Handwritten Reports Research Articles

Design and Build an Application for Monitoring the Spread of Covid-19 Based on GIS for the Cileungsi District

An infectious respiratory disease called Covid-19 is brought on by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is thought that the rare Covid-19 Omicron variant is a global epidemic since it is disseminating so swiftly and broadly. It is essential that the community receives timely and accurate information on Covid -19. Because handwritten reports in Excel format are still used for Covid-19 patient data collection, it is difficult to reliably and effectively gather data. Comprehensive and in-depth Covid-19 data will be provided for the Cileungsi sub-district in the Bogor Regency as part of this project. The prototype approach was chosen for this study because it provides a method for quickly and gradually developing apps and allows user-direct evaluation. Since Leaflet can be trusted to display data in the form of a spatial map and its attributes, it will be utilized to build the application. The use of the MySQL database will significantly aid in the storage of map data in the form of spatial and other general data. The software will be simpler to use for the general public if data is displayed in a user-friendly, interactive, real-time GIS map format.

Prywatna wielka własność ziemska na Litwie. Dobra retowskie Marii z Potulickich Ogińskiej w okresie I wojny światowej

The source article presents problems related to the functioning of Maria Ogińska’s private estate in Rietavas, Lithuania, during the First World War. A handwritten report of Kazimierz Rzeszowski, the estate’s manager, found in the National Archives in Krakow, enabled the creation of this article. The estates were located in the territory of the Russian Partition. From 1915, they were under German occupation. For several years, the plenipotentiary took formal and informal measures to secure the Duchess’s assets. As a result of his personal intervention, a palace in Pojeziory, owned by Zygmunt Nagurski, was saved from being burned down. After the end of the war and the establishment of the Lithuanian state, the Rietavas estates were nationalized. The unique manuscript provides information about the fate of the cultural property gathered in the palace in Rietavas. It is a proof of the destruction and dispersion of cultural heritage valuable for Lithuanians and Poles, related to the large private landed property of Ogiński’s princes.

Letters and economic routes in the Spanish empire in the 18th century with GIS

The postal service was one of the main channels through which letters, goods and actors circulated via fixed maritime and land routes, which favoured the circulation of postal communication between the most influential Spanish-American centres. This paper will examine the spatial organisation of maritime mail between Spain and America after the creation of the Maritime Post in 1764, as well as overland mail in the viceroyalty of New Granada, especially the Cartagena de Indias - Santa Fe de Bogotá route. It is based principally on the document Reglamento Provisional del Correo Marítimo de España a sus Indias Occidentales of 1764 for maritime mail. And the handwritten report of the commissioner José Antonio de Pando, which he produced around 1774. Both documents contain detailed information on postal routes, which have been reconstructed using a geographic information system (GIS). Through the use of GIS, a dynamic visualization of postal routes which made up the circulation of information, goods and agents in the 18th century is made possible.

Integration of TLS-derived Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) with a Decision Support System (DSS) for digital twinning and asset management of bridge infrastructures

In the current modern era of information and technology, the concept of Building Information Modeling (BIM), has made revolutionary changes in different aspects of engineering design, construction, monitoring, and management of infrastructure assets, especially bridges. In the field of bridge engineering, Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM), as a specific form of BIM, includes digital twinning of bridge assets associated with geometrical information and non-geometrical inspection data. BrIM has demonstrated tremendous potential in substituting traditional paper-based documentation and hand-written reports with digital bridge documentation/transformation, allowing professionals and managers to execute bridge management more efficiently and effectively. However, concerns remain about the quality of the acquired data in BrIM development, as well as lack of research on utilizing these information for remedial actions/decisions in a reliable Bridge Management System (BMS), which are mainly reliant on the knowledge and experience of the involved inspectors, or asset managers, and are susceptible to a certain degree of subjectivity. To address these concerns, this research paper presents a comprehensive methodology as an advanced asset management system that employs BrIM data to improve and facilitate the BMS. This innovative BMS is comprised of a precise Terrestrial Laser Scan (TLS)-derived BrIM as a qualitative digital replica of the existing bridge, incorporating geometrical and non-geometrical information of the bridge elements, and equipped with a requirement-driven framework in a redeveloped condition assessment model for priority ranking of bridge elements based on their health condition. In another step ahead, the proposed BMS integrates a Decision Support System (DSS) to score the feasible remedial strategies and provide more objective decisions for optimal budget allocation and remedial planning. This methodology was further implemented via a developed BrIM-oriented BMS plugin and validated through a real case study on the Werrington Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge in New South Wales, Australia. The finding of this research confirms the reliability of BrIM-oriented BMS implementation and the integration of proposed DSS for priority ranking of bridge elements that require more attention based on their structural importance and material vulnerability, as well as optimizing remedial actions in a practical way while preserving the bridge in a safe and healthy condition.

