evaluated in terms of reaction, learning, behavior and result layers based on Kirkpatrick Model. Results There was no statistically significant difference in general information and student analysis data between the two groups (P>0.05) . The attendance rates of both groups were above 85% after the training, and the total satisfaction, theoretical performance of TCM and skill examination of the observation group scored (95.05±5.32) , (79.90± 6.03) and (88.52±2.47) , respectively. The scores of self-evaluated behavior and others-evaluated behavior were (44.75±3.58) and (40.15±2.85) ; and patients' satisfaction score was (95.35±3.61) , higher than that of the control group (P 0.05) ]. Conclusions The TCM nursing skill training program can benefit community nurses in terms of reaction, learning, behavior and result layers, which is worth promoting in clinical practice. Key words: In-service training; Nursing education; Community nurses; Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) nursing skills; Kirkpatrick Model

Investigation and analysis of depression and cognitive status of elderly people in aged care institutions in urban area of Hangzhou

Objective To investigate the status quo of depression and cognitive function of the elderly in aged care institutions in the urban area of Hangzhou, analyze the influencing factors of cognitive function and its correlation with depression, so as to provide reference for the design of later intervention measures. Methods A total of 130 elderly people from 3 aged care institution of 3 districts of Hangzhou were recruited by convenience sampling method from March to May 2018. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Chinese version of Geriatric Depression Scale were applied to assess the cognitive function and depression symptoms of the elderly in aged care institutions. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of cognitive function, and Pearson correlation analysis was applied to analyze the correlation between depression and cognitive function in elderly people in aged care institutions. Results The incidence of depression in the elderly was 24.62% (32/130) and the incidence of mild cognitive impairment was 89.23% (116/130) . The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that gender (OR=5.379, 95%CI: 1.152-25.109) , age (OR=1.129, 95%CI: 1.008-1.266) and educational level (OR=0.353, 95%CI: 0.193-0.645) entered the model. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between depression level and cognitive function in the elderly in aged care institutions (P>0.05) . Conclusions Depression and cognitive status of the elderly people in aged care institutions are in urgent need of attention. It is suggested that an intervention that focuses on reducing the incidence of depression and cognitive impairment should be provided to improve the quality of life of the elderly people. Key words: Aged; Depression; Cognitive function; Aged care institutions

Temporal and Spatial Effects of Urban Center on Housing Price — A Case Study on Hangzhou, China

&lt;em&gt;With the acceleration of urbanization and the rapid development of real estate, people pay more and more attention to the change of urban housing prices. Over time, the change of city center will inevitably affect the urban land or housing prices, which is reflected in the spatial distribution of urban land or housing prices. Therefore, this article attempts to explore the impact of urban center on housing prices from the perspective of multi-center city and study separately from two aspects of time and space. This paper takes the six main urban districts of Hangzhou as the research scope. At the time level, we select the residential data from 2007 to 2015 to construct models respectively based on the hedonic price theory and find that the influence of different urban center on housing price shows a certain change with time. On the spatial level, this paper choses the residential data in 2012 to construct geographic weighted regression model and the result shows that the impact of three centers on housing prices shows a certain degree of spatial heterogeneity.&lt;/em&gt;

Validation of the Simplified Chinese-character Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form in Urban Community-dwelling Adults: a Cross-sectional Study in Hangzhou, China

ObjectiveTo assess the test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the Simplified Chinese-character version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Long form (IPAQ-L) in urban community-dwelling adults in Hanghzou, China. MethodsA total of 158 eligible participants aged 25–59 years from 6 neighbourhoods in two central districts of Hangzhou completed the IPAQ-L questionnaire twice within a 7-day interval. Half of the subjects wore pedometers during the first 7 days. Test-retest reliability was examined by comparing the first (Day 1) and the second (Day 9) survey of IPAQ-L. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing IPAQ-L with pedometer data. ResultsModest to good test-retest reliability was found with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.67 for total PA, 0.37 to 0.73 for specific dimensions, and 0.56 to 0.71 for different intensities of PA. Total PA measured by IPAQ-L was moderately correlated with exercise levels (partial r = 0.27, P = 0.020) and walking distance (partial r = 0.31, P = 0.007), which were measured by a pedometer, after adjusting for gender, age, educational attainment and employment status. ConclusionOur results indicate that the IPAQ-L is a reliable and validated measure for assessing physical activity levels in this population and possibly the adult population in other mainland Chinese cities.

城市边缘农村社区治安治理问题研究—以杭州市萧山区为例

城市边缘农村社区是我国改革开放、城市建设进程中逐渐形成的特殊城市现象。由于城市、乡村和其他因素交互渗透和影响，其治安管理一直是城镇化进程中的难题。对边缘农村社区治安的有效治理，对统筹城乡发展、保障城市化进程的顺利展开具有重要意义。本次调研以杭州市萧山区为样本，了解其边缘社区的治安现状，探索其治理难点，并以此找出边缘社区改造的合理对策。为指导我国边缘农村社区的治安治理提供借鉴。 The urban fringe rural community is a special phenomenon in the process of China’s reform and opening up and the process of urban construction. Because of the interaction and influence of city, country and other factors, the public security management has been a difficult problem in the process of urbanization. It is of great significance for the effective governance of the rural public security in the border area to coordinate the development of urban and rural areas and ensure the smooth development of urbanization. This study takes Hangzhou District of Xiaoshan as a sample, understands the status quo of the public security of the marginalized communities, explores the difficulties of governance, finds out the reasonable countermeasures for the transformation of the marginal community, and provides guidance for the administration of public security in the marginal rural communities in China.