Olympia, Griechenland. Die Rekontextualisierung von Befunden und Funden der Schatzhausterrasse von Olympia – Ein Zwischenbericht. Die Arbeiten der Jahre 2019 und 2020

The digital documentation system iDAI.field 2.0. provides the basis to evaluate excavation data and publish them online. »Die Schatzhausterrasse von Olympia: Rekontextualisierung von Befunden und Funden« is one of the projects, in which the retrospective processing and publication of earlier excavations is being tested. The treasuries at Olympia have been excavated in the early campaigns in Olympia between 1875–1881. The documentation consists of site notebooks, handwritten reports, sketches, registers as well as the publication of the excavation results and part of the finds. The project aims to combine these data sets and recontextualize them in iDAI.field 2.0 to publish the archaeological contexts and the related finds online.

PERANCANGAN APLIKASI PEMANTAUAN KINERJA KARYAWAN BERBASIS ANDROID DI PT. SALESTRADE CORP. INDONESIA

The challenges facing the organization oriented profit and non profit currently is more complex. PT. Salestrade Corp. Indonesia is a national private company which is engaged in the electrical distributor of various companies in several countries in the world. However, in terms of administration, there is still much that needs to be improve, including in the case of handwritten work reports, attendance has not been recorded properly, there is no control regarding work in the field and there is no system that monitors employee performance. The implementation of this system is not effective and efficient. Therefore, a company needs a computerized system and requires a database to facilitate data storage and access data if needed at any time in order to produce useful information for the company. For that we need an application that functions to monitor employee performance and organize administration and company reports using an Android-based application. With this application it is hopefully that it can help make it easier for companies and employees to make work and attendance reports and make it easier for management to monitor employee performance so that administratively it becomes tidier.

Opbakning til forfejlede forsørgere!

The purpose of this article is to examine a remarkable change – not yet explored from a gender perspective – which occurred during the Three Year War (1848–51) as both the social legislation and philanthropic associations started to seek to help male providers. The purpose of this shift was to ensure that these men could fulfill their role as responsible providers for themselves and their family. This new distribution strategy continued in the time to come in the philanthropic associations and the temporary social legislation introduced in Denmark in the 1950s.
 This strategy seeking to support the male, poor and responsible bread­winners represented a significant change, as the strategy until the middle of the 19th century entailed an intention to support women, children, the sick and the elderly. In order to explore this change, this article presents an analysis including central categories in social history. These categories are “need,” “worthiness” and “the breadwinner role,” which are examined from a gender perspective. The analysis suggests that the introduction of the “respectable male bread­winner position” as a new target group in the field of public care accelerated the development of poor relief into social policies.
 The material used in the study consists of published legislation, annual reports, literature from the public relief as well as from private philanthropic associations. Furthermore, archival material consisting of handwritten letters, meeting summaries, reports and negotiation protocols are also included.

A Difficult Dialogue between Hagiography and Iconography: The Images of the Founders in the Servite Order (13th-16th Centuries)

In 1888, Leo XIII canonised the founders of the Servite Order. For the first time the founder of a religious community was not recognised in a single figure but in a group of confessors. They were canonized six centuries after the Order’s foundation and this process required considerable efforts. The paper deals with the Servite hagiography and the Founders’ iconography, examining intersections and relationships between them from the 14th century up to 1570. The process of transmission of the Founders’ memory was extremely problematic because of the contradictions that marked the group ever since the hermit experience on Mount Senario in the 1240s-1250s. The memory of the origins that has been transmitted to us was written in a completely changed context, when the Order was already formed as mendicant, promoting other blessed friars’ figures, above all Philip of Florence. In this context, the Founders were largely overlooked, as can be seen in few surviving 13th and 14th-centuries hagiographies, such as the Legenda de origine Ordinis or the Legenda beati Philippi, as well as from the absence of figurative representations. From the 17th century, due to the opening of the canonization process, the Founders’ memory underwent a careful review. For this purpose, in the printed Positiones and in the handwritten reports, some medieval-supposed artworks, portraying the Founders, were described. This text explains how the iconographic elaboration in 17th and 18th centuries is the result of a peculiar interpretation of the hagiographic sources of previous centuries, and how this operation was so successful that it led to the canonization of a group of the seven individuals.

A Medical Probabilistic Advisory System Based on Independent Artificial Intelligent Techniques to Support Decision-Making

In this paper, an intelligent advisory system is used to make the decision depend on extracting the features of events by using artificial intelligence techniques. The proposed system was applied in the training in medical institutions in the field of physical therapy. X-ray images and their corresponding reports are used as events. For X-ray images, the Co-occurrence matrix is used to extract the features and Evidential K-Nearest Neighboring Rule has used to features classification then stored in the database. Whereas, the hidden Markov model is used to recognize the handwritten reports. The probability theory is used to solve the feature's overlapping problem that makes it easier to knowledge base formation by experts. The proposed system was characterized by high accuracy in the detecting of physical therapy reports after surgical cases or fractures, jaw and teeth injuries. Then the results stored in databases will be displayed on the expert that helped in the formation of the knowledge base. The results which were extracted from the proposed system are showed that it's convincing where, many of the patient's cases are applied and extract reports of treatment steps, which matched with the experts in the field.

A French cipher from the late 19th century

The Franco-Prussian war (1870–1871) was the first major European conflict during which extensive telegraph use enabled fast communication across large distances. Field officers would therefore have to learn how to use secret codes. But training officers also raises the probability that defectors would reveal these codes to the enemy. Practically all known secret codes at the time could be broken if the enemy knew how they worked. Under Kerckhoffs’ impulsion, the French military thus developed new codes, meant to resist even if the adversary knew the encoding and decoding algorithms, that were simple enough to be explained and taught to military personnel. Many of these codes were lost to history. One of the designs however, due to Major H. D. Josse, has been recovered and this article describes the features, history, and role of this particular construction. Josse’s code was considered for field deployment and underwent some experimental tests in the late 1800 s, the result of which were condensed in a short handwritten report. During World War II, German forces got hold of documents describing Josse’s work, and brought them to Berlin to be analyzed. A few years later these documents moved to Russia, where they have resided since.

What is the Ghijben-Herzberg principle and who formulated it?

It has been suggested in a number of historical notes that it was neither Willem Badon Ghijben nor Alexander Herzberg who formulated the famous principle now carrying their name, which relates the water-table elevation to the depth of the freshwater–saltwater interface in coastal aquifers. In this paper, a systematic review of the literature pre-dating the publication of their work is presented. The aim is to establish to what extent these previous works captured the essence of the Ghijben-Herzberg principle, that is, the combination of a correct conceptual model of the hydrogeological conditions with a quantitative relationship. It was found that references to coastal fresh groundwater reserves can be traced back to Roman times, while the earliest detailed descriptions of a freshwater lens that could be found dates from the eighteenth century. The correct understanding of the hydrostatic equilibrium between fresh and salt groundwater is evident in works from the early nineteenth century. However, it was Badon Ghijben and Herzberg who combined this with the correct understanding of the groundwater conditions of a freshwater lens. It was further found that Herzberg had already recorded his findings in 1888 in a hand-written report, confirming speculation that such a report might exist.

Contribución del Padre Feijoo a la fábrica de la nueva iglesia del monasterio de San Julián de Samos (Lugo): un capítulo documentado de la historia de la arquitectura y de la edición de libros en España

La conclusión del monumental templo monasterial de San Julián de Samos (Lugo) en 1748 fue posible gracias a la cesión de los derechos de impresión y reimpresión y los beneficios de la venta de los seis primeros tomos del Theatro Crítico Universal (1726, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1733 y 1734) y de la Ilustración apologética (1729) que en 1734 el padre Benito Jerónimo Feijoo (1676-1764) hizo a la que había sido la casa de su noviciado y profesión religiosa (1690 y 1692). El dato era conocido de la erudición, pues ya dio noticias el padre fray Martín Sarmiento, amigo y corresponsal de Feijoo además de cronista de la orden benedictina, en un informe manuscrito de 1743 (publicado en 1879), y fray Eladio de Nóboa (1765) y, a partir de ellos, se ha venido repitiendo, aunque sin convicción. Publicamos ahora ese documento de 1734 y, a su vista y de la obra literaria del padre Feijoo, hacemos algunas observaciones sobre la fábrica barroca del monasterio de Samos.
 
 [gl] A conclusión do monumental templo mosteiral de San Xulián de Samos (Lugo) en 1748 foi posible grazas á cesión dos dereitos de impresión e reimpresión e os beneficios da venda dos seis primeiros tomos do Theatro Crítico Universal (1726, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1733 y 1734) e da Ilustración apologética (1729) que en 1734 o padre Benito Jerónimo Feijoo (1676-1764) fixo á que fora a casa do seu noviciado e profesión relixiosa (1690 y 1692). O dato era coñecido da erudición, pois xa dera noticias o padre frei Martín Sarmiento, amigo e correspondente de Feijoo, ademais de cronista da orden benedictina, nun informe manuscrito de 1743 (publicado en 1879), e frei Eladio de Nóboa (1765) e, a partir deles, veuse repetindo, aínda que sen convición. Publicamos agora ese documento de 1734 e, á súa vista e da obra literaria do padre Feijoo, facemos algunhas observacións sobre a fábrica barroca do mosteiro de Samos.

Drug-related problems and their clinical interventions in a Ghanaian teaching hospital

Errors occur frequently in the use of medicines. Pharmacists play a key role in error identification and make appropriate interventions as they work with other healthcare professionals. These error recovery roles of pharmacists contribute to patient safety. This study was to evaluate the clinical interventions made to drug-related problems at a tertiary care setting. This involved a retrospective review of clinical intervention reports submitted by pharmacists working over the period January 2011 to December 2013. The 24 pharmacists submitted 529 handwritten reports; of these, 448 reports had complete data. The most frequently reported drugs with error were warfarin (9.5%), potassium chloride (6.0%) and potassium citrate (5.5%). The pharmacists made 1019 clinical interventions and recommendations. The average intervention per report was 2.5 (S.D ± 0.67). The interventions and recommendations made were categorised as drug regimen change (76.1%), monitoring required (13.0%), communication (5.4%), counselling required (5.0%) and adverse drug reporting (0.6%). Majority (90.5%) of the recommendations and interventions made by pharmacists were accepted and implemented. Monitoring-required based interventions were significantly more likely to be accepted (130 vs 38; p <0.0001). Pharmacists played a role in drug error recovery and prevented medication errors from reaching patients. These error mitigation efforts of pharmacists can serve as a priority in patient safety strategy.

Rumor, Diplomacy and War in Enlightenment Paris

Tabetha Leigh Ewing's study of public opinion in the Paris region during France's intervention in the War of Austrian Succession focuses primarily on oral and handwritten reports from the mid-eighteenth century. The book contends that these forms of communication would have allowed more freedom of expression than the heavily censored print media. A wide variety of surviving sources is presented as proof of the concerns preoccupying Parisians at this time. These diverse examples demonstrate how cultural production illustrates the understanding of events by a wide range of people in society, freeing the study from exclusive reliance on official documentation. Ewing traces the history and influence of rumour, using 1740s Paris as a snapshot of its importance to everyone from the poorest labourer to the Crown. Given the state of censorship in official publications, Parisians quickly became accustomed to relying on on-dits as paths to follow in the search for information. Ewing links military and diplomatic history to rumour, eschewing ‘any systematic attempt to demarcate what truly happened from what people said happened’ (p. 15). The chapters each deal with a different genre of information gathering and dispersal, drawing on numerous sources including letters, gazettes, and police reports, expanding the study beyond the limited concept of rumour into that of public opinion and media. While the author's research relies heavily on the oral communication of on-dits, readers must keep in mind that Ewing's sources come to us only because they were deemed worthy of being recorded for posterity. The police reports and gazettes of this time contain significant amounts of information on people speaking both for and against the monarchy, but what was recorded was left to official discretion. This act of choosing to preserve certain statements casts into question the validity of claiming to rely on everyday speech from all levels of society, a problem that is not truly addressed in the work. Ewing's presentation of the case studies assumes an in-depth knowledge of mid-eighteenth-century French politics: without a strong foundation in the specific events of the 1740s it would be quite difficult to appreciate the illustrations provided. While the author briefly reminds the readers of the main historical and political actions for each chapter, details about informants' lives and political beliefs often become convoluted, making it difficult to focus on the deeper historical importance of their reports. Nonetheless, in spite of the difficulties occasioned in trying to keep track of the copious details presented, the readers' perseverance is rewarded by a thought-provoking study. Ewing's work is situated in the tradition of cultural history explored by scholars such as Robert Darnton and Roger Chartier, and reminds us that cultural production, no matter the form, can and should be studied at any given point in history.

獨協医科大学における頸動脈エコー検査とその記録法

We aimed to discuss the current reporting systems for carotid ultrasonography used in Japan, with a view to achieving further improvement. Our hospital performs carotid artery ultrasonography mainly in patients with cerebrovascular disease. The common, internal and external carotid arteries, and vertebral artery are routinely examined. We measure plaque score, properties of plaque, maximum intima-media thickness and end-diastolic ratio, in addition to stenosis ratio (i.e., diameter ratio, NASCET, and ECST methods), area of stenosis, and peak systolic velocity at the point of stenosis. Transcranial sonography is employed to measure middle cerebral artery and basilar artery blood flow velocities, and to evaluate substantia nigra hyperechogenicity for Parkinsonian disorders. Sonographic examinations of the temporal artery for temporal arteritis, lower extremity, and aortic arch are performed as needed. We use two types of reports: hand-written and electronic. Electronic reports are useful and linked to the electronic medical record; however, they are also time-consuming. Therefore, we mainly use handwritten reports, which are suitable for describing and delineating the status of carotid plaque in detail. We discuss herein the merits and deficits of the types of carotid ultrasonography used in our and other facilities in order to develop the most appropriate methods for reporting.

AB1464-HPR Development of a musculoskeletal ultrasound evaluation and reporting tool

BackgroundMSUS is used in our Department by all Consultant Rheumatologists at early RA and review Rheumatology Clinics but is not used by the Rheumatology Nurse Practitioner (RNP) who sees RA...

Evaluation of a computerised clinical documentation system (CCDS) implementation in the transplant laboratory

Although many handwritten reports have been replaced by computer generated ones in clinical laboratories, they still remain a common feature in many transplant laboratories for two main reasons: either the laboratory information system (LIS) does not support report formats, or it is costly to purchase a specialised database. A time and motion study was conducted to evaluate one such clinical database, the IG database. Before and after the implementation of our IG database, we evaluated the: 1 stationary cost reduction from paper, toner cartridge, and other auxiliaries 2 turn-around time from the laboratory information system (MediTech) 3 time reduction on analysing report using the electronic reports on three main testing areas; HLA typing, antibody screening, and cross-matching. Approximately $22,035 is saved annually. The turn-around time (TAT) and time on analysing report (TAR) are statistically significant in all testing areas. The IG database demonstrated a significant reduction in cost, a decrease in turn-around time and time on analysing report, and an increase in overall efficiency.

Contrast ureteropyelography in theatre: standardised flowchart reporting

INTRODUCTIONUrologists perform retrograde contrast studies of the ureters and pelvicalyceal systems in the operating theatre, both for diagnostic purposes and to guide instrumentation. We describe the development of a set of guidelines that aim to standardise the diagnostic quality of these studies and to reduce radiation dose to the patient and theatre staff. The guidelines incorporate a reporting template that allows a urologist’s written report to be made available on the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) for subsequent multidisciplinary review.METHODSThree cycles of audit were conducted to assess the implementation of the guidelines. An independent reviewer rated image quality and screening times. During the audit cycle, the presentation of the guidelines was honed. The end product is a flowchart and reporting template for use by urologists in the operating theatre.RESULTSPhase 1 of the audit included 63 studies, phase 2 included 42 studies and phase 3 included 46 studies. The results demonstrate significant improvements in the number of good quality studies and in the recording of control, contrast and post-procedure images. The mean screening time decreased from 5.0 minutes in phase 1 to 3.2 minutes in phase 3. In phase 3, when in-theatre reporting of the studies by the urologist was added, the handwritten report was scanned in and made available on PACS in 43 of 46 cases (93%).CONCLUSIONSIntroduction of guidelines improved retrograde contrast study quality and reduced screening times. A system has been developed to store appropriate pictures and a urologist’s report of the study on PACS.

Learning from Haiti

In May, 2010, a 37-year-old woman, displaced from Port-au-Prince after the January earthquake, presented to Hopital St Therese in Hinche, Haiti, with a 2-year history of a slowly growing abdominal mass with associated dyspepsia, intermittent abdominal pain, anorexia, and weight loss. Her surgical history included four caesarean section deliveries and tubal ligation. Physical examination found her in no acute distress, with stable vital signs and a large, mobile abdominal mass extending to the subhepatic space. Haemoglobin was 106 g/L. A handwritten ultrasonography report from Port-au-Prince before the earthquake reported that she had a 10 cm mass with no further description, although on physical examination the mass was palpated at twice that size. No other laboratory or imaging capabilities were available. With no intensive care capabilities and limited transfusion supplies, local physicians had deferred surgery owing to diagnostic uncertainty. In July, 2010, a humanitarian surgical team brought a portable ultrasonography device to Hinche. Imaging of our patient showed a well-circumscribed, homogeneous, hypoechoic mass without invasion of adjacent structures (fi gure). The surgeons felt comfortable doing an exploratory laparotomy which revealed a well-demarcated, cystic ovarian mass, about 20 cm in diameter, resected via right oophorectomy (webappendix). Gross examination was consistent with a simple ovarian cyst. Diff erential diagnosis included ovarian and uterine tumours, pancreatic pseudocyst, and mesenteric cyst. She was discharged 2 days later with follow-up by local physicians. Our patient’s case demon strated the usefulness of portable devices in resource-limited settings. The well-circumscribed appearance of the mass and lack of invasion of adjacent structures provided enough supplementary information for surgeons to proceed safely at Hopital St Therese despite limited resources. Further delay in treatment would have resulted in persistent disability and possible torsion. In February, 2011, at last follow-up, she had had no complications. Diagnostic ultrasonography is a recognised, costeff ective aid for procedure-based care in under-resourced areas of the world. However, access to ultrasonography in these settings is limited. While we were in Haiti, ultrasonography also aided in the evaluation of soft-tissue masses, peritoneal disease, and uterine pathology. We recognise limitations of ultra sonography in these settings. Durability, weight, battery life, and ease of use all hindered our use of the device, but the greatest limitation of ultrasonography is cost. Although an aff ordable imaging modality, eff ective ultrasonography requires proper training, and the costs of both equipment and training can still exceed the budget for care of patients outside the industrialised world. Ideally, local physicians would be trained in diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasonographic techniques to allow for the continued benefi t of the local population. Although investment in both equipment and training would be needed, eff orts to implement programmes with portable ultrasonography in Tanzania and Rwanda have shown initial success, and we believe ultrasonography can play a vital role in resource-poor settings.

Change in medical plant use in Estonian ethnomedicine: A historical comparison between 1888 and 1994

The aim of this paper is to compare the changes in the utilization of species from various hemeroby categories (indicating the degree of sensitivity of the plant to human impact) using historical data concerning the years 1888-1994. The authors digitised 8808 handwritten reports, reflecting local ethnopharmacological knowledge from 8 selected collections from the Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum. They were semi-quantitatively analyzed according to the sensitivity to human impact of 540 taxa that could possibly be related to the plant vernacular names given in the reports. Although in different periods of time the number of ethnopharmacologically used plants has changed, the proportion of plants utilized from each group has remained relatively same, consisting on average of: 23% anthropophytes, 42% apophytes, 32% hemeradiaphores and 3% hemerophobes. Comparison of the application of the most used plants revealed considerable changes of plant utilization, in which the varied use of the most popular anthropophytes increased and the applied scope of the most popular hemeradiaphores and hemerophobes decreased almost by twofold in one century. Case studies on seven taxa are presented, of them, use of Allium sativum L., Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Mentha xpiperita L. increased, whereas the use of Hordeum L., Orchidaceae, Paris quadrifolia L. and Briza media L. decreased greatly. This research contributes to the better understanding of the cognitive and human ecological concepts underlying the use of medicinal plants in Estonia. Strong increase in the ethnomedical utilization of plants depending on human influence, and a decrease in the use of taxa that do not prefer human activities indicates that, despite some of the population still have access to natural resources and diverse knowledge of the medical use of plants, the majority relies on a very narrow selection and a rather restricted herbal landscape